高脂饮食致脂肪肝胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型中PPARs的表达及作用

目的研究PPARα、PPARγ在SD大鼠NAFLD/NASH的形成中的作用,并初步从胰岛素抵抗(IR)方面探讨其机制。方法将SD大鼠60只随机分为正常对照组(NC组,n=20)、高脂对照组(FC组,n=20),高脂加罗格列酮组(FR组,n=10)、高脂加非诺贝特组(FF组,n=10)。饲养12周末时随机取NC组与FC组各10只一并做高胰岛素正葡萄糖钳夹实验及肝组织的HE染色,确定造模成功。然后给予罗格列酮、非诺贝特及继续高脂饮食干预,共4周。氨基转移酶、三酰甘油等以生物化学方法测定,并以逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术分析PPARα、PPARγ基因的mRNA表达水平。结果 FC组大鼠呈高脂血症,与NC组比较,PPARα的mRNA表达下调,而PPARγmRNA表达上调(P<0.05),IR和肝细胞脂肪变及炎性程度加重(P<0.05);与FC组比较,FF及FR组PPARα的mRNA表达上调,PPARγmRNA表达下调,IR明显改善(P<0.05)。结论在高脂饮食诱导的NASH、IR模型中,PPARα、PPARγ的mRNA表达水平与IR密切相关,可以共同促进NASH的进展,而使用PPARs激动剂后对大鼠NASH及IR起到了有效治疗作用。     

罗格列酮对非酒精性脂肪性肝病大鼠肝脏PPARγ、UCP2表达的影响

目的探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)及解偶联蛋白2(UCP2)在非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)发病中的作用;观察罗格列酮对实验性NAFLD的治疗效果。方法 60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组,模型组,罗格列酮低剂量及高剂量治疗组。RT-PCR检测肝脏组织PPARγ及UCP2表达情况。结果随着造模时间延长,高脂饮食使大鼠肝脏组织中PPARγm RNA、UCP2m RNA表达逐渐增强(P<0.05);罗格列酮治疗能够下调两者的表达(P<0.05)。结论高脂饮食可使模型大鼠肝脏组织中PPARγ及UCP2表达增强。罗格列酮对非酒精性脂肪性肝病大鼠具有一定的治疗作用,并呈一定的时间-剂量依赖性,其作用可能通过下调肝脏组织中PPARγ及其下游靶基因UCP2的表达来实现。     

高脂饮食脂肪肝胰岛素抵抗大鼠中PPARα的表达对肝组织的影响

目的研究PPARα在SD大鼠NASH、IR的形成中的作用,并初步从胰岛素抵抗方面探讨其机制。方法将SD大鼠60只随机分为正常组20只、高脂组20只、实验组10只(高脂加非诺贝特)、实验对照组10只(造模成功后改正常饮食)。饲养12周末时随机取正常对照组与高脂组各10只一并做高胰岛素正葡萄糖钳夹实验及肝组织的HE染色,确定造模成功。然后给予非诺贝特、继续高脂饮食及改正常饮食干预,共4周。氨基转移酶、三酰甘油等以生物化学方法测定,并以逆转录—聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术分析PPARα基因的mRNA表达水平。结果高脂组大鼠呈高脂血症,与正常组相比PPARα的mRNA表达下调(P<0.05),胰岛素抵抗(IR)和肝细胞脂肪变及炎症程度加重(P<0.05);与高脂组比较,实验组及实验对照组的PPARα的mRNA表达上调(P<0.05),IR明显改善。结论在高脂饮食诱导的NASH、IR模型中,PPARα的mRNA表达水平与IR密切相关,它们可以共同促进NASH的进展,而使用PPARα激动剂后对大鼠NASH及IR起到了有效的治疗作用。     

二甲双胍对糖尿病大鼠脂肪组织AMPK和PPARγ的表达及胰岛素抵抗影响

目的:观察二甲双胍对2型糖尿病模型大鼠脂肪组织中腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶α2(AMPKα2)及过氧化物酶体增值物激活受体γ(PPARγ)的表达,及其对胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法:高脂饮食伴一次性腹腔注射STZ的方法制备2型糖尿病模型,造模成功后随机分为模型组(DM-C)和治疗组(DM-T)。DM-T组给予盐酸二甲双胍灌胃治疗。测定大鼠治疗前后的体质量,实验末测定各组大鼠肾周及睾周脂肪质量,并检测各组大鼠血糖、胰岛素水平,计算大鼠脂体比,胰岛素敏感指数。同时以半定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR)检测各组大鼠脂肪组织AMPKα2及PPARγmRNA的表达。结果:与DM-C组比较,治疗组大鼠脂肪组织AMPKα2及PPARγmRNA的表达及血清胰岛素、胰岛素敏感指数显著增高(P<0.05);DM-T组大鼠血糖显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:二甲双胍可能通过上调2型糖尿病大鼠脂肪组织AMPKα2及PPARγmRNA的表达,调节机体糖代谢,改善胰岛素敏感性。     

阿托伐他汀对高脂饮食大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的影响

目的观察阿托伐他汀对高脂饮食大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的影响。方法将23只SD大鼠随机分为三组:正常对照组(NC组,8只)、高脂饲养模型组(HF组,7只)和高脂饲养+阿托伐他汀组(HF+AT组,8只)。观察大鼠血清及肝脏各指标的变化,RT-PCR分别检测肝组织核转录因子κB(NF-κB)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)及过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体γ(PPARγ)mRNA表达。结果与HF组相比,HF+AT组大鼠血清相关指标明显改善,肝组织脂肪变性及炎症活动得以减轻,肝脏NF-κB及TNF-αmRNA表达降低,PPARγmRNA表达增加(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论阿托伐他汀能减轻高脂诱导的模型大鼠NASH。     

过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ在大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎肝纤维化形成中的作用

目的研究大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)肝纤维化形成过程中肝组织核因子过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ(PPARγ)的表达变化及意义。方法建立脂肪性肝纤维化大鼠模型,HE和Massson染色观察肝组织病理学变化,RT-PCR和免疫组织化学检测核转录因子PPARγ以及反映肝星状细胞(HSC)活化的特异性标记α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的mRNA和蛋白表达变化。结果①模型组大鼠8w肝脏病理学呈现单纯性脂肪肝,12-16w呈现脂肪性肝炎,24w呈现脂肪性肝纤维化的病理学变化特点。②RT-PCR显示模型组PPARγ mRNA于高脂喂养8w即明显上调为0.84±0.07,对照组为0.54±0.12,P<0.05.12w达高峰为1.16±0.14,16w脂肪性肝炎明显时表达开始下调为0.73±0.05,24w下调更为明显为0.34±0.15,与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而α-SMA mRNA于高脂喂养12w开始增高,24w达高峰,与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。③免疫组织化学显示模型组PPARγ主要在脂肪变性的肝细胞核表达增高,在肝纤维化形成部位其阳性染色明显减少,而α-SMA阳性细胞主要在纤维间隔、汇管区等纤维形成区域表达增多。结论单纯性脂肪肝时,PPARγ的高表达可能是机体的一种适应性反应,随着高脂诱导的肝损伤程度的加重,PPARγ的表达逐渐降低与肝星状细胞的激活密切相关,从而促进脂肪性肝纤维化的发生、发展。     

胆宁片对高脂模型大鼠脂肪肝及PPARα、CYP7A1表达的影响

目的:研究中成药胆宁片对实验性高脂饮食大鼠脂肪肝的治疗作用及其对过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)、胆固醇7α单加氧酶(CYPTA1)表达的影响。方法:采用高脂饲料9 wk建立大鼠脂肪肝模型,给予模型大鼠胆宁片0.317 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)灌服5 wk,检测肝脏三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT),血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、TG、TC、FFA、CAT、总胆汁酸(TBA)含量,肝脂变面积,检测肝脏PPARα、PPARαmRNA和CYP7A1 mRNA的表达。结果:高脂饮食可引起大鼠肝脏明显脂肪性变,肝脏TG、TC、FFA及血清ALT、TG、TC、FFA含量升高,肝脏及血清CAT活性降低,肝脏PPARα及PPARαmRNA和CYP7A1 mRNA的表达减少。与模型组比较,胆宁片能明显降低肝脏TG、TC、FFA,血清ALT、TG、TC、FFA含量(P<0.01),提高肝脏及血清CAT活性,提高肝细胞PPARα及PPARαmRNA和CYP7A1及CYP7A1 mRNA的表达(P<0.01),且优于阳性对照组熊去氧胆酸。结论:胆宁片对实验性高脂饮食性脂肪肝大鼠具有一定的治疗作用,其作用机制可能与其诱导PPARα及CYP7A1表达,促进肝脏摄取、氧化脂肪酸与胆固醇有关。     

甘草酸二铵脂质复合物对大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝的治疗效果研究

目的:研究甘草酸二铵脂质复合物(甘平,DGLL)对大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的治疗作用。方法:以高脂饲料喂养方式建立大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝模型,证实造模成功后随机分为空白对照组、模型组、多烯磷脂酰胆碱组和甘平高中低(900、300、100mg/kg)剂量组。给药4周后,处死所有动物,检测血脂、氧化应激、肝功能、胰岛素相关等指标,并观察肝脏组织病理学变化。结果:甘平能显著降低NAFLD大鼠的转氨酶(ALT、AST)活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量、TNF-α水平、空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平和空腹胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),升高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,改善NAFLD大鼠的总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)水平。结论:甘平可以用来治疗大鼠NAFLD,其机制可能与抗氧化作用及改善胰岛素抵抗有关。     

ChREBP及其靶基因在高糖大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝中的表达

目的探讨碳水化合物反应元件结合蛋白(ChREBP)及其靶基因乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)在高糖大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)模型中的动态表达及作用。方法 SD大鼠32只,随机分为对照组和高糖组。高糖组于4,8,12周处死,对照组于12周处死。HE染色观察肝脏脂肪变性,RT-PCR和Western blot方法测定不同时间点大鼠肝脏组织中ChREBP、ACC、FAS的mRNA表达和蛋白水平,染色质免疫共沉淀法分析不同时间点ChREBP与ACC、FAS基因启动子碳水化合物应答元件(ChRE)结合情况。结果成功构建高糖饮食大鼠NAFLD模型,随着造模时间的延长,肝脂肪程度不断加重,第4,8和12周末高糖组大鼠肝组织ChREBP、ACC、FASmRNA、蛋白及ChRE DNA的表达水平,与对照组差异显著(P<0.01),且随造模时间延长,其表达量显著增加。结论高碳水化合物饮食可增强ChREBP的表达,而ChREBP通过上调ACC、FAS的表达参与了NAFLD的形成过程。     

二甲双胍通过调节FGF21/adiponectin轴改善NAFLD大鼠脂代谢紊乱

目的探讨二甲双胍通过调节FGF21/adiponectin轴改善高脂诱导NAFLD大鼠脂代谢紊乱的作用。方法将25只SD大鼠予以高脂饮食喂养8周后,取5只证实NAFLD模型建立;继将剩余20只大鼠分为模型组(HF组)、二甲双胍干预组(HF+M组),每组10只,并继续给予高脂饮食;另取10只普通饮食饲养大鼠作为对照组(NC组)。于灌胃8周末,应用全自动生化分析仪检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)及空腹血糖(FBG);酶免法测定肝脏TG含量、血清胰岛素(FINS)、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF21)及脂联素(Adiponectin)水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);HE染色光镜下观察大鼠肝细胞脂肪变性情况;采用Real-time PCR法检测肝组织FGF21、AMPK mRNA表达及脂肪组织adiponectin mRNA表达。结果与NC组比较,HF组大鼠出现糖脂代谢紊乱及轻度肝功能受损,伴明显胰岛素抵抗、肝脏TG过度沉积及血清Adiponectin水平下降;二甲双胍干预后,可降低HF组大鼠血清TC、TG、FBG、ALT、AST、肝脏TG含量及HOMA-IR(P<0.05),升高血清adiponectin及FGF21水平;HE染色提示肝脏脂肪变较模型组明显好转;与HF组比较,二甲双胍可增加肝脏AMPK-α及FGF21 mRNA表达(P<0.05),而adiponectin mRNA表达无明显变化(P>0.05),但脂肪组织adiponectin mRNA表达明显上调。结论与高脂喂养组比较,二甲双胍可有效减轻高脂诱导大鼠肝脏脂质沉积及外周胰岛素抵抗,推断其机制与二甲双胍通过AMPK途径上调肝脏FGF21 mRNA表达有关,但其并非直接作用于肝细胞,可能是通过刺激脂肪组织adiponectin分泌而发挥降脂及改善胰岛素抵抗的作用。     

Thymoquinone alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats via suppression of oxidative stress,inflammation, apoptosis

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD) is a progressive form of liver disease that leads to advanced fibrosis. The present study was designed to assess the hepatoprotective effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on liver functions, insulin resistance, and PPAR-γ expression in NAFLD. Rats were divided into two main groups: one fed with normal rat chow diet and the other with high-fat high-cholesterol diet group for 6 weeks. Every group was subdivided into three subgroups (n?=?8): treated with saline, low dose TQ (10 mg/kg), high dose TQ (20 mg/kg). High fat high cholesterol diet caused marked liver damage as noted in histopathology and significant increase in liver index, liver enzymes. There was significant increase in the insulin resistance, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, PPAR-γ gene overexpression with significant decrease in HDL. Additionally, oxidative stress increased by measuring MDA associated with significant decrease in serum total antioxidant capacity. As markers of inflammation, hepatic TNF-α was significantly increased with decrease in IL10. Further, there was increase in BAX protein with decrease in Bcl as compared to control group. This model of 6 weeks high-fat high-cholesterol diet showed minimal fibrosis as noticed by increase MMP2 and Masson trichrome satin. Co-treatment with TQ improved all previous parameters. High dose was more effective, although mostly non-statistically significant. TQ may have a promising agent to improve hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress; inflammatory, apoptotic status, fibrosis and so prevent liver damage in patients with NAFLD. Although PPAR-γ was significantly under-expressed by TQ, insulin resistance was improved significantly suggesting a role of liver damage.     

厄贝沙坦对高血压合并糖尿病大鼠脂肪肝的治疗作用及机制探讨#br#

摘要：目的　探讨厄贝沙坦对高血压合并糖尿病（SHDM）大鼠脂肪肝的治疗作用及对过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPAR-γ）介导AMPK/mTOR信号通路的影响。方法　原发性高血压模型大鼠通过链脲佐菌素联合高糖高脂饲料建立SHDM大鼠模型。将模型大鼠随机分为模型组、厄贝沙坦组和厄贝沙坦+PPAR-γ抑制剂组,另设正常对照组。分别干预8周后,观察血压、血糖、血脂、肝功能以及肝脏病理的变化,检测肝组织PPAR-γ、AMPK/mTOR信号通路及自噬标志蛋白LC3B的表达情况,并利用电镜观察肝脏自噬小体的变化。结果　与模型组相比,经厄贝沙坦治疗后,SHDM大鼠收缩压、血糖、血脂、肝功能及肝脏病理脂肪变均明显改善（P＜0.05）;但厄贝沙坦联合PPAR-γ抑制剂干预后,以上指标除血糖外,均再次升高,并且厄贝沙坦增加SHDM大鼠肝组织PPAR-γ表达和AMPK磷酸化水平,降低mTOR磷酸化水平,升高LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ比值和肝细胞自噬小体数量,与模型组相比,其差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。但是,加用PPAR-γ抑制剂后,以上效应被逆转。结论　厄贝沙坦对SHDM大鼠脂肪肝有治疗作用,其作用机制与激活PPAR-γ介导的AMPK/mTOR信号通路,从而促进肝细胞自噬有关。     

阿卡波糖、二甲双胍、吡格列酮对非酒精性脂肪性肝病大鼠肝组织肿瘤坏死因子-α及细胞色素P4502E1的影响

目的观察阿卡波糖、二甲双胍、吡格列酮对非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)大鼠肝脏中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、细胞色素P4502E1(CYP2E1)的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(普通饲料喂养)、非酒精性脂肪肝组(高脂饮食喂养)、阿卡波糖干预组[高脂饮食喂养加阿卡波糖100 mg/(kg.d)灌胃]、二甲双胍干预组[高脂饮食喂养加二甲双胍500 mg/kg.d)灌胃]、吡格列酮干预组[高脂饮食喂养加吡格列酮15 mg/(kg.d)灌胃]。饲养12周末处死大鼠,检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性以及总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)含量,测量空腹血糖(FBG)及胰岛素(FINS)水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);HE染色观察肝脏病理形态学的变化;Real time PCR和免疫组化法检测肝组织中TNF-α及CYP2E1 mRNA及蛋白表达的变化。结果 3种药物干预组均可降低ALT,AST,ALP活性(P<0.05),减少TC,TG,FFA含量(P<0.05),改善大鼠肝脏病理形态学改变,降低肝脏中TNF-α及CYP2E1 mRNA及蛋白的表达(P<0.01)。二甲双胍、吡格列酮两组间无显著差异(P>0.05),阿卡波糖组的作用明显低于前两者(P<0.01)。结论阿卡波糖、二甲双胍、吡格列酮均可减少TNF-α及CYP2E1的表达,改善非酒精性脂肪肝的病理变化,其中二甲双胍、吡格列酮作用相似,阿卡波糖作用较弱。     

大黄酸联合吡格列酮对大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎治疗作用机制的探讨

目的探讨大黄酸联合吡格列酮对高脂诱建的大鼠NASH协同治疗及其可能的作用机制。方法清洁级SD大鼠140~160 g,♂,76只正常喂养1周后,随机分成6组(对照组、模型组各为14只,余组均为12只):对照组,模型组,大黄酸组,吡格列酮组,大黄酸吡格列酮联合低剂量组,高剂量组。模型组高脂高胆固醇饲料由普通饲料+10%猪油+2%胆固醇配制,药物组均在12周高脂饮食后即造模成功后给予干预。大黄酸用生理盐水配成5 g.L 1混悬液,每天固定时间100 mg.kg 1.d 1灌胃,吡格列酮组8 mg.kg 1.d 1,联合低剂量组取其相对有效低剂量,大黄酸50 mg.kg 1.d 1,吡格列酮组4 mg.kg 1.d 1。联合高剂量组为大黄酸100 mg.kg 1.d 1,吡格列酮组8 mg.kg 1.d 1。于第20周处死。所有动物测体重、肝湿重,计算肝指数;测空腹血糖、转氨酶及血脂水平,放免法测空腹胰岛素及TNF-,计算胰岛素抵抗指数;酶法测定肝组织匀浆MDA、GSH-PX水平;HE染色肝病理组织切片。结果第20周模型组大鼠血糖、胰岛素、血脂、ALT、AST及胰岛素抵抗指数较对照组明显增高;肝组织出现重度脂肪变性,均出现小叶内炎症细胞浸润和散在的灶性坏死;药物组大鼠的生化指标和脂肪变及炎症程度较模型组均有明显减轻,联合组较药物单用组更为有效。结论大黄酸联合吡格列酮较两药单用能更有效抑制脂质过氧化反应及改善胰岛素抵抗,对大鼠NASH具有明显的协同治疗作用。     

Endothelial Nlrp3 inflammasome activation is associated with endothelial function in mice fed a methionine choline-deficient diet

OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is characterized by steatosis, liver inflammation and fibrosis, and increases the risk of endothelial dysfunction, but the molecular mechanisms between NAFLD and vascular endothelial dysfunction is still unclear. In this study, we explore whether Endothelial Nlrp3 inflammasome play a role in the process of endothelial dysfunction induced by NAFLD. METHODS Male C57 BL/6 J wildtype(Nlrp3~(+/+)) mice were fed with either amethionine and choline deficient(MCD) diet or methionine and choline sufficient(MCS) diet for 2, 4 and 6 weeks, then determining NAFLD phenotype and vascular endothelial function.RESULTS Wild-typemice fed with MCD diet developed steatohepatitis and endothelial dysfunction. The expression of e NOS, ZO-1, ZO-2 and VE-cadherin in vascular endothelium was decreased at 2,4 and 6 weeks, meanwhile, ICAM-1, Nlrp3, Caspase-1 was increased. CONCLUSION NAFLD induced endothelial dysfunction and increases vascular permeability via NLRP3 activation.     

脂肪酶对大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝的防治作用

目的 研究脂肪酶对高脂饲料诱导的大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的防治作用。方法 60只Wistar大鼠,♂,随机分成正常组、模型组和脂肪酶高、中、低剂量组。模型组和脂肪酶组给予高脂饲料喂养以形成NAFLD模型,脂肪酶组同时灌胃给予脂肪酶。12周后处死大鼠,检测血清TG,TC,HDL-C含量并计算TC/HDL-C值,同时对肝组织进行HE染色。结果 脂肪酶能有效降低大鼠体重和肝重指数,明显降低模型组大鼠血清TG,TC含量及肝内脂肪沉积,改善肝细胞的脂肪性病变,但对HDL-C含量无明显影响。结论 脂肪酶能有效防治大鼠NAFLD。     

Current status of viral gene therapy for brain tumours

There is genetic evidence that reducing the activity of peroxisome proliferation receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) may increase insulin sensitivity. SR-202 is a selective antagonist at PPAR-γ, which inhibits the adipocyte differentiation normally seen with the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone. SR-202 also reduces the ability of young mice to put on weight and accumulate fat. The levels of circulating TNF-α correlates with body fat stores and/or hyperinsulinaemia. SR-202- treated wild-type mice have reduced TNF-α levels. When wild-type mice are fed a high-fat diet, the plasma levels of TNF-α are raised, and SR-202 treatment protects against this rise. Feeding mice with a high-fat diet induced insulin resistance measured as increased plasma levels of glucose, insulin and free fatty acids, and SR-202 protected against these changes. The ob/ob mouse is diabetic at 8 weeks and plasma glucose and insulin levels continue to rise over the next 3 weeks, and treatment with SR-202 prevents these increases. The development of PPAR-γ antagonists should continue as the results to date suggest that they have clinical potential for the treatment of diabetes Type 2 and obesity.     

Current pharmacological treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a frequent and potentially progressive chronic liver disease that occurs in subjects who do not abuse alcohol. NAFLD is often associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance and its more aggressive form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a major cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis. NAFLD/NASH are commonly detected because of elevated serum aminotransferase levels, ultrasonographic fatty liver and, at liver histology, steatosis, inflammation, and occasionally fibrosis that may progress to cirrhosis. No established treatment exists for this potentially serious disorder. Current management of NAFLD/NASH is largely conservative and includes diet regimen, aerobic exercise, and interventions towards the associated metabolic abnormalities. The main concern is therefore to decrease liver steatosis and its progression toward steatohepatitis and fibrosis, and the risk of "cryptogenic" cirrhosis. Among the most promising medications, weight reducing drugs, insulin sensitizers and lipid-lowering agents, antioxidants, bile salts, co-factors increasing the mitochondrial transport of fatty acids are being considered. Among them, thiazolidinediones are the most promising drug family that act by activating PPARgamma nuclear receptors and by regulating both microsomal and peroxisomal lipid oxidative pathways. Pharmacological treatment of obesity and probiotics should be considered as potential therapeutic options. In this review, after summarizing the general background on fatty liver, the most current and attractive pharmacological approaches to the problem of NAFLD/NASH are discussed.     

Potential anti-inflammatory effect of dapagliflozin in HCHF diet- induced fatty liver degeneration through inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 in rat liver

Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) is accompanied by an increased expression of oxidative stress parameters, in addition to the inflammatory cytokines; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin type 1beta (IL-1β), and interleukin type 18 (IL-18). The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of dapagliflizon (DAPA) on high carbohydrate-high fat (HCHF) diet-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines in rat liver. NAFLD was induced by feeding the rats HCHF diet (consist of animal fat tallow and standard show pellets) and the consumption of fructose in drinking water (10%) for 12 or 18 weeks. The oral administration of DAPA (1 mg/kg/day) from 13th week to 18th week significantly improved NAFLD as indicated by a significant reduction in liver aminotransferases in addition to a significant decrease of serum MDA, cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol with concomitant significant elevation of HDL-cholesterol. DAPA-treated animals showed a significant reduction of liver homogenate content of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18. These results indicate that the administration of DAPA may be beneficial against HCHF diet-induced NAFLD. Histopathological examination of liver specimens supported the conclusion that DAPA improves steatohepatitis induced by HCHF diet.