健康教育对中青年男性高脂血症的影响

目的探讨开展健康教育对中青年男性高脂血症的干预效果。方法选择机关干部体检中发现高脂血症的50例中青年男性患者作为研究对象,对其进行1年健康教育,比较开展健康教育前后患者的血脂水平、对高脂血症相关知识的知晓率、生活方式的改变情况、自我管理能力变化等。结果开展健康教育后,患者的高脂饮食、高盐饮食、夜餐、酗酒人数明显少于开展健康教育前,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;运动锻炼人数明显多于开展健康教育前,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。开展键康教育后,调查对象对卫生知识情况、自我保健能力、疾病预防治疗的知晓率得优者明显多于开展健康教育前,得良和得差者明显少于开展健康教育前,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。开展健康教育后,患者的空腹血清三酰甘油（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白（LDI,-C）均明显低于健康教育前,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论开展健康教育能有效控制高脂血症的发病率、改变患者的不良生活方式、提高中青年高脂血症患者的自我管理能力。     

虚拟健康乐园生活方式干预效果研究

目的：研究虚拟健康乐园对生活方式的干预效果。方法：将60例有不良生活方式的人群分为干预组和对照组，每组30例，两组均在1个月内进行4次集中面授健康指导，之后干预组建立虚拟健康乐园干预5个月，对照组在5个月中每个月发放一次健康知识宣传材料。采用自陈式调查问卷进行评价，内容包括饮食、运动、吸烟和压力感，比较两组生活方式及压力感的干预效果。结果：干预组在饮食、运动方面干预前后的效果有统计学差异（P〈0．05），与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），对照组在饮食、运动、吸烟、压力感方面干预前后的效果均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：虚拟健康乐园对不健康生活方式的干预效果明显。     

补充维生素D对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇胰岛素抵抗及新生儿胰岛素的影响

目的：探讨补充维生素D（VD）对妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）胰岛素抵抗及新生儿胰岛素的影响。方法：将56名GDM孕妇随机分为VD组26例和对照组30例,VD组在饮食控制的同时口服维生素D,400IU,每日二次,以20名健康孕妇为正常组;比较三组空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、血清25-（OH）VD3、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IRI）和新生儿的胰岛素水平。结果：VD组补充VD一个月后,25-（OH）VD,明显高于饮食控制组（P〈0．05）：三组间的FINS有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;VD组HOMA—IRI明显低于饮食控制组而高于健康孕妇组（P〈0．05）;VD组和饮食控制组的FBG无明显差异,但均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。对照组新生儿胰岛素与VD组和饮食控制组有明显差异（P〈0．05）,但VD组和饮食控制组无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论：VD与GDM发生密切相关,GDM孕妇补充VD后,25-（OH）VD,水平明显升高,胰岛素抵抗明显改善,但却不能恢复至正常孕妇状态：补充VD对GDM孕妇分娩的新生儿胰岛素无明显影响。     

钙营养指导对孕妇富钙饮食和骨健康的影响

[目的]探讨孕期钙营养指导对孕妇富钙饮食和骨健康的影响。[方法]采取方便抽样的方法,将符合标准的孕妇按照就诊日期的单双号进行分组。干预组82人在常规孕妇学校教育的基础上接受从建卡至分娩前的钙营养指导,包括骨健康相关知识的专题讲座、富钙饮食的小组讨论和个体化的饮食指导。对照组81人接受常规孕学校教育。两组在干预前后分别进行膳食钙摄入量、超声骨密度、缺钙症状和胎儿双顶径测定。[结果]干预后干预组膳食钙摄入量显著高于对照组（P〈0.001）;干预组宽带超声衰减（BUA）、超声传导速度（SOS）、骨强度指数（STI）高于干预前（P〈0.05）,而对照组低于干预前（P〈0.05）;干预后两组骨量、缺钙症状比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）;干预后两组胎儿双顶径比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。[结论]孕期钙营养指导可提高孕妇膳食钙摄入量和骨健康水平。     

健康教育路径对糖尿病病人健康生活方式的影响

[目的]探讨健康教育路径对糖尿病病人健康生活方式的影响。[方法]将98例糖尿病病人按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各49例,对照组采用传统的健康教育模式,观察组采用健康教育路径模式实施糖尿病健康教育,比较两组病人在健康教育前后对糖尿病知晓达标率及健康教育前和健康教育后（出院后3个月）健康生活方式改变情况,同时调查病人在住院期间对护理质量的满意度情况。[结果]健康教育后观察组对糖尿病知晓达标率明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）;观察组体重超标、吸烟、饮酒、高脂饮食、饮食偏咸、缺乏运动、情绪急躁的比例明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）;护理质量满意度明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。[结论]在实施临床护理过程中通过糖尿病健康教育路径实施健康教育,能提高病人对疾病的认识,建立健康的生活方式,增强自我疾病管理的能力,提高治疗依从性,提高病人对护理工作的满意度。     

饮食护理对淋巴瘤化疗患者营养指标和生活质量的影响

目的探讨饮食护理干预对淋巴瘤化疗患者营养状况和生活质量改善的效果。方法选取2012年1月一2014年12月接受化疗的淋巴瘤患者100例,随机分为对照组和观察组各50例,对照组采用常规饮食护理,观察组采用饮食护理干预。比较两组患者能量、脂肪、碳水化合物、蛋白质含量、营养状况和生活质量。结果干预后观察组能量、蛋白质摄入量高于对照组,脂肪和碳水化合物摄入量低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组患者化疗后第1周和第2周营养状况比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;干预后,观察组的生活质量评分提高值高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论饮食护理干预对改善淋巴瘤化疗患者的营养指标和生活质量有明显作用。     

出院随访对高脂血症患者生活方式和血脂水平的影响

目的观察出院随访对高脂血症患者生活方式及血脂水平的影响。方法对110例高脂血症患者出院时随机分为随访组与对照组各55例，两组在住院期间均给予同样的健康教育和药物治疗，并制订出院后应依从的饮食，生活方式及药物治疗干预措施。随访组于出院后4个月内，每月由主管护士电话或到家庭随访1次，了解干预措施的落实情况，对偏移措施或不积极配合的给予指导、教育，指导患者按照干预措施坚持良好的饮食和生活方式及药物治疗，对照组只接受出院时指导，出院后不予干预。结果随访组患者合理饮食及良好生活方式的改善率明显高于对照组，血脂控制效果明显高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01或〈0．05）。结论出院随访干预可明显提高高脂血症患者治疗的依从性，建立良好饮食及生活方式，降低血脂水平。     

乙型肝炎病毒与血小板减少性症的相关性分析

目的：探讨乙肝病毒与血小板减少的关系。方法：对163例ITP病例（患者组）资料与4 589例健康查体人群（对照组）资料进行回顾性分析,比较乙肝五项指标。结果：患者组乙肝表面抗原携带率高于对照组（P〈0.05）,乙肝发病类型的构成存在统计学差异（P〈0.05）,患者组在大三阳、小三阳等感染状态的人数均高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：乙肝病毒感染与血小板减少有一定的相关性,是血小板减少的原因之一。     

高血压前期人群社区护理干预调查研究

目的探讨对高血压前期患者实施护理干预的效果。方法 2012年7月-2013年1月将240例高血压前期患者随机分为干预组和对照组,每组120例,对照组不进行干预,干预组建立血压档案,给予健康教育、运动干预、饮食干预以及体质量干预等措施,比较6个月后两组的高血压健康知识知晓率、生活行为改善情况和血压控制情况。结果 6个月后,干预组在疾病知识、危险因素、并发症、预防与治疗方面的知晓情况高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。干预组在按计划控制饮食、增加运动、戒烟以及限制饮酒等行为改善评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。干预组收缩压、舒张压以及体质量指数均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论社区护理干预能够增加高血压前期患者的健康知识,帮助其建立良好的生活方式,有效控制血压,有利于减少高血压的发病率。     

护理干预在脑卒中二级预防中的作用

[目的]观察健康教育、电话回访等护理干预在脑卒中二级预防中的作用。[方法]抽取脑卒中病人750例,随机分为观察组374例和对照组376例,对照组给予常规护理,观察组在此基础上给予健康教育和出院后电话回访等护理干预措施,观察两组病人两年后的服药情况、生活方式、定期复查人数、脑卒中二次复发再住院人数等。[结果]两年后按时按量服药的观察组人数为369例,对照组为201例;观察组中定期门诊复查人数为363例,对照组为201例;观察组中坚持每天锻炼人数352例,对照组为212例;观察组中戒烟人数41例,对照组为25例。观察组中护理干预的作用明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组病人两年内二次复发再住院人数观察组36例,对照组76例,观察组中复发率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。[结论]健康教育、电话回访等护理干预措施有效地增加了脑卒中病人的疾病预防知识,改变了其不良生活方式,促进了二级预防,降低了复发率,提高了病人的生活质量。     

Can correct closed-chest compressions be performed during prehospital transport?

INTRODUCTION: The resuscitation rate from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is low. There are many factors to be considered as contributing to this phenomenon. One factor not previously considered is the impact of a moving ambulance environment on the ability to perform closed-chest compressions. HYPOTHESIS: Proper closed-chest compressions can be performed in a moving ambulance. METHODS: A cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training mannequin with an attached skill meter (Skillmeter ResusciAnnie, Laerdal, Armonk, N.Y., USA) that measures each chest compression for proper depth and hand placement was used. Ten emergency medical technician-basic (EMT-B) certified prehospital providers were assigned into one of five teams. Each team performed a total of four sessions of five minutes of continuous closed-chest compressions on the mannequin. Two sessions were done by each team: one in the control environment with the mannequin placed on the floor, and the other in the experimental environment with the mannequin placed in the back of a moving ambulance. The ambulance was operated without warning lights and siren, and all traffic rules were obeyed. The percentage of correct closed-chest compressions was recorded for each session, and the mean values were compared using Student's t-test with alpha set at 0.01 for statistical significance. RESULTS: Ten sessions of compressions were done in both environments. The mean percentage of correct compressions was 77.6 +/- 15.6 for the control group and 45.6 +/- 18.3 for the ambulance group (p = 0.0005). CONCLUSION: A moving ambulance environment appears to impair the ability to perform closed-chest compressions.     

Reinforcing properties of perphenazine, haloperidol and amitryptiline in rhesus monkeys.

Possible negative reinforcing effects of perphenazine, haloperidol and amitryptiline were studied in rhesus monkeys previously trained to avoid electric shock by responding. Responding extinguished a light associated with an intravenous drug infusion scheduled to occur 30 seconds after the light was switched on. A response occurring when the light was on switched the light off for a period of 1 minute (time-out period). a response during the infusion terminated the infusion. Under these conditions, the monkeys tolerated a large number of saline infusions. Saline was replaced by different doses of perphenazine, haloperidol and amitryptiline, each for 12 successive daily 2-hour sessions. Infusions of perphenazine (0.50-1.6 microng/kg) and to a lesser extent infusions of haloperidol (2.5 microng/kg) generated and maintained responding. Most of the infusions of amitryptiline in the dose range of 1.0 to 10.0 microng/kg were tolerated. Haloperidol and perphenazine in doses higher than 10.0 micmitryptiline (500-3000 microng/kg i.v.) had no influence on shock avoidance behavior. Positive reinforcing effects of these compounds were studied in a group of monkeys trained to respond under a 10 response fixed ratio of intravenous infusions of codeine. None of the three compounds maintained responding previously engendered by codeine.     

Introduction of Eucalyptus into Europe

This paper provides insights into the arrival of Eucalyptus in Spain and other parts of Europe. These insights are based on our examination of historical documents and research carried out in different countries of Europe. The first eucalypt in Europe (Eucalyptus obliqua) was planted in the greenhouses of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Kew Gardens) in 1774 from seed donated by Captain Tobias Furneaux, whereas the first eucalypt (Eucalyptus robusta) to be planted outdoors was in the English Garden of the Royal Palace of Caserta (Italy) in 1792 by Johann Andreas Graefer, probably with seeds donated by Sir Joseph Banks. This paper also confirms the hypothesis of eucalypts being introduced into Spain before Fr Rosendo Salvado began sending seeds from Australia, with the first known plantation being sited in Santa Marta de Ortigueira (A Coruña) around 1850. The origin of these seeds is uncertain but they were probably Eucalyptus globulus or E. obliqua. The species introduced from 1868 onwards through shipments from Salvado was E. marginata, which is abundant in the south of Western Australia where the Galician Benedictine monk lived. Salvado mentions eucalypts of good size growing in Cape Town in 1867. We establish a chronology of the introduction of different species of Eucalyptus into Europe and in other parts of the world.     

Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of [14C]viramidine in rats and cynomolgus monkeys

The pharmacokinetics of [(14)C]viramidine, a prodrug of ribavirin, were studied in rats (30 mg/kg of body weight) and monkeys (10 mg/kg) following intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration. The levels of oral absorption and bioavailabilities were 61.7 and 9.91%, respectively, in rats and 43.9 and 13.6%, respectively, in monkeys. Following i.v. administration, the elimination half-lives were 2.7 h in rats and 28.9 h in monkeys. Total body clearances were 14.0 liters/h/kg in rats and 1.23 liters/h/kg in monkeys; the apparent volumes of distribution were 15.6 liters/kg in rats and 18.6 liters/kg in monkeys. Following oral administration, viramidine was extensively converted to ribavirin, followed by further metabolism of ribavirin in both species, with a faster rate of metabolism in rats than in monkeys. In rats, excretion of total radioactivity in urine accounted for 77.0% of the i.v. dose and 60.8% of the oral dose, while in monkeys it accounted for 44.4% of the i.v. dose and 39.0% of the oral dose. The amount of unchanged viramidine and ribavirin in urine was small in both species after i.v. and oral administration of viramidine.     

Humoral immune responses to T cell tropic retrovirus simian T lymphotropic virus type III in monkeys with experimentally induced acquired immune deficiency-like syndrome.

The T cell tropic retrovirus of macaque monkeys simian T lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-III) has morphologic, growth, and antigenic properties indicating that it is related to human T cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV), the etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) of humans. STLV-III has recently been shown to induce an AIDS-like disease in macaque monkeys. In this study the humoral immune responses of six experimentally infected monkeys have been characterized to determine whether certain parameters of the antibody response to the virus might be predictive of the clinical outcome of this infection. Two distinct patterns of antibody responses were found. Four animals that died within 160 d of inoculation developed low titer anti-STLV-III antibody responses that recognized only the viral envelope protein, and progressive declines in total plasma IgG levels and absolute peripheral blood T4 lymphocyte numbers. The two animals that lived longer (one died at 352 d, the other remains alive at 430 d) developed high titer anti-STLV-III antibody responses that recognized both viral envelope and core proteins, increases in total plasma IgG, and a later decrease in number of peripheral blood T4 lymphocytes. Interestingly, the single animal that has remained clinically healthy after infection was the only one to develop detectable STLV-III neutralizing antibodies.     

Immunogenicity and safety profiles of genetic vaccines against human Her-2/neu in cynomolgus monkeys

Her-2/neu is a well-characterized tumor-associated antigen, the overexpression of which in human carcinomas correlates with a poor prognosis. Here, we evaluated Her-2/neu-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in immunized monkeys after immunization with nonreplicating adenovirus (AdHM) expressing the extracellular and transmembrane domain of human Her-2/neu (HM) and/or naked DNA vaccine (pHM-hGM-CSF) expressing human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor together with HM. Priming of monkeys with AdHM generated Her-2/neu-specific long-lasting antibody production. Furthermore, these Her-2/neu-specific antibodies produced by AdHM immunization, some of which shared epitope specificity with Herceptin, were able to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against Her-2-expressing target cells. Cellular immune responses were elicited in all monkeys immunized with Her-2/neu-expressing vaccine; interferon-gamma was secreted when these splenocytes were restimulated with Her-2/neu-expressing autologous cells, and immunization with AdHM induced Her-2/neu-specific lymphoproliferative responses. Further, immunization with pHM-hGM-CSF before AdHM immunization noticeably enhanced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity. In addition, we observed no abnormalities that would indicate that the genetic vaccines had toxic effects in the immunized monkeys. Thus, we can conclude that our genetic vaccines efficiently elicited Her-2/neu-specific humoral and cellular immune responses without causing severe adverse effects in nonhuman primates and that as such they warrant further clinical investigation.     

Dietary fat and hypercholesteremia in the Cebus monkey. II. Esterification and disappearance of cholesterol-4-C14

A series of studies of cholesterol metabolism in the Cebus monkey were carried out in an attempt to understand the mechanisms responsible for the great differences in serum cholesterol levels when different dietary fats were used. Three groups of monkeys, one fed diets including 45 per cent of calories as corn oil, a second corn oil plus cholesterol (0.1 gm./100 calories), and a third lard plus cholesterol for 5 months (mean serum cholesterol values were 237, 268, and 601 mg. per cent, respectively) were injected with emulsions of cholesterol-4-C¹⁴. The mean biological half-lives for the disappearance of serum radiocholesterol were 8.8, 8.4, and 6.6 days respectively. Esterification of radiocholesterol as measured by equilibration of specific activities of serum-free cholesterol and total cholesterol was delayed in the monkeys fed lard plus cholesterol. When cholesterol-4-C-¹⁴-stearate was given intravenously to a series of monkeys, an erratic non-exponential biological decay curve resulted. Specific activity for free serum cholesterol was greater than that for total cholesterol within 1 hour after the injection. After 7 months on experimental diets including corn oil with added cholesterol and lard with added cholesterol the levels of lipides in most tissues were not different for the two dietary groups, nor were they appreciably elevated above previous control figures for monkeys not fed cholesterol. Total lipide levels in the adrenals of monkeys fed corn oil were twice those of monkeys fed lard. Monkeys were fasted before and after intragastric administration of cholesterol-4-C¹⁴ in small formula meals including various fats and fatty acids. The disappearance of total cholesterol from the serum consisted of a rapid followed by a slow exponential function. The type of fat and fatty acid appeared to influence the rate of disappearance of radiocholesterol. There was a broad range of apparent activity of the different fats and fatty acids in promoting cholesterol absorption.     

The reinforcing efficacy of psychostimulants in rhesus monkeys: the role of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

This study was undertaken to investigate pharmacological variables that influence the reinforcing efficacy of psychostimulants. Rhesus monkeys (n = 9) responded under a within-session, exponentially increasing, progressive ratio schedule of cocaine reinforcement. Doses of cocaine, methylphenidate (MP), cocaine analogs [(+/-)-2beta-propanoyl-3beta-(2-naphthyl)-tropane (WF-23), HD-23; (+/-)-2beta-propanoyl-3beta-(2-isopropenyl)tropane (WF-60), HD-60; and 2beta-propanoyl-3beta-(4-tolyl)-tropane (HD-11, WF-11), and 2beta-propanoyl-3beta-(4-tolyl)-tropane (HD-11, WF-11), PTT], and MP analogs [(alphaR,2R)-alpha-(2-naphthalenyl)-2-piperidineacetic acid methyl ester, HDMP-28; and (alphaR,2S)-alpha-(2-naphthalenyl)-2-pyrrolideneacetic acid methyl ester, HDMP-29] that varied in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties were substituted for cocaine. These drugs were chosen according to their selectivity for dopamine transporters (DAT) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) transporters (5-HTT) as assessed in rodents and their duration of action. In addition, data pertaining to the rate of onset at DAT were collected for the cocaine analogs using an ex vivo binding assay in rodent tissue. Finally, the pharmacodynamic profile of select drugs was confirmed in primate brain tissue. All drugs had reinforcing effects except HDMP-29. The rank ordering of the peak breaking points (BPs) was cocaine = MP = HDMP-28 >or= HD-60 >or= PTT >or= HD-23 > HDMP-29. The time to peak DAT occupancy for the cocaine analogs was greater than 30 min. The potency to maintain peak BP was significantly correlated with DAT affinity. There was not a linear relationship between monoamine transporter affinity and reinforcing efficacy, but it appeared that in nonhuman primates there is a range of DAT affinity under which maximal responding is maintained. Interestingly, the 5-HTT-selective cocaine analog HD-60 functioned robustly as a reinforcer at several doses in all monkeys tested. These data question the dogma regarding the role of pharmacokinetic factors and the relative influence of DAT and 5-HTT in stimulant reinforcement.     

先天性肌性斜颈中纤维连接蛋白与MMP-7表达的相互关系及临床意义

目的探讨先天性肌性斜颈胸锁乳突肌纤维化的发生机制。方法免疫组织化学染色法观察先天性肌性斜颈病变组和正常对照组胸锁乳突肌细胞外基质中纤维连接蛋白及基质溶解素MMP-7的表达情况。结果免疫组织化学染色法显示纤维连接蛋白胶原在对照组表达极少,在肌肉型组和纤维型组中表达明显增加两组与对照组相比均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。MMP-7在对照组中有少量的表达,在肌肉型组中表达略有增加,与对照组相比无统计学意义(P>0.05);在纤维型组中表达极少与对照组相比有统计学意义(P<0.05),与肌肉型组相比有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论先天性肌性斜颈胸锁乳突肌纤维化程度与纤维连接蛋白增生的量有关,而纤维连接蛋白增生的程度与MMP-7有一定的关系。