免疫肠内营养对脑卒中后机体免疫炎症反应的影响

目的评价免疫肠内营养对脑卒中后机体免疫功能、炎症反应及预后的影响。方法选择急性期脑卒中并发吞咽障碍病例80例,随机分为免疫肠内营养研究组(40例)和标准肠内营养对照组(40例)。于发病48h内开始鼻饲肠内营养,研究时间共10天。观察两组不同时间点血清蛋白、免疫指标的变化及有关临床指标。结果研究结束时,研究组的前白蛋白和转铁蛋白显著高于对照组(P<0.05),IgA、IgG含量及CD4细胞和CD4/CD8比值均显著高于对照组。同时,研究组的IL-2显著高于对照组(P<0.01),IL-6和TNF-α显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。研究组的感染性并发症发生率(30%)低于对照组(47.5%)(P<0.05)。神经功能缺损程度评分较对照组降低明显(P<0.05)。结论免疫肠内营养在提高脑卒中患者血清蛋白水平的同时,可以增强机体免疫功能,减轻炎症反应。     

术后早期肠内免疫营养对胃恶性肿瘤病人的作用

目的研究术后早期肠内免疫营养对胃恶性肿瘤病人免疫、炎症反应及预后的影响。方法42例胃恶性肿瘤病人随机分为免疫营养组（研究组）和常规营养组（对照组），于术后第2天开始，分别给予等氮、等热卡的肠内营养支持，并于术前1d、术后1d和术后9d分别检测IgG、IgM、IgA、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8、IL-1a、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α，并观察感染并发症的发生情况。结果肠内营养结束后，研究组IgA、CD4、CD4／CD8水平均显著高于对照组，IL-6水平显著低于对照组，两组感染并发症的发生率无明显差异。结论胃恶性肿瘤病人手术后早期使用肠内免疫营养可减轻机体炎症反应，改善免疫功能，改善病人的预后。     

术后早期肠内营养对胃肠道肿瘤患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨术后早期肠内营养对胃肠道肿瘤患者免疫功能的影响。方法将75例胃肠道肿瘤患者随机分为肠外营养（PN）组50例,肠内营养（EN）N25例,PN组给予静脉营养,EN组在给予静脉营养的基础上,术后24h开始实施肠内营养,经鼻饲管输注肠内营养乳剂（瑞素）,量由500ml／d至1000ml／d,分别于术前1d及术后第7d抽取外周血,测定免疫指标。结果术后EN组术后第7dCD3＋、CD4＋．CD4＋/CD8＋,lgX、lgG较术前1d明显增多（P〈0．05）;PN组术后7d与EN组术后7d相比,TNF-α、IL-6值明显升高,具有显著性差异（P〈0．01）;免疫组织化学染色检测结果：EN组与PN组相比,HSP-70阳性细胞数显著增加（P〈0．05）。结论术后早期肠内营养可改善胃肠道肿瘤患者的营养状况,增强机体的免疫功能,减低机体内的炎症反应。     

早期空肠内营养支持对重症急性胰腺炎患者免疫功能及治疗效果的影响

目的探讨早期空肠内营养支持对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）患者免疫功能及治疗效果的影响。方法选择2012年6月～2013年8月本院收治入院的SAP患者56例,按治疗方法不同分为研究组和对照组,各28例,两组患者人院后均给予常规治疗,研究组常规治疗基础上给予早期肠内营养支持,对照组给予完全肠外营养;营养支持治疗前后测定患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群细胞水平,观察两组的病死率、腹痛缓解时间、排便时间及住院时间等。结果营养支持后两组患者淋巴细胞亚群CD4^＋、CD8^＋、CD19^＋比例明显增高,且研究组明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）;研究组腹痛缓解时间、排便时间及住院时间明显短于对照组（P〈0．05）,两组病死率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论SAP患者早期肠内营养支持可有效增强患者的免疫功能,促进患者恢复,缩短住院时间,值得临床应用。     

强化早期肠内营养在预防重型颅脑损伤后患者免疫功能下降中的作用

目的研究强化早期肠内营养在预防重型颅脑损伤患者并发免疫力下降中的作用。方法将60例格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）〉5～8分的重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为强化早期肠内营养组（观察组）和对照组,各30例,入院后48h内开始管饲肠内营养（观察组中额外添加精氨酸和谷氨酰胺）,观察组和对照组等氮等热量营养支持,比较两组肠内营养第7、10天各患者的血糖、外周白细胞、CD4＋、CD4＋／CD8＋．免疫力状况及机体感染等情况。结果肠内营养第7、lO天．观察组血糖较对照组明显降低,外周淋巴细胞总数明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,血液检查观察组和对照组的CD4＋、CD4＋／CD8＋比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）,观察组患者免疫力增强,医院内感染发生率较对照组明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论强化早期肠内营养在预防重型颅脑损伤患者免疫功能下降中作用显著．是重型颅脑外伤患者优先选择的营养途径。     

肠内免疫营养对消化道肿瘤患者手术后机体免疫炎性反应的影响

目的研究含精氨酸、核苷酸及ω-3脂肪酸的肠内免疫营养制剂,对肿瘤患者手术后机体免疫、炎性反应的影响。方法94例肿瘤手术患者随机分为肠内免疫营养组（研究组）和肠内营养组（对照组）,分别于术后第2～8天给予等氮、等热量的营养支持。于术前、术后1 d和术后8 d分别取外周血检测IgG、IgM、IgA、C-反应蛋白（CRP）,观察感染并发症发生率。结果研究组IgG、IgA非常显著高于对照组P〈0.01,CRP明显低于对照组P〈0.05,感染并发症低于对照组P〈0.05。结论含精氨酸、核苷酸及ω-3脂肪酸的肠内免疫营养制剂可减轻手术创伤后机体炎性反应,改善机体免疫功能,减少肿瘤患者术后感染并发症。     

肿瘤负荷对胃癌患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨胃癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞、单核细胞的表面分子变化及Th1／Th2的漂移,并分析肿瘤负荷对胃癌患者的免疫功能的影响。方法选取胃癌患者30例及同期体检的健康志愿者30例,采用流式细胞仪检测和分析外周血T淋巴细胞、单核细胞的表面分子及Th1／Th2细胞因子的变化。结果T淋巴细胞中CD3^＋、CD4^＋28^＋／CD3^＋、CD8^＋28^＋／CD3^＋水平均低于对照组（P〈0．01）;CD8^＋3^＋,CD28^-较正常组升高（P〈0．01）;单核细胞的表面分子CD40与正常对照组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但是CD80与CD86均相对于正常水平降低（P〈0．01）;Th1细胞因子（IL-2、IFN-γ）降低（P〈0．01）;Th2细胞因子（IL-4、IL-10）的表达较正常组升高（P〈0．01）。结论胃癌患者的免疫功能受损,胃癌的发病可能与免疫功能低下有一定关系;Th1／Th2失衡,表明肿瘤细胞出现免疫逃避与胃癌的发展可能也有关系。     

肠内外营养支持治疗重症急性胰腺炎的效果研究

目的探讨肠内营养和肠外营养支持对于重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）的临床治疗可行性及效果。方法将65例SAP患者随机分为研究组33例和对照组32例,研究组患者均采用肠内营养支持治疗．对照组患者均采用肠外营养支持治疗,比较两组患者危重症评分（APACHE）情况、通便时间、腹痛消失时间及并发症发生率和病死率等。结果两组患者治疗前和治疗当天APACHE评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。随着治疗时间的增加评分均逐渐下降,研究组治疗后4d评分明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）,治疗后7d明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）。研究组通便时间、腹痛消失时间明显短于对照组（P〈0．01）;研究组并发症发生率和病死率明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）;两组患者转手术率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论肠内营养支持对于SAP患者的治疗较肠外营养支持效果夏佳,但肠内营养不适于发病初期,因而临床应联合应用肠外和肠内营养支持以达到更好的疗效。     

早期肠内生态免疫营养在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的作用

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）时早期给予生态免疫肠内营养的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法 2004年10月至2006年10月间25例SAP患者在入院3～5d时放鼻空肠螺旋管．在到达空肠后．进行肠内生态免疫营养支持。观察患者的一般情况、营养状况、免疫功能、TNF-α、IL-10的变化及并发痖的发生率等：结果25例患者均成功置管到达空肠．2例置管第4天时在X线透视辅助下置入空肠，3例在置管第4天时在内镜辅助下进入空肠。所有患者对早期肠内生态免疫营养耐受良好，无胰腺炎复发．而且肠内生态免疫营养开始后1-2周营养状况及免疫功能与营养支持前比较明显好转，TNF-α较肠内营养前显著降低（P〈0．05）．IL-10较前显著升高（P〈0．05）．且无胰腺坏死组织继发感染的发生。结论对SAP早期给予肠内生态免癌营养支持是可行、安全和有效的．能改善SAP患者的营养状况及免疫功能。     

尿毒症合并顽固性腹水低温超滤浓缩回输腹腔后患者免疫功能变化

目的：探讨尿毒症合并顽固性腹水低温下超滤浓缩回输腹腔对患者免疫功能的影响。方法：纳入41例尿毒症合并顽固性腹水住院患者，随机分为低温组（36℃）21例和常温组（37℃）20例进行腹水超滤浓缩回输治疗，并检测治疗当日和次日晨空腹血T淋巴细胞亚群及白细胞介素-2水平。结果：尿毒症合并顽固性腹水患者常温、低温腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔治疗后CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋、IL-2水平均明显高于治疗前（P〈0．01，P〈0．05，P〈0．01），但常温、低温组间比较CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋．IL-2水平差异无显著性。结论：腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔能明显改善尿毒症合并顽固性腹水患者机体免疫功能，回输腹水的温度对患者体液和细胞免疫变化未产生明显的影响。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.