桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的手术治疗

1999年1月~2005年1月,我院采用手术治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折32例,取得满意疗效。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组32例,男21例,女11例,年龄11~68岁。开放性骨折5例,闭合性骨折27例。按AO分类:B1型4例,B2型11例,C1型8例,C2型8例,C3型1例。1.2治疗方法分为3组:①切开复位克氏针内固定组     

股骨远端骨折的手术治疗体会

正2013年1月~2015年1月,我们应用股骨远端锁定板治疗28例股骨远端骨折患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组28例,男17例,女11例,年龄60~92岁。骨折按AO/ASIF分型:A1型1例,A2型1例,A3型3例;B1型1例,B2型2例,B3型4例;C1型8例,C2型5例,C3型3例。伤后至手术时间4 h~1周。1.2治疗方法硬膜外麻醉或全身麻醉下手术。取大腿外侧切口,对远端关     

改良肱三头肌入路手术治疗肱骨远端C型骨折

正2012年11月~2015年12月,我科使用改良肱三头肌劈开入路手术治疗11例肱骨远端C型骨折患者,肘关节功能恢复满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组11例,男3例,女8例,年龄21~79岁。左侧3例,右侧8例。骨折AO分型:C1型2例,C2型3例,C3型6例。其中1例为GustiloⅠ型开放骨折,其余为新鲜闭合骨折。伤后至手术时间5~10 d。     

闭合复位外固定架治疗骨盆骨折

正2017年9月～2018年6月,我科采用闭合复位外固定架治疗12例有移位的骨盆骨折患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1. 1病例资料本组12例,男8例,女4例,年龄21～55岁。骨折Tile分型:C1型8例,C2型2例,C3型2例。受伤至手术时间4～31 d。1. 2治疗方法患者入院后行股骨髁上牵引,骨盆兜悬吊,待病情稳定后在全     

AO双钢板治疗肱骨髁间C型骨折

<正>2006年9月~2013年11月,我科采用AO双钢板治疗21例肱骨髁间C型骨折患者,近期疗效满意,现报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组21例,男10例,女11例,年龄19~69岁。左侧7例,右侧13例。根据AO/ASIF分型[1]:C1型8例,C2型9例,C3型4例。开放骨折:Ⅰ度2例,Ⅱ度1例。受伤至手术时间3     

桡骨掌侧锁定板治疗桡骨远端骨折

<正>2013年7月~2014年7月,我们采用桡骨掌侧锁定板治疗40例桡骨远端骨折患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组40例,男22例,女18例,年龄21~72岁。左侧17例,右侧23例。骨折AO分型:A型4例,均为手法复位失败者;B型27例,其中B1型7例,B2型12例,B3型8例;C型9例,其中C1型4例,C2型3例,C3型2例。伤     

手术治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的体会

我院自 1988年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月间 ,经手术治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折 5 4例 ,现将获随访的 38例报道如下。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料男 2 5例 ,女 13例 ,平均年龄 2 3岁。左侧 12例 ,右侧 2 6例。合并多发性外伤 16例。AO分型 :C1 型 12例 ,C2 型 18例 ,C3型 8例。1.2　手术方法臂丛麻醉 32例 ,全麻 6例 ;用止血带 31例。切口入路 :后正中切口 2 7例 ,前外侧入路 7例 ,内外侧切口 2例 ,内侧切口 2例。其中C1 型 3例 ,C2 型 9例 ,C3型 6例。先复位作克氏针临时固定 ,再处理肱骨髁上骨折。对于髁间骨折难以复位的 3例C3型骨折 ,予先固…     

锁定钢板治疗股骨髁间及髁上骨折

<正>2010年5月~2012年5月,笔者对12例股骨髁间及髁上骨折患者采用锁定钢板内固定治疗,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组12例,男10例,女2例,年龄30~62岁。闭合骨折10例,开放骨折2例(GustiloⅠ型1例、Ⅱ型1例)。骨折AO分型:A型6例,B型4例,C型2例。受伤至手术时间3~10d。     

肘内外侧联合入路和肘后尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路治疗肱骨髁间骨折

目的:探讨肘内外侧联合入路和肘后尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路治疗肱骨髁间骨折的疗效及优缺点。方法:2012年10月至2016年5月,对18例肱骨髁间骨折患者进行手术治疗,男12例,女6例;年龄4~56岁,平均33.5岁。按AO分型:C1型3例,C2型8例,C3型7例。8例行肘关节内外侧联合入路,10例行尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路;所有患者术前排除神经、血管损伤。结果:18例患者获随访,时间12~26个月,平均15个月。患者伤口愈合良好,未发现异位骨化。按改良的Cassebaum肘关节功能评分:优14例,良3例,可1例。结论:根据骨折类型,选择合适的手术入路及固定方式,力求解剖复位、坚强固定,配合早期功能锻炼是肱骨髁间骨折手术取得成功、最终获得良好功能恢复的重要条件。     

闭合复位伽玛型髓内钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

正2012月5月~2014年9月,我科采用闭合复位伽玛型髓内钉内固定治疗28例老年股骨转子间骨折患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组28例,男12例,女16例,年龄60~87岁。骨折根据Evans分型:Ⅰ型4例,Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ12例,Ⅳ型3例。受伤至手术时间3~8d。1.2治疗方法硬膜外麻醉或全身麻醉。C臂机正、侧位透视确定骨折复位满意后,于股骨大转子上方取4~5 cm     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.