美托洛尔对大鼠急性心肌梗死后交感神经重构的抑制作用

目的 探讨大鼠心肌梗死后交感神经重构现象以及美托洛尔对重构的抑制作用. 方法心肌梗死模型成功后的48只大鼠随机分为心肌梗死组(A组)和美托洛尔治疗组[B组, 10 mg/(kg·d)].各组分别在3个不同的时间点(3 d、7 d、30 d)进行观测.各时间点配以相同只数的大鼠,只穿线不结扎作为对照组.测定大鼠心电图,并计算QT离散度(QTd).连续记录大鼠心电图,并对心律失常进行评分.用免疫组化的方法检测各组大鼠心肌梗死周边区交感神经密度.结果 A组7 d、30 d时心肌梗死周围区交感神经密度与对照组比有明显增加(P<0.05).B组在第30天时,梗死周边区交感神经支配密度要明显低于同时间点的A组(P<0.05).美托洛尔治疗后各时间点QTd和心律失常评分均比相应A组显著降低(P<0.05).结论 美托洛尔能抑制心肌梗死后交感神经的重构,降低QTd和心律失常,第30天时,美托洛尔对降低心律失常的作用部分是通过抑制交感神经重构介导的.     

甘松对大鼠心肌梗死后交感神经重构的影响

目的:探讨甘松对大鼠心肌梗死后交感神经重构的影响。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和甘松组,每组15只。采用结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支制备心肌梗死模型。免疫组织化学法检测各组大鼠梗死周边区生长相关蛋白43(GAP43)和酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性神经纤维密度。采用程序刺激各实验组大鼠,诱发室性心律失常。检测心肌组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:与假手术组比较,模型组阳性神经纤维密度明显增加,室性心律失常诱发率明显升高(均P0.05);与模型组比较,甘松组大鼠阳性神经纤维密度降低,室性心律失常诱发率减少(均P0.05)。与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠MDA水平增高,SOD活力降低(均P0.05);与模型组比较,甘松组大鼠MDA水平降低,SOD活力升高(均P0.01)。结论:甘松可以有效改善心肌梗死大鼠交感神经重构,预防室性心律失常,其机制可能与改善氧化应激有关。     

P2X3R对心肌梗死大鼠交感神经重构和室性心律失常的影响

目的 探究嘌呤能配体门控离子通道3受体(P2X3R)信号转导对心肌梗死(MI)后交感神经重构和结构重构以及室性心律失常易感性的影响。方法 成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组：(1)sham组；(2)MI组；(3)MI+A317491(MI+A)组。超声心动图评价大鼠心脏功能，酶联免疫吸附测定检测血清和左心室梗死周边区去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度，记录各组大鼠的心电图分析心率变异性(HRV),记录电生理参数，免疫荧光法染色酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和生长相关蛋白-43(GAP-43)阳性神经纤维分析自主神经重构，天狼星红染色观察心肌纤维化程度。蛋白质印迹法检测P2X3R、TH、GAP-43、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白、纤维连接蛋白、转化生长因子-β1等蛋白表达水平。结果 与MI组比较，A317491可显著降低MI+A组梗死周边区P2X3R蛋白表达、血清和梗死周边区NE浓度，延长心室有效不应期和动作电位持续时间，改善HRV和室性心律失常诱发率，减轻心肌纤维化，降低心室TH和GAP-43阳性神经密度以及TH和GAP-43蛋白表达，保护心脏功能。结论 A317491可能通过抑制P2X3R改善MI后的交感神经重构和结构...     

大鼠心肌梗死后左心室重构、电重构和交感神经重构的关系

目的 应用超声心动图、免疫组织化学技术和电生理技术记录心肌梗死大鼠梗死周边区的有效不应期(ERP)及缝隙连接蛋白43(Cx43)改变,交感神经神经(TH)及神经生长因子(GAP43)改变,探讨心肌梗死大鼠心室重构、电重构及交感神经重构之间的关系.方法 将成年SD大鼠30只,随机分为假手术组和心肌梗死组.假手术组仅开胸,不结扎冠状动脉.结果 与假手术组相比,心肌梗死组LVIDd、LVIDs均显著增大(P＜0.01),EF和FS缩短率显著降低(P＜0.01).与假手术组相比,心肌梗死组梗死周边区ERP显著缩短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).心肌梗死组Cx43阳性蛋白表达低于假手术组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).与假手术组相比,心肌梗死组GAP43阳性神经密度明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).心肌梗死组TH阳性神经密度不均一明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 大鼠心肌梗死后心室不但发生结构重构,同时也会发生神经重构和电重构,以及三者之间相互影响和共同作用导致恶性心律失常和猝死的发生.     

阿托伐他汀对急性心肌梗死大鼠交感神经重构的影响

目的:探讨阿托伐他汀对急性心肌梗死(AMI)大鼠交感神经重构的影响。方法:24只SD大鼠随机分为3组:A组(假手术组);B组(AMI合并血脂异常组);C组(阿托伐他汀干预组)。采用结扎冠状动脉前降支,结合喂饲高脂饮食制作AMI合并血脂异常模型,免疫组化法检测各组大鼠梗死周边区生长相关蛋白-43(GAP-43)和酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性神经纤维分布和密度,Western blot方法检测神经生长因子(NGF)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)蛋白表达。生化法检测氧化应激相关指标。结果:与A组比较,B组梗死周边区域GAP-43和TH阳性神经纤维密度明显增加(均P<0.05),NGF和IL-1β蛋白表达增加(均P<0.05),伴随氧化应激水平增高(P<0.05)。C组GAP-43和TH阳性神经纤维密度较B组显著减少(均P<0.05),伴随NGF、IL-1β蛋白表达降低(均P<0.05)及氧化应激状态的改善。结论:阿托伐他汀可有效的改善AMI合并血脂异常大鼠交感神经重构,其机制与氧化应激状态改善和NGF表达下调有关。     

心肌梗死后交感神经的重构现象

目的　探讨大鼠心肌梗死后室性心律失常发生的交感神经重构机制及 β受体阻滞剂在心肌梗死后交感神经重构中的作用。方法　通过抗酪氨酸羟化酶的免疫组化染色方法 ,检测心肌梗死后 3d、 7d、 30d及普奈洛尔干预后的左心室梗死周围、室间隔和右心室中交感神经支配的密度和范围。结果　心肌梗死后 3d ,交感神经支配密度在梗死周围和室间隔中降低 ,在右心室中增加 (P <0 0 5 ) ;心肌梗死后 7d ,梗死周围、室间隔和右心室中交感神经支配密度和范围均增加 ;心肌梗死后30d时上述变化更加明显 (P <0 0 1)。普奈洛尔促使心肌梗死后各部位心室中交感神经支配的范围趋于正常化 ,并降低室间隔和右心室中的交感神经支配密度 (P <0 0 1)。结论　左心室心肌梗死后的梗死周围、室间隔和右心室中出现交感神经重构现象 ,β受体阻滞剂能改善心肌梗死后的交感神经重构。     

β受体阻滞剂对心肌梗死后心力衰竭大鼠β受体密度和mRNA表达的影响

目的:研究心肌梗死后心力衰竭大鼠左心室非梗死区β受体密度和 mRNA表达的变化,同时观察卡维地洛和美托洛尔两类不同的β受体阻滞剂对其影响。方法:结扎大鼠冠状动脉前降支,形成广泛前壁心肌梗死,而后经过4周的左室重构,导致心力衰竭形成。手术组死亡率为43%,假手术组死亡率为4.7%。实验分为 4周和12周2个时间点进行。取手术组存活的50只大鼠随机分为 5 组:4 周手术(4O)组,美托洛尔 20 mg(M20)组,卡维地洛10 mg(C10)组,卡维地洛1 mg(C1)组,12周手术(12O)组;取假手术组存活的 20 只大鼠随机分为 2组:4周假手术(4S)组,12 周假手术(12S)组;每组均为 10 只大鼠。另外取 10 只正常大鼠作为 4 周正常对照(4N)组。M 20、C10和C1 组于术后4周开始给药;各组大鼠分别于术后4、12周取左心室非梗死区心肌,测定β受体密度及β1 和β2 受体mRNA。结果:4周时,心力衰竭组β受体密度(P<0.01)和β1 受体 mRNA表达(P<0.05)显著降低。12周时,美托洛尔显著增加β受体密度(P<0.01)和β1 受体 mRNA表达(P<0.05),卡维地洛没有增加β受体密度和β1 受体 mRNA表达的作用。结论:心力衰竭时β受体密度和β1 受体 mRNA表达降低,卡维地洛对β受体密度和β1 受体mRNA表达没有明显影响,而美托洛尔可明显增加心力衰竭大鼠β受体密度和β1     

美托洛尔和卡维地洛对心肌梗死后交感神经重构和电重构的影响

目的比较美托洛尔和卡维地洛对家兔心肌梗死(简称心梗)慢性期梗死周边区交感神经重构和电重构的影响及差异。方法40只家兔随机分为两组,每组各20只,采用结扎左冠状动脉前降支(LAD)的方法制备心梗模型,美托洛尔组和卡维地洛组分别给予美托洛尔和卡维地洛各5 mg.kg-1.d-1灌胃。持续给药8周后分别测量梗死周边区基础状态下,刺激交感神经前后的单相动作电位(MAP),计算跨室壁复极离散度(TDR)和TDR的变化(ΔTDR);测定心室颤动(简称室颤)阈值。免疫组化法研究梗死周边区心肌中生长相关蛋白43(GAP43)和酪胺酸羟化酶(TH)阳性纤维的分布和密度。结果在基础状态下两组动物的TDR之间的差异无显著性,交感神经刺激时卡维地洛组的TDR和ΔTDR均较美托洛尔组显著降低(31.6±8.8 m s,5.8±11.2 m s vs 38.5±8.6 m s,13.3±3.0 m s,P均(0.01),室颤阈值提高(21.6±4.4 V vs 18.7±3.8 V,P(0.05);卡维地洛组梗死周边区神经纤维密度较美托洛尔组显著降低(GAP43:1 958.6±346.8μm2/mm2vs 2 549.9±553.7μm2/mm2,TH:1 417.7±252.6μm2/mm2vs 1 778.9±457.8μm2/mm2,P均(0.01)。结论卡维地洛比美托洛尔能更有效地抑制心梗后梗死周边区神经重构,改善电重构。     

心肌梗死后神经生长因子的动态表达及其与交感神经重构的关系

目的 探讨心肌梗死后心肌中神经生长因子(NGF)的动态表达及其在交感神经重构中的作用。方法 从心肌梗死大鼠的梗死周边、室间隔和右心室取材,通过免疫组化染色并结合计算机图像处理技术对心肌中NGF蛋白表达及交感神经支配进行研究。结果 心肌梗死后3天,NGF蛋白的表达在梗死周边心肌中明显减少(P<0.05),在室间隔和右心室中增加;交感神经支配密度在梗死周边和室间隔中明显降低,在右心室中明显增加(P<0.05);室间隔和右心室中交感神经支配与NGF蛋白的表达相关(P<0.05)。心肌梗死后7天,梗死周边心肌中NGF蛋白的表达与交感神经支配密度相关(P<0.01),并均明显高于假手术组(P<0.05)及心肌梗死后3天组(P<0.01);室间隔和右心室中NGF蛋白的表达、交感神经支配密度及范围均明显高于假手术组。心肌梗死后30天,NGF蛋白的表达在梗死周边和室间隔中略有降低,交感神经支配范围及密度在各处心肌中均明显高于心肌梗死后3天、7天(P<0.01)。结论 心肌梗死后心肌中NGF蛋白的表达具有动态过程,并与交感神经失支配、再生和过度支配相关,提示NGF可能在心肌局部发挥神经营养作用进而参与神经重构及神经内分泌的调节过程。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠心肌梗死后交感神经重构与神经生长因子(NGF)的表达改变

目的:探讨糖尿病并发心肌梗死(MI)对大鼠心肌中神经生长因子(NGF)的表达及交感神经再生重构的影响。方法:将实验大鼠分为正常对照组、糖尿病对照组、MI对照组及糖尿病MI组,从各组大鼠的左心室梗死周边、室间隔和右心室取材,通过免疫组化染色并结合计算机图像处理技术,对心肌中NGF蛋白表达及交感神经支配进行对比分析。结果:与正常对照组及糖尿病心梗组比较,MI对照组的NGF表达均增加(均P0.05),交感神经支配密度也均明显增加(均P0.01),并且二者在梗死周边、室间隔及右心室3个部位的表达存在相关性(均P0.05),糖尿病对照组的NGF表达均降低(P0.05,P0.01),交感神经支配密度分别为无明显差异及明显降低(P0.01)。结论:糖尿病可抑制心肌细胞表达NGF,但却可促进MI后交感神经的过度再生与重构。推测糖尿病条件下,NGF并非交感神经再生重构的决定因素,尚存在其他途径对交感神经再生及重构进行调节。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.