额窦开口的临床应用解剖学研究

目的：探讨额窦开口部位,为鼻内镜下额窦开放手术提供解剖学基础。方法：成人颅骨100例、尸头30例,观察额窦开口部位,测量额窦矢状径、额骨的内侧骨板和眶部骨板的厚度、额窦口距筛前动脉管的距离。结果：100例成人颅骨有8侧额窦未发育,占4．0％;额窦开口于额隐窝者92侧（47．9％）,开口于筛漏斗者52侧（27．1％）,开口于筛漏斗上隐窝者40侧（20．8％）;额窦的矢状径为（12．16±7．62）mm;额窦口与筛前动脉管的距离平均为（3．40±2．32）mm。30例湿性尸头额窦矢状位观测,发现有3侧额窦末发育,占5．0％;额窦开口于额隐窝者27侧（47．4％）,开口于筛漏斗者17侧（29．8％）,开151于筛漏斗上隐窝者12侧（21．1％）;中鼻甲前下附着点至额窦开口的距离为（11．74±2．60）mm。结论：熟悉额窦开口部位及周围毗邻结构的解剖,可减少额窦开放手术中并发症的发生。     

鼻窦CT指导额隐窝手术的临床观察

目的探讨术前CT检查在鼻内镜下额隐窝周围气房开放术术式选择中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2011年5月—2014年4月铜陵市人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的46例（67侧）额窦炎患者的临床资料,其中男30例、女16例,年龄21～65岁;鼻窦炎15例,上颌窦、筛窦炎伴额窦炎29例,筛窦炎、蝶窦炎伴额窦炎2例。术前鼻窦CT检查清晰显示额隐窝区气房结构及钩突附着部位,依据钩突附着部位,确定鼻内镜下额隐窝开放术式。结果46例（67侧）中,钩突头端附着于眶内侧壁37侧（55．2％）采用Draf Ⅰ型术式,钩突附着颅底19侧（28．4％）采用Draf ⅡA术式,钩突头端附着于中鼻甲根部11侧（16．4％）采用扩大鼻丘气房入路额窦术式。手术中均顺利开放额隐窝,显露额窦口,无眶内或脑内并发症发生。术后随访3个月～2年,35例患者术后症状消失,10例术前症状明显改善,1例复发。结论钩突附着部位是寻找额窦口的重要解剖标志;术前CT检查可定位钩突附着部位,因而对额窦开放术式的选择具有指导性意义。     

额窦内镜手术的应用解剖与临床

额窦为鼻旁窦中变异最常见者,从窦腔缺失至过度发育,各种变化甚多。对于窦内广泛病变及额窦内肿瘤等病变,靠单纯经鼻开放额窦口,是无法彻底清除窦内病灶的;而对于术后复发或外伤后的病人,可造成额隐窝解剖异常,瘢痕狭窄或闭锁,使经鼻开放或重建额窦引流通道非常困难。因此,掌握额隐窝及其毗邻结构与额窦引流通道的解剖关系,熟识内镜下额隐窝解剖形态和影像特征,是成功开展鼻内镜额窦手术的解剖学基础。本文就额窦手术相关的应用解剖与临床技巧展开讨论。     

额窦及前中筛窦口l引流的临床应用解剖

目的 :为临床开展鼻窦内窥镜手术提供外科手术解剖学依据。方法 :在 2 0具 40侧经防腐处理的完整成人尸头标本上观测筛泡气化发育的情况 ,观察额窦及前中筛气房窦口引流情况。结果 :额窦向中鼻道引流占 87.5 % (3 5侧 ) ;向筛漏斗引流占 10 .0 % (4侧 ) ;鼻丘向中鼻道引流占 90 .0 % (3 6侧 ) ;向筛漏斗引流占 10 .0 % (4侧 ) ;额隐窝向中鼻道引流占 15 .0 % (6侧 ) ;向筛漏斗引流占 10 .0 % (4侧 ) ;向侧窦引流占75 % (3 0侧 ) ;筛泡向筛漏斗引流占 2 5 .0 % (10侧 ) ;向侧窦引流占 75 .0 % (3 0侧 )。结论 :钩突和筛泡的解剖异常直接影响前组鼻窦的通气引流 ,从而导致前组鼻窦的炎症发生和加重。     

CT矢状位重建对鼻内窥镜手术相关解剖结构的测量

目的:探讨CT矢状位重建图像上测量与鼻内窥镜手术相关解剖结构对鼻内窥镜手术的参考价值。方法:对66例132侧健康志愿者鼻腔行CT轴位薄层扫描后矢状位重建,以鼻小柱下端外缘为参考点,鼻底为基线,测量与鼻内窥镜手术相关的重要结构与起点的距离及与基线的夹角。结果:所测鼻腔侧壁结构在矢状位重建图像上显示清晰,能准确区分额隐窝、钩突、蝶窦口、前筛顶及其相互关系。鼻小柱至额隐窝的角度和距离分别是(66.1±6.31)°和(52.2±4.55)mm;额隐窝前后径所测值为(5.1±2.72)mm;鼻小柱至前筛顶的角度和距离分别为(62.9±5.75)°和(60.3±5.48)mm;钩突长度为(12.7±3.92)mm;蝶窦口至鼻小柱的距离是(67.0±5.00)mm;准确获得了鼻小柱至鼻腔侧壁与鼻内窥镜手术相关各解剖结构的角度及长度数据。结论:CT鼻腔矢状位重建图像上能准确测量与鼻内窥镜手术相关解剖结构,对了解患者个体差异,减少术中并发症有较大帮助,具有较大的临床价值。     

与鼻内窥镜术有关的中鼻道及窦口应用解剖

目的:为上颌窦和额窦冲洗及内窥镜术提供解剖学基础。方法:作者对60侧成人尸体头部正中矢状切面标本进行解剖,观测了中鼻道、额隐窝、额鼻峡(管)、上颌窦口、半月裂孔的形态、大小、位置、及上颌窦口和额鼻管口的角度及与周围结构的关系。结果:上颌窦口内径3.0±0.2mm,距鼻小柱前下缘46.0±4.0mm,鼻小柱至上颌窦口与鼻腔底平面之间的夹角为38.4±6.2°,鼻额管外口(额鼻峡)内径2.8±0.3mm,距鼻小柱前下缘47.9±3.4mm,鼻小柱至额鼻管外口与鼻腔底平面之间的夹角为56.7±7.3°。结论:经窦口行额窦及上颌窦冲洗及功能性鼻内窥镜术时应注意额鼻管、上颌窦口的位置、角度及毗邻关系。     

鼻内镜下咽鼓管区结构的应用解剖研究

目的探讨鼻内镜下咽鼓管区的解剖结构特点,为经鼻内镜下咽鼓管区域手术提供解剖学基础。方法选取成人干燥颅骨标本30例,对头颈部标本进行大体解剖,以正中矢状位为基点锯开,采用不同度数(0°、30°、60°)鼻内镜分别观察咽鼓管区结构,以游标卡尺(精确度0. 02 mm)、量角器、弯角规等分别对咽鼓管咽口、咽鼓管鼓室口、咽鼓管峡部及咽鼓管各段的相关数据进行测量,并进行统计学分析。结果通过系统测定成人干燥颅骨标本咽鼓管区域结构,分析相关参数,发现各标本大体解剖结构基本一致,咽鼓管及鼓室相连组成棒槌样结构,咽鼓管咽口开口于鼻咽侧壁,咽鼓管区与颞下窝及咽旁间隙相毗邻,位置较深,咽鼓管区具有复杂的三维空间结构,鼻内镜下经鼻丘路径额窦开放手术可充分暴露咽鼓管区,不同度数鼻内镜下鼻咽结构镜像存在差异,视野范围不同。结论准确辨认咽鼓管区及毗邻结构的解剖关系,获得相关解剖学参数,有助于为临床手术提供解剖学基础,提高手术的彻底性,避免发生严重的手术并发症。     

额-鼻额管区断层解剖学研究及临床意义

目的　为临床开展额-鼻额管区手术提供精确的形态学依据。 方法　用改进火棉胶包埋技术,制作三维连续超薄切片（0.25 mm）,同时对成人脱钙尸头标本及干燥骨进行观测。 结果　鼻额管形态有斜行狭长形,直线形,弧形,倒“L”形,“S”形,其下口开口于额隐窝、筛漏斗上方、筛漏斗、筛泡上方及侧窦上方。鼻额管长度左侧为（19.81±2.56）mm,右侧为（19.90±2.60）mm。额窦形态多样,主要为三角形,额窦前壁厚度左侧为（22.48±1.72）mm,右侧为（22.63±1.38）mm。 结论　经鼻额管行额窦手术,可从中鼻道进入,找到鼻额管下口,经鼻额管直接进入额窦,手术安全可行。     

经鼻内镜翼腭窝区手术相关的显微解剖学研究

目的:为经鼻内镜翼腭窝区手术提供显微解剖学基础。方法:选用30例(60侧)成人头颅湿标本,对翼腭窝区进行显微解剖观测,并模拟鼻内镜手术入路,观测翼腭窝区穿行结构及毗邻关系。结果:①翼腭窝内有上颌动脉、上颌神经及其分支,以及翼腭神经节等重要结构;②由蝶腭孔至前鼻棘的距离为(52.99±4.95)mm;③上颌神经出圆孔处至前鼻棘的距离为(62.90±3.81)mm;④翼管神经至前鼻棘的距离为(58.83±3.91)mm。结论:熟悉翼腭窝区穿行结构位置及毗邻关系,对经鼻内镜翼腭窝区手术的开展具指导意义。     

经鼻内镜颅底手术的常用路径及解剖学标志

目的:探讨鼻内镜颅底手术适应范围、常用路径及其解剖标志.方法:复习相关文献,对经鼻内镜颅底手术各种入路及相关解剖标志的研究成果加以分析、总结.结果:鼻内镜颅底手术常用入路有经鼻中隔旁入路、经中鼻道入路及经中鼻甲切除入路3种,入路涉及的重要解剖学标志有筛前动脉、筛后动脉、中鼻甲、筛窦、蝶骨翼突、蝶筛隐窝、视神经-颈内静脉隐窝及球形鞍底.结论:熟练掌握鼻内镜颅底常用路径及其解剖标志,能够提高手术质量,减少并发症的发生.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

On the origin of the corticotectal projections in the cat

Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.     

On the musculature of the gastro-intestinal tract of the guinea-pig

Summary The small intestine, caecum, colon and part of the stomach of guinea-pigs were studied by light microscopy, using semithin sections of plastic embedded specimens. The muscular coat is thicker in the duodenum than in the rest of the small intestine. The ratio between longitudinal and circular muscle is 1:4.6 in the duodenum and it increases regularly along the small intestine, to reach 1:2 in the terminal ileum. In the caecum, shape and sectional area of the muscle tissue were analyzed along the full length of the taeniae. In the caecal circular muscle there is a characteristic change in the arrangement of the muscle bundles from the regions in the centre of the haustrations to the regions of the grooves between haustrations or to those lying beneath a taenia. The functional significance of the taeniae is discussed in terms of an arrangement allowing reduction of the lumen of the organ (which at the level of the grooves between haustrations acquires a triangular outline) more efficiently than if the longitudinal musculature were spread over the entire surface of the organ. Haustrations are present also on one side of the wall of the ascending colon where there is no longitudinal muscle layer. In the descending colon the structure of the wall is examined in different functional states, namely in the regions between fecal pellets (constricted regions) and in the regions around a fecal pellet (moderately distended regions). The musculature increases considerably in thickness in the constricted regions (both muscle layers being actively contracted), while the mucosa and submucosa are thrown into prominent longitudinal folds. These folds produce occlusion of the lumen when the circular muscle has shortened by about 50%.