神经生长因子及降钙素基因相关肽减轻局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质tau蛋白磷酸化

目的:探讨外源性神经生长凶子(NGF)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质神经元tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响.方法:制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学SABC法、免疫印迹法和图像分析方法检测大鼠顶叶皮质tau蛋白在Ser199/202位点磷酸化程度和总tau蛋白表达,以及NGF与CGRP对tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响.结果:缺血再灌注组同侧顶叶皮质tau蛋白在Scr199'202位点磷酸化水平和总tau蛋白明显升高;NGF组及CGRP组大鼠顶叶皮质tau蛋白在scr199'202位点磷酸化水平明显低于缺血再灌注组,总tau蛋白也下降;NGF与CGRP合用组顶叶皮质tau蛋白磷酸化水平进一步降低,分别低于NGF组和CGRP组.结论:NGF及CGRP明显减轻脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑tau蛋白磷酸化程度.两者合用作用更强.     

在体转染GSK-3β引起tau蛋白在PHF-1位点的过度磷酸化

目的：探讨在体转染GSK-3β对tau蛋白在PHF-1位点磷酸化的影响。 方法： 21只大鼠随机分为GSK-3β转染组、空载体组和空白对照组3组：0.1 μg/3 μL GSK-3β-HA质粒和空载体分别注射入大鼠大脑，对照组大鼠不作处理，应用免疫印迹和免疫组织化学检测GSK-3β的表达，并应用磷酸化位点特异性抗体PHF-1检测tau蛋白的磷酸化水平。 结果： 转染48 h后，GSK-3β-HA表达在转染组；并且在转染区域的神经元内异常过度磷酸化tau蛋白（在PHF-1表位）聚积；异常过度磷酸化的tau蛋白与GSK-3β共定位。 结论： 在体转染GSK-3β引起导致神经退行性疾病发生机制相关的tau蛋白异常过度磷酸化，这进一步证明了GSK-3β是tau蛋白异常过度磷酸化的一个关键激酶，并且可作为一个防治与tau相关的神经退行性疾病的靶点。     

重组腺相关病毒介导的VLDLR基因转移改善2型糖尿病大鼠大脑海马tau蛋白Alzheimer病样改变

目的:Tau蛋白过度磷酸化是Alzheimer病(AD)的重要特征,在2型糖尿病中tau蛋白呈AD样过度磷酸化改变。本研究运用极低密度脂蛋白受体(VLDLR)基因转移干预2型糖尿病大鼠(T2DM),观察海马tau蛋白磷酸化修饰水平的变化。方法:将8周龄雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,正常对照组(CTL)以普通饮食喂养,2型糖尿病组(T2DM)及2型糖尿病处理组(T2DM+VLDLR)。葡萄糖氧化酶法检测血浆血糖,放免法检测血浆胰岛素,Western blotting分析海马内总tau、tau蛋白上部分位点磷酸化及VLDLR水平。[γ-32P]标记的ATP和特异性底物肽检测海马内胰岛素信号转导系统中的关键酶糖原合成酶激酶-3β(GSK-3β)活性。结果:T2DM组大鼠经VLDLR基因处理之后(T2DM+VLDLR)与对照组(CTL)海马回总tau蛋白水平无差异,T2DM组tau(pS214)、tau(pS396)、tau(pS422)及tau(pSpS199/202)位点上的磷酸化水平显著高于CTL组,而在tau-1位点免疫反应显著弱于CTL组;运用VLDLR基因处理之后,tau蛋白上tau(pT217)、tau(pS396)及tau(pSpS199/202)位点磷酸化水平显著下降,tau-1位点显著增强,但tau(pS214)及tau(pS422)位点磷酸化水平无显著下降。免疫组化结果检测到T2DM组大鼠海马区tau蛋白在Ser214位点上磷酸化程度较CTL组显著增高,运用VLDLR基因处理之后,tau蛋白磷酸化程度逆转不明显。3组大鼠海马细胞内总GSK-3β无显著差异,但T2DM组GSK-3β磷酸化程度显著下降,运用VLDLR基因处理后GSK-3β磷酸化程度显著上升。结论:重组腺相关病毒介导的VLDLR基因处理可能是通过抑制GSK-3β活性来改善2型糖尿病大鼠海马tau蛋白上部分位点的Alzheimer病样过度磷酸化状态。     

降钙素基因相关肽对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马tau磷酸化影响

目的探讨降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经元tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响。方法应用免疫组织化学SABC法、Western Blotting和图像分析方法检测局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CA1区tau蛋白在Ser199/202位点磷酸化程度和总tau蛋白表达、以及CGRP对缺血神经元tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响。结果缺血再灌注大鼠海马CA1区tau蛋白在Ser199/202位点磷酸化水平和总tau表达水平明显增高,CGRP治疗后tau蛋白磷酸化水平和总tau表达水平明显低于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。结论CGRP明显减轻局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马tau蛋白磷酸化程度和总tau表达水平,可能对缺血神经元起保护作用。     

冷水应激对大鼠tau蛋白过度磷酸化及学习记忆的影响

目的：探讨急性冷应激对大鼠学习记忆和tau蛋白磷酸化的影响，tau蛋白磷酸化的变化与学习记忆间是否存在相关性。方法:本实验采用电跳台法测试急性冷应激后不同时点的大鼠记忆成绩；免疫印迹技术测定相应大鼠不同脑区(海马和皮质)tau蛋白过度磷酸化水平，并分析二者是否存在关联。结果:冷应激后20-60 min的大鼠学习成绩明显下降，而在90 min、120 min趋于恢复。同时测得冷应激后20 min、40 min、60 min大鼠的大脑各区tau蛋白过度磷酸化程度逐渐加重，同样在90 min亦趋于恢复。结论:冷应激可以引起大鼠学习记忆能力短暂降低，而且伴随着神经骨架蛋白tau磷酸化增强，提示tau蛋白磷酸化水平在学习记忆形成过程中起着重要作用。     

远志皂苷减轻Aβ1-40诱导的AD大鼠脑神经元tau蛋白Ser396位点的过度磷酸化

目的:探讨远志皂苷对β-淀粉样肽_1-40(Aβ_1-40)诱导的阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠脑神经元tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响。方法:大鼠右侧海马CA1区注射Aβ_1-40建立AD模型,并用远志皂苷(18.5 mg/kg、37.0 mg/kg和74.0 mg/kg)对大鼠进行灌胃治疗;免疫组织化学染色法观察大脑神经元中总tau蛋白、p-tau(Ser³⁹⁶)、蛋白激酶A(PKA)和蛋白磷酸酶2A(PP2A)蛋白的表达;蛋白免疫印迹技术检测大脑神经元中总tau蛋白含量、tau蛋白Ser³⁹⁶位点磷酸化以及PKA、PP2A蛋白的表达水平。结果:与对照组相比,Aβ_1-40组大脑神经元中总tau蛋白含量、tau蛋白Ser³⁹⁶位点磷酸化水平和PKA蛋白的表达水平显著升高,而PP2A蛋白的表达水平明显降低。与Aβ_1-40组相比,远志皂苷各治疗组大鼠大脑神经元中总tau蛋白含量、tau蛋白Ser³⁹⁶位点磷酸化水平和PKA蛋白表达水平下降明显,而PP2A蛋白表达水平显著升高。结论:远志皂苷可能是通过下调PKA蛋白表达量,上调PP2A蛋白表达量,减轻AD大鼠脑神经元中tau蛋白Ser³⁹⁶位点的过度磷酸化,使神经细胞免遭Aβ_1-40的毒害。     

神经生长因子与降钙素基因相关肽减轻局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马tau蛋白磷酸化

为探讨外源性神经生长因子(NGF)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经元tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响,用线栓法制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学SABC法、Western Blotting和图像分析方法检测大鼠海马tau蛋白在Ser199/202位点磷酸化程度和总tau蛋白表达,以及NGF与CGRP对tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响。结果显示:缺血再灌注组同侧海马tau蛋白在Ser199/202位点磷酸化水平和总tau蛋白明显升高(P<0.05);NGF组及CGRP组大鼠海马tau蛋白在Ser199/202位点磷酸化水平明显低于缺血再灌注组,总tau也下降(P<0.05);NGF与CGRP合用组海马tau蛋白磷酸化水平进一步降低,分别低于NGF组和CGRP组(P<0.05)。以上结果表明NGF及CGRP明显减轻局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马tau蛋白磷酸化程度,二者合用作用更强,降低缺血神经元tau蛋白磷酸化水平可能对缺血神经元起保护作用。     

大鼠海马tau蛋白过度磷酸化时细胞周期蛋白cyclin D1的表达

目的:探讨大鼠海马tau蛋白过度磷酸化时细胞周期蛋白cyclin D1的表达.方法:用cAMP-依赖性蛋白激酶 A (PKA) 的激动剂Forskolin注射大鼠侧脑室,免疫印迹和免疫组织化学技术检测大鼠海马tau蛋白的磷酸化水平,同时采用免疫印迹、免疫组织化学和RT-PCR方法检测海马cyclin D1和cyclin D1 mRNA.结果:侧脑室注射Forskolin 48h,大鼠海马tau蛋白Ser214、Ser396和Ser202/Thr205位点的磷酸化水平升高,同时检测到细胞周期蛋白cyclin D1和cyclin D1 mRNA.结论:侧脑室注射Forskolin诱导大鼠海马 tau蛋白过度磷酸化的同时,大鼠海马出现细胞周期蛋白cyclin D1的表达,提示了tau蛋白过度磷酸化与细胞周期相关蛋白cyclin D1之间可能的内在联系.     

轴索损伤在大鼠实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎不同时期的动态变化及意义

目的: 研究不同发病时期实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)大鼠轴索损伤的动态变化及意义。方法: 对不同发病时期EAE大鼠进行HE染色判断炎症损害,以免疫组化方法标记β-淀粉样前体蛋白(β-APP)和磷酸化tau蛋白,了解轴索急性损伤及反复发病后的神经变性情况。结果: 急性组大鼠脊髓组织内可见大量炎症细胞弥散分布,在炎症细胞区内有大量β-APP阳性表达,神经纤维变性标志物tau蛋白只有少量沉积;瘫痪组大鼠血管周围有淋巴细胞浸润,呈袖套样分布,β-APP在无炎症的区域也有部分表达,并有tau蛋白大量沉积,提示反复发病的瘫痪大鼠存在持续的轴索损伤,并发生明显的轴索变性。急性组、瘫痪组轴索中β-APP和tau蛋白阳性数均多于正常组,差异显著,急性组和瘫痪组比较,轴索中β-APP和tau蛋白阳性表达数亦有显著差异。结论: (1)发病早期轴索损伤与炎症破坏有关,并呈可逆性。(2)神经变性主要存在于EAE的慢性病程中。(3)在EAE发病过程中轴索损伤呈动态变化,疾病后期轴索发生神经变性并导致神经功能不可逆损伤,在EAE研究中有重要意义。     

PTSD大鼠海马tau蛋白表达的变化

目的观察创伤后应激障碍(post-traumatic stress disorder,PTSD)大鼠海马神经元tau蛋白的表达变化,探讨PTSD对大鼠海马神经元骨架蛋白影响的分子机制。方法采用国际认定的无连续单一刺激(single prolonged stress,SPS)建立大鼠PTSD模型,将成年雌性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为正常组、4天组、7天组、14天组。予Morris水迷宫的方法,检测大鼠空间记忆能力的变化。采用免疫荧光法,免疫组织化学方法,Westernblot方法,检测tau蛋白,磷酸化tau及β-tubulin及MAP1B的变化。结果 SPS大鼠空间记忆探索能力随刺激时间增加而不断降低。随着刺激后天数的增加,tau、β-tubulin及MAP1B表达水平逐渐增高,而磷酸化tau是逐渐下降的。结论细胞骨架蛋白及相关蛋白的表达变化,可能参与PTSD记忆异常的分子机制。     

Differential regulation of beta-arrestin 1 and beta-arrestin 2 gene expression in rat brain by morphine

Beta-arrestins are a family of regulatory and scaffold proteins functioning in signal transduction of G protein-coupled receptors including opioid receptors. Upon agonist stimulation, beta-arrestins bind to opioid receptors phosphorylated by G protein-coupled receptor kinases and promote receptor internalization and desensitization. Studies indicated that beta-arrestins are required in the development of morphine tolerance in mice. In the current study, we investigated the potential regulatory effects of morphine administration on beta-arrestin 1 and beta-arrestin 2 mRNA levels in different brain regions in rat using in situ hybridization method. Our results showed that the acute morphine administration (10 mg/kg) resulted in approximately 30% reduction in both beta-arrestin 1 and beta-arrestin 2 mRNA levels in hippocampus while the chronic morphine treatment (10 mg/kg, b.i.d., for 9 days) caused no significant change in level of either beta-arrestin mRNA. In locus coeruleus, both acute and chronic morphine treatments resulted in significant decreases (over 50%) in beta-arrestin 1 mRNA level but failed to induce any change in the level of beta-arrestin 2 gene expression. The acute morphine administration had no significant effect on beta-arrestin 1 or beta-arrestin 2 mRNA level in periaqueductal gray and cerebral cortex. However, after chronic morphine treatment, beta-arrestin 2 mRNA level decreased by 40% in periaqueductal gray and increased by 25% in cerebral cortex, in strong contrast to the unchanged beta-arrestin 1 mRNA level in these two brain regions. Furthermore, spontaneous or naloxone-precipitated withdrawal of morphine that did not affect the level of beta-arrestin 1 mRNA resulted in an aberrant increase (100% over control) in beta-arrestin 2 mRNA level in hippocampus. Our results thus demonstrated for the first time that opiate administration regulates level of beta-arrestin mRNAs in brain and the expression of beta-arrestin 1 and beta-arrestin 2 subtypes is differentially regulated in locus coeruleus, periaqueductal gray, and cerebral cortex by morphine. These data suggest that beta-arrestin 1 and beta-arrestin 2 may play different roles in the development of opioid tolerance and dependence.     

SH-SY5Y细胞高表达糖原合成激酶3β对tau蛋白磷酸化和微管稳定性的影响

目的：构建高表达糖原合成激酶3β（GSK3β）的SH-SY5Y（人骨髓神经母细胞瘤细胞）转基因细胞模型,观察GSK3β高表达对宿主细胞tau蛋白磷酸化、微管稳定性的影响。 方法：构建GSK3β真核表达质粒,转染SH-SY5Y细胞,使GSK3β在SH-SY5Y细胞中得到高表达,应用蛋白免疫印迹方法,观察tau蛋白磷酸化、总tau蛋白、微管蛋白乙酰化水平的变化情况。 结果：GSK3β真核表达质粒转染SH-SY5Y细胞36 h后,GSK3β在SH-SY5Y细胞中的表达达到高峰,tau蛋白Ser199/202、Thr231、Thr205等位点的磷酸化水平在转染后48 h达到高峰; tau蛋白总量未有明显变化。转染后60 h,微管蛋白乙酰化水平明显减低。 结论：高表达GSK3β的SH-SY5Y细胞可使tau蛋白的磷酸化水平增高,从而降低tau蛋白结合和稳定微管蛋白的能力,导致微管蛋白乙酰化水平明显减低。     

Sex differences in thermoregulation after acute and chronic morphine administration in mice

Sex differences in thermoregulation have been reported following acute morphine administration in rats only. This study assessed whether male and female mice also differ in thermoregulatory responses following acute and chronic morphine administration. Females displayed significantly higher baseline colorectal temperature and greater morphine (24mg/kg, s.c.) hypothermia (2. 5-fold) on day 1. Two additional days of morphine treatment did not alter baseline temperature readings on Day 4 in either sex, but significantly reduced the morphine hypothermia relative to Day 1 in a sex-dependent manner. Whereas the morphine hypothermia was completely abolished in males, significant hypothermia was still observed in females. Acute and chronic saline injections had no effect on colorectal temperature. The data demonstrate sex differences in the thermoregulatory responses to acute and chronic morphine administration in mice.     

TNBS诱导炎症性肠病大鼠结肠神经元tau蛋白磷酸化以及COX-2表达的变化

目的:探讨三硝基苯磺酸(trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid,TNBS)诱导炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)模型大鼠结肠神经元tau蛋白磷酸化和环氧合酶2(COX-2)表达的变化。方法:30只健康雄性成年Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、IBD模型组和TNBS组,每组10只,IBD模型组以TNBS乙醇连续灌肠14 d造模,对照组和TNBS组分别以等量生理盐水和TNBS灌肠;观察大鼠的一般情况和结肠病理组织学改变,用anti-Hu作为神经元标志以免疫荧光法检测结肠黏膜下神经元的数量变化,免疫荧光双染色检测结肠黏膜下神经元COX-2和磷酸化tau231、tau262的表达变化。结果:与对照组比较,IBD模型组大鼠结肠黏膜下神经元数量明显减少(P0.05),神经元tau蛋白磷酸化程度明显升高(P0.05),而TNBS组大鼠神经元数量与对照组相比无显著差别;对照组和TNBS组大鼠结肠黏膜下神经元几乎不表达COX-2,IBD模型组大鼠结肠神经细胞胞核和胞浆中均有COX-2的表达,与对照组和TNBS组相比有显著差异(P0.05)。结论:TNBS乙醇诱导IBD模型大鼠结肠黏膜下神经元减少,可能与tau蛋白高度磷酸化及COX-2表达有关。     

Microtubule-associated protein-2 and neurofilament immunoreactivity in neurons and small, intensely fluorescent cells of an amphibian cardiac ganglion.

The localization of two cytoskeletal proteins was analysed in the cell bodies and processes of ganglionic neurons and small, intensely fluorescent cells of the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion of Necturus maculosus (mudpuppy). Antibodies against microtubule-associated protein-2 and against the highly phosphorylated isoforms of high and middle molecular weight neurofilament subunits were used as somatodendritic and axonal markers, respectively. The ganglionic neurons, which usually have only one major process, and small, intensely fluorescent cells, which have several processes, showed distinctly different staining patterns with the two antibodies. In control and denervated ganglia, the ganglionic cell bodies and several hundred micrometers of the proximal processes were labeled with the antibody against microtubule-associated protein-2, whereas small, intensely fluorescent cells and processes showed a paucity of immunoreactivity. The neurofilament antibody labeled numerous axons in the ganglion but did not label the proximal part of the postganglionic process or small, intensely fluorescent cell processes. Denervation resulted in the presence of phosphorylated neurofilament subunit immunoreactivity in the soma and proximal process of the ganglionic neuron. These data suggest that (i) small, intensely fluorescent cells and ganglionic neurons in the mudpuppy cardiac ganglion contain distinctly different cytoskeletal proteins, (ii) the proximal part of postganglionic "axons" contains dendrite-like and not axon-like cytoskeletal proteins, and (iii) deafferentation promotes the localization of phosphorylated forms of neurofilament subunits in the soma and proximal process of parasympathetic ganglionic neurons.     

噻唑烷二酮通过Wnt通路改善2型糖尿病大鼠海马阿尔茨海默病样病变

目的:2型糖尿病(T2DM)是阿尔茨海默病(AD)发病的重要风险因子。本研究运用噻唑烷二酮类药物(TZD)对T2DM大鼠进行干预,检测W nt途径在用药前后变化,探讨TZD降低T2DM大鼠AD发生风险的可能机制。方法:造T2DM大鼠模型,TZD分别灌胃2周(TZD2W)及4周(TZD4W)。葡萄糖氧化酶法检测血浆葡萄糖水平,放免法检测血浆胰岛素水平,免疫印迹技术检测大鼠海马tau蛋白、tau蛋白上部分磷酸化位点及β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)前体APP水平,W nt途径中β-联蛋白(β-caten in)和糖原合成激酶3β(GSK-3β)水平,及TZD作用物PPARγ水平。免疫组化技术检测各组大鼠海马Aβ沉积程度。结果:T2DM组及TZD2W组血糖、胰岛素水平及胰岛素抵抗程度显著高于对照组,TZD4W组虽胰岛素水平仍显著高于对照组,但血糖及胰岛素抵抗程度已明显下降,与对照组比较无显著差别。T2DM组大鼠海马tau蛋白上位点Ser199/202、Ser422磷酸化程度及Aβ前体APP水平均显著高于对照组,经TZD干预后,tau蛋白上上述位点磷酸化程度逐渐下降,Aβ沉积逐渐减少;T2DM组大鼠大脑PPAR-γ水平与对照组比较无差异,但运用TZD后,PPAR-γ水平显著升高;T2DM组大鼠大脑W nt途径中β-caten in水平下降,GSK-3β活性升高,运用TZD干预2周和4周大鼠大脑β-caten in水平显著升高,GSK-3β活性显著下降。结论:TZD干预可降低T2DM时AD发病风险。TZD通过上调W nt通路改善2型糖尿病大鼠海马AD样病变。该作用先于胰岛素信号转导通路。     

吗啡成瘾戒断对大鼠海马CA1区P-CREB表达的影响

目的探讨吗啡成瘾戒断后大鼠海马CA1区P-CREB的表达变化。方法48只健康雄性成年SD大鼠,随机分为实验组和对照组:实验组腹腔注射吗啡起始剂量5mg/kg,1d2次,逐日递增,连续10d;对照组:以生理盐水代替吗啡。停药后7d、14d和21d处死。用免疫组织化学方法(ABC法)检测海马CA1区P-CREB的表达,图像分析系统测定阳性反应产物的平均灰度值。结果P-CREB表达在7d、14d实验组与对照组相比表达上调(P<0.05),21d与对照组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论海马CA1区CREB磷酸化在吗啡依赖的形成中发挥作用。     

Prenatal morphine exposure affects sympathoadrenal axis activity and serotonin metabolism in adult male rats both under basal conditions and after an ether inhalation stress

We have previously shown that prenatal morphine exposure inhibited the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and altered the hypothalamic metabolism of serotonin during the early postnatal period in the rat and induced a chronic sympathoadrenal hyperactivity under resting conditions in adult male rats. In this study, we examined the effects of prenatal morphine exposure on the responsiveness to an acute ether inhalation stress of the sympathoadrenal and HPA axis and the hippocampal and hypothalamic concentrations of serotonin (5HT) and 5-hydroxylindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) in 3-month-old male rats. The plasma levels of adrenocorticopic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (B) did not differ between the two groups both under resting conditions and after ether exposure. Ether inhalation increased adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mRNA expression as well as adrenal epinephrine (E) concentration in control rats but not in prenatally morphine-exposed (PM) animals. Under basal conditions, hypothalamic concentrations of 5HT and 5HIAA increased in PM animals. In contrast to control animals, PM rats showed, in response to stress, an increased level of 5HT and 5HIAA in both the hypothalamus and in the hippocampus. In conclusion, prenatal morphine exposure produces long-lasting alterations in brain serotonin transmission and in the sympathoadrenal responsiveness to an acute systemic stress.     

Injection of okadaic acid into the meynert nucleus basalis of rat brain induces decreased acetylcholine level and spatial memory deficit

Abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau and cholinergic deficit occur in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and relate to the dementia symptom. Hyperphosphorylation of tau, neurofilament (NF) and other proteins in AD brain appears to be caused by a down-regulation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), but the mechanism leading to cholinergic deficit is still unknown. In this study, we selectively inhibited PP2A by injection of okadaic acid (OA) into the Meynert nucleus basalis of rats. We found that injection of OA induced hyperphosphorylation of tau and NF and decreased acetylcholine (ACh) level in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. These alterations were accompanied by spatial memory deficit in OA-injected rats. We also demonstrated that the OA-induced ACh reduction may be due to a failure of intraneuronal transport of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) from cell body to the neuronal terminals rather than an alteration of activity of ChAT or acetylcholinesterase. This study suggests that a down-regulation of PP2A may underlie both abnormal hyperphosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins leading to neurofibrillary degeneration and cholinergic deficiency in AD.     

缬草对慢性应激导致的抑郁大鼠大脑海马p-CREB阳性神经元数量的影响

目的探讨最佳剂量缬草对慢性应激导致的抑郁大鼠行为及其大脑海马磷酸化cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(phosphorylated cAMP responsive element-binding protein,p-CREB))阳性神经元的影响。方法将35只大鼠随机均分为正常对照组、未用药模型组、阴性对照模型组、阳性对照模型组、低剂量缬草模型组、中剂量缬草模型组和高剂量缬草模型组。在用药期间,每周测试大鼠体质量、自来水及1%糖水摄取量1次。用药后,计数大脑海马神经元数量,确定缬草最佳剂量。然后根据前述方法,在灌药结束后灌注和固定所有大鼠。采用中性红染色、免疫组化等方法对大鼠海马p-CREB和脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)阳性神经元进行检测。结果高剂量(100mg·kg-1·d-1)缬草能促使抑郁大鼠1%糖水摄取量恢复至正常水平,还可使抑郁大鼠大脑海马神经元以及p-CREB阳性神经元数量恢复到正常水平。正常对照组大鼠大脑海马神经元的BDNF染色较浅淡,其余各组大鼠大脑海马神经元的BDNF阳性染色没有明显差异。结论本研究高剂量(100mg·kg-1·d-1)缬草可能是治疗慢性应激导致大鼠抑郁症的最佳剂量。缬草可以改善抑郁大鼠的行为活动,恢复大脑海马神经元以及p-CREB阳性神经元数量到正常水平。