鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉区的外科解剖

目的探讨鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉区的解剖学特点。方法采用鼻内镜对10例(20侧鼻腔)经10%福尔马林溶液固定的正常成人尸头标本的蝶腭动脉及其与相关结构的关系进行解剖,观察蝶腭孔定位,筛骨嵴的形态、大小及其与蝶腭孔的关系;测量筛骨嵴与前鼻棘的间距以及筛骨嵴与中鼻甲尾端的间距,观察蝶腭动脉分支及其走行。结果筛骨嵴略呈三角棘状骨性结构,表面粗糙,位于蝶腭孔的前上方。去除筛骨嵴后可见蝶腭动脉血管束从蝶腭孔中穿出,蝶腭动脉常有2~3支不等分支。筛骨嵴与前鼻棘间距为(50.1±2.6)mm,筛骨嵴与中鼻甲尾端的间距为(9.1±1.1)mm。结论蝶腭动脉在出蝶腭孔之前可能有分支;筛骨嵴位置固定,是经鼻内镜下定位蝶腭动脉及蝶腭孔的重要解剖标志。     

鼻丘气房和额隐窝内侧壁的解剖观测与手术切除

为提高鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的手术效果，对尸头和颅骨的鼻外侧壁骨结构进行解剖观测。结果示：中鼻甲垂直部前端附着处与筛顶间有约1．5cm的距离，此间即为鼻丘气房和额隐窝的所在部位，而鼻丘气房内侧壁恰好位于中鼻甲起端附着处上方。提示手术时切除中鼻甲起端附着缘上后方骨质，就开放了鼻丘和额隐窝的内侧壁。然后小心清除其内的病变组织，就能保持鼻窦开放，引流通畅，恢复通气，减少鼻息肉复发。并经对15例患者术后随访0．5～1．5年，均获满意疗效而得到证实。     

鼻丘气房和额隐窝内侧壁的解剖观察与手术切除

为提高鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的手术效果，对尸头和颅骨的鼻外侧壁骨结构进行解剖观察。结果示：中鼻甲垂直部前端附着处与筛顶间有约１．５ｃｍ的距离，此间即为鼻丘气房和额隐窝的所在部位，而鼻丘气房内侧壁愉好位于中鼻甲起端附着处上方。提示手术时切除中鼻甲起端附着缘上后方骨质，就开放了鼻丘和额隐窝的内侧壁。然后小心清除其内的病变组织，就能保持鼻窦开放，引流通畅，恢复通气，减少鼻息肉复发。并经对１５例患者术后随访０．５     

鼻内镜下鼻后神经丛解剖研究

目的 探讨鼻内镜下鼻后神经丛(PNNP)的构成及分布特点,为后续行鼻内镜下高选择性PNNP切断术提供解剖学参考。方法 利用5具(10侧)冰鲜尸头灌注标本,经内镜下中鼻道入路,解剖蝶腭孔周围区域内结构;利用5具人体标本解剖前接受的鼻窦CT扫描结果,经影像学工具测量相应结构间距离。利用内镜系统采集解剖图像,影像测量软件获取影像学数据,并由资深放射科医师盲法测量。在解剖过程中,寻找蝶腭孔周围区域重要解剖标志及各结构间的毗邻关系。去除腭骨蝶突及蝶骨鞘突骨质,开放骨性腭鞘管,暴露PNNP咽支,在腭鞘管前口外侧探查定位翼管神经。结果 PNNP出蝶腭孔后均存在3个主要分支与蝶腭动脉分支血管伴行,前下方有与蝶腭鼻后外侧支伴行的鼻腔外侧壁支,后上方有与上鼻甲动脉伴行的上鼻甲支,后内侧有与鼻后中隔动脉伴行的鼻中隔支,蝶腭神经节在翼腭窝内即发出咽支,未穿出蝶腭孔,通过腭鞘管进入鼻咽部,且翼管前口均位于腭鞘管前口的外侧。腭鞘管前口外侧壁至翼管前口内侧壁间距,内镜下测量值(5.90±1.12)mm,影像学测量值(6.30±1.06)mm。结论 通过解剖定位腭鞘管,开放骨性腭鞘管,暴露其中的PNNP咽支,探讨腭鞘管前口与翼管前口之间的位置关系及术中规避翼管神经及蝶腭神经节的安全操作范围,为变应性鼻炎精准手术治疗提供解剖依据。     

Endoscopic ligation of anterior ethmoidal artery in treatment of epistaxis

Arterial ligation of the anterior ethmoidal artery may be required in cases of persistent epistaxis and conventional techniques involving open surgery carry a recognized morbidity. We describe an endoscopic, intranasal technique for ligation of the anterior ethmoidal artery. This technique was performed in a patient who had a severe epistaxis following nasal trauma. Her epistaxis persisted in spite of anterior and posterior nasal packing. Endoscopy showed the bleeding to originate high and lateral to the middle turbinate. Endoscopic exploration defined the frayed end of the anterior ethmoidal artery. A ligaclip was placed with immediate and persistent arrest of her epistaxis. No further nasal packs or treatment were required.     

鼻内鼻窦手术损伤泪道的解剖学分析

为了减少或避免易内鼻窦手术损伤泥道，在20具成人尸头标本上，观测泪道与鼻腔外侧壁的毗邻关系。发现前筛气房与泪囊窝关系密切，气房侵及泪骨占87．5％；鼻泪管与钩突上端游离线之间距离为6.74±1．72mm，距离筛漏斗前界3．44±0．75mm，距上颌窦鼻内开口为5．50±3．73mm。鼻泪管开四位于下鼻道前端鼻甲附着处。研究表明，前筛房、钩突切除和上颌窦鼻内开窗手术范围，如果过于向前，容易损伤泪道。     

鼻内镜下鼻中隔正中进路行额窦底壁切除的可行性研究

目的:探讨鼻内镜下额窦底壁鼻中隔正中进路的可行性。方法:①对60例经甲醛固定的成人尸头进行CT扫描,并进行三维CT重建。②取30例尸头紧贴一侧鼻中隔沿矢状线锯开,对重要解剖标志进行相关解剖学观测。③结合CT和解剖学数据,在30例尸头上,进行鼻内镜下鼻中隔正中入路额窦模拟手术。记录模拟手术时间、手术步骤、手术过程中手术标记的寻找、鼻内镜度数的视野影响、视野中额窦各壁的可视度、手术器械的影响、鼻中隔以及嗅丝的损伤程度等等。结果:①额窦底后缘均在中鼻甲根部的前端,中鼻甲根部均附着于筛顶与筛板交界处。②中鼻甲垂直部与水平部交接点与鼻中隔相对应的点称为M点,M点到鼻骨的水平距离为(20.07±6.21)mm,M点到第一对嗅丝距离为(24.38±7.68)mm,第一对嗅丝到额窦底后缘距离为(9.57±2.73)mm,中鼻甲根部附着缘到额窦底后缘距离为(5.38±1.23)mm,额窦底壁前后径为(7.62±2.45)mm,额窦底壁左右径为(9.41±3.37)mm,额窦间隔上下径为(16.97±3.23)mm,额窦间隔前后径为(12.34±2.23)mm。③结合CT和解剖学测量,在鼻内镜下完成鼻中隔正中入路的额窦手术,模拟手术平均时间为1h45min。鼻内镜0°镜下的视野可以观察到部分额窦内侧壁、后壁和顶壁,30°镜下完成鼻中隔切除,0°镜下暴露额窦底壁并将其切除,70°镜下3例不能观测到额窦外侧壁,30例均能观测到部分额窦顶壁、内侧壁、前壁以及后壁,鼻中隔损伤范围约为2.23cm×2.59cm,嗅丝未见损伤。结论:鼻内镜下鼻中隔正中径路容易寻找额窦,以此进路进行额窦底壁切除是可行的。     

Surgical anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery in lateral nasal wall

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the surgical anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery. First, the location of the sphenopalatine foramen on the lateral nasal wall and the pattern of the main branches of the sphenopalatine artery from the sphenopalatine artery were studied. Second, the course of the posterior lateral nasal artery with respect to the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus, the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, and the pattern of distribution of its branches on the fontanelle was determined. Third, the distribution pattern on the inferior turbinate was analyzed. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty midsagittal sections of randomly selected Korean adult cadaver heads with intact sphenoid sinus and surrounding structures were used in the study. METHODS: The mucosa on the sphenopalatine foramen and its surrounding mucosa were removed with a microscissors, a fine forceps, and a pick to expose the sphenopalatine artery under an operating microscope (original magnification x6). RESULTS: The feeding vessels of the superior turbinate were from the septal artery in 36 cases (72%). The feeding vessels to the middle turbinate branch originated from the proximal portion of the posterior lateral nasal artery just after exiting the sphenopalatine foramen in 44 cases (88%). Some portion of the posterior lateral nasal artery ran anterior to the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus in 38%. The major feeding arteries to the fontanelle were from the inferior turbinate branch in 25 cases (50%). In most cases, the inferior turbinate branch was the end artery of the posterior lateral nasal artery (98%). CONCLUSIONS: The study provides detailed information concerning the sphenopalatine artery, which we hope will help explain the arterial bleeding that may occur during ethmoidectomy, middle meatal antrostomy, conchotomy, and endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery.     

筛窦基板层次气化分析及其在鼻内镜鼻窦手术中的应用

目的探讨应用筛窦基板层次性分析方法，指导内镜下筛窦层次性开放的可行性。方法通过鼻窦CT扫描的薄层DICOM数据，层厚层距均为0.65 mm，ImageViewer软件三维重建分析筛窦的基板（III V）层次及其气化情况。结果获得100例（200侧）患者鼻窦CT原始薄层数据，通过三维重建分析发现筛骨结构包含5个基板（I V）：①基板V的出现率为60.0%，相邻基板间存在潜在的层次间隙；②Haller气房出现率为28.0%，与中鼻甲、上鼻甲基板结构气化相关者分别占19.5%、8.5%；③上鼻甲及基板气化发生率为91.5%，其中19.1%气化为Onodi气房。最上鼻甲及基板出现率60.0%，气化发生率为76.7%，其中15.8%气化为Onodi气房。Onodi气房出现率为33.0%，来源于上鼻甲基板、最上鼻甲基板的分别占17.5%，9.5%，来源于二者共同气化的占6.0%。各基板及其气化结构组成相对独立的通气引流系统，可单独出现引流障碍。手术中筛窦的开放（III V基板）过程，以上鼻甲、最上鼻甲为标志结构，结合CT提示的气化变异，可在其前方分别充分地开放III基板、IV基板气化结构构成的筛窦迷路（包括变异气房，如Haller气房），而根据CT提示V基板的气化状况和方向，可进一步实现V基板及其气化结构（包括Onodi气房）的开放。结论通过分析筛窦基板的层次性结构，对指引内镜下筛窦开放过程实现层次性、标准化有重要指导价值。     

Digital volume tomography (DVT) as a diagnostic modality of the anterior skull base

Conclusion. Because of high resolution and the relatively lower costs in comparison with modern helical CT scanners, digital volume tomography (DVT) can be recommended in the diagnosis of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Objectives. DVT is an advancement of panoramic tomography and is based on the principles of rotational tomography. It enables high resolution visualization of osseous structures. The slices can be displayed in three orthogonal planes that can be changed in angle arbitrarily. Data volumes of up to 12×17 cm can be examined with a new generation of the DVT. The aim of this study was to point out the potential of DVT in the anterior skull base. Subjects and methods. DVT scans with a cylindrical size of 10 cm in diameter and 10 cm in height were performed in 23 patients. The identification of surgical key landmarks (uncinate process, middle turbinate, ethmoidal bulla, agger nasi cells, Haller cells, frontal recess, anterior ethmoidal artery in its relationship to the skull base, the cribiform plate of the sphenoidal sinus in relation to the optic nerve, and the internal carotid artery) was evaluated. Results. Display of the essential surgical key landmarks was possible in all patients     

The secondary middle turbinate.

During functional endoscopic sinus surgery, the ethmoidal infundibulum and bulla are accessed through the middle meatus. This paper describes a secondary middle turbinate which arises from the lateral wall of the middle meatus, posterosuperior to the infundibulum and points superiorly within the meatus. A secondary middle turbinate was identified bilaterally in 6 out of 400 coronal CT scans of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The secondary middle turbinate did not obstruct the osteomeatal complex in any of our patients.     

扩大鼻内镜上颌窦手术视野的解剖学研究

目的:通过对鼻腔和上颌窦相关解剖结构的观测,寻找扩大鼻内镜上颌窦手术视野的解剖学方法,为获得满意的手术视野提供指导。方法:以30例(60侧)经4%甲醛固定的成人尸头(男21例,女9例)为研究对象,去除鼻腔外侧壁的黏膜,保留各个重要骨性结构的完整性,以骨性鼻泪管和下鼻甲骨附着缘为标志,观察测量相关结构的解剖特点以及与周围毗邻结构的位置关系。通过解剖学观测,寻找影响鼻内镜下扩大上颌窦手术视野的解剖学因素。结果:骨性鼻泪管前界上、中、下端到上颌窦前壁与内侧壁交界的水平距离分别为0、(1.90±1.03)、(3.29±1.04)mm;骨性鼻泪管前下端到下鼻甲前缘的水平距离为(5.13±0.62)mm,到鼻底的垂直距离为(16.89±0.97)mm,左右侧测量数据差异无统计学意义。去除的骨质范围:下鼻甲附着缘以上部分上下径为(9.43±1.72)mm,前后径由上往下为(9.76±0.83)、(11.39±0.50)、(12.85±0.66)mm,下鼻甲附着缘以下部分上下径为(13.52±0.83)mm,前后径由上往下为(19.89±1.37)、(16.59±0.77)、(12.48±0.91)mm。结论:鼻内镜下中鼻道入路的上颌窦手术视野,受上颌窦口前方的骨性鼻泪管、上颌骨额突及下方的下鼻道外侧壁骨质的影响而无法充分显露,同过去除窦口周边无用的骨质而保留重要结构,可以扩大内镜下中鼻道入路上颌窦手术的视野,利于彻底清除上颌窦内底壁、前壁的病变。     

A radiological anatomic study of the cribriform plate compared with constant structures

BACKGROUND: Understanding of the anterior skull base anatomy is crucial to avoid intracranial violations during endoscopic surgery. The aims of this study were to define the normative data about cribriform plate depth and the relationship between this dimension and the measurements of the adjacent anatomical structures such as middle turbinate length, maximal vertical orbital height and distance between the ethmoid roof and the nasal floor. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Paranasal computerized tomographic scans of 136 healthy adults were included into the study. The cribriform plate depth compared to the ethmoid roof and the adjacent anatomical structures mentioned above were measured bilaterally. RESULTS: The maximal vertical orbital height was detected as the most constant anatomic measurement. We found the mean level difference between the ethmoid roof and the cribriform plate as 6.1 +/- 2.3 (range 1-12 mm) on the left side and 6.1 +/- 2.2 (1-15 mm) on the right side. The middle turbinate was significantly longer in the Keros Type I group than in the other groups (p<0.05). Furthermore, the distance between the ethmoid roof and the nasal floor was lowest in the Keros Type I group (p<0.01). The distance between the ethmoid roof and the nasal floor was statistically higher in Keros group 3 among all groups (p<0.01). The deeper the cribriform plate, the higher the nasal cavity. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, our study has a unique feature by including the data of the constant anatomical structures comparing with the cribriform plate depth. Since in the group with excessive cribriform plate depth, the middle turbinate was short, care should be taken especially during middle turbinate resections.     

Surgical anatomy of the turbinal wall of the ethmoidal labyrinth

The upper part of the lateral nasal wall is formed by a common structure or conchal lamina that is attached all along the junction between the ethmoidal roof and the cribriform plate. From this continuous conchal lamina, the different ethmoidal turbinates take their origin. All these structures form a well defined wall that encloses the ethmoidal cells medially and that deserves the name of "turbinal wall of the ethmoidal labyrinth". The objectives of this paper were: 1) to precisely define the anatomical landmarks of the turbinal wall of the ethmoidal labyrinth, and 2) to study, from an anatomical point of view, the consequences of the surgical resection of the middle turbinate. We performed an anatomic study on 12 frozen human heads, cut in a median-sagittal plane, and then photographed with a millimetre scale in order to perform several measurements. The surface of the turbinal wall of the ethmoidal labyrinth can range from 6.1 to 11.3 cm2. The resection of the middle turbinate preserves approximately half of the turbinal wall, this being around 4.3 cm2 (range 2.6 to 6.3 cm2). The conchal lamina appears as the noble sensorial element of the turbinal wall. It can be described as a continuous bone plate, grossly rectangular in shape, measuring approximately 1 cm in height and 3.5 cm in length that forms the lateral wall of the olfactory groove. The anatomic study shows that its dimensions can vary from simple to double in different individuals. It seems to us that instead of considering the difference of height between the cribriform plate and the ethmoidal roof (Keros classification), we should consider the vertical height of the conchal lamina as a potential risk factor in ethmoidal surgery.     

Surgical anatomy of the natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to measure the distance and the angle between the anterior part of nasal cavity and the natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus. The anatomical location of the natural ostium according to the direction of surgeon's operating view toward the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus was also analyzed. STUDY DESIGN: This study used careful cadaver dissection under a surgical microscope. METHODS: One hundred sagittally sectioned adult cadaveric heads were used. We measured the distances and angles for identifying the natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus using several reference points such as the limen nasi, the sill, and the posteroinferior end of the superior turbinate. In addition, we tried to identify whether the location of the natural ostium is medial or lateral to the posterior end of the superior turbinate. RESULTS: The natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus was located at an angle of 35.9 degrees with a distance of 56.5 mm from limen nasi and at an angle of 34.3 degrees with a distance of 62.7 mm from nasal sill. It was located approximately 1 cm above the posteroinferior end of the superior turbinate and at a medial aspect to the posterior end of the superior turbinate in 83% of specimens. CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that the posteroinferior end of the superior turbinate is the best landmark for identifying the natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus. Furthermore, the natural ostium should ideally be searched from a superior and medial aspect in relation to the posteroinferior end of the superior turbinate.     

Infected inferior turbinate pneumatization

With the widespread utilization of endoscopic nasal surgery, the interest in nasal structures has increased. Inferior turbinate pneumatization is among the most rare causes of nasal obstruction. In the current literature, there are only ten reported cases of inferior turbinate pneumatization. A 52-year-old male patient presented with nasal obstruction, purulent nasal discharge, facial pain and headache. Anterior rhinoscopic examination showed bilateral middle and inferior turbinate hypertrophy and edema of the nasal mucosa. Computed tomography (CT) revealed bilateral frontal, anterior and posterior ethmoidal and maxillary sinusitis with bilateral concha media bullosa and right infected inferior turbinate pneumatization. In this report, infection of this rare anatomical abnormality is presented for the first time and documented with acoustic rhinometry, CT and peroperative photography.     

国人成人鼻泪管的解剖学测量

目的：对成人鼻泪管局部解剖有进一步认识。方法：对国人成人４０具（８０侧）尸头鼻腔进行解剖学测量。结果：发现鼻泪管在下鼻道的开口有５种类型,其中以裂隙型多见;有７例存在２个开口。７３例鼻泪管及开口位置进行解剖学测量,鼻泪管平均长度１４．１４ｍｍ;前鼻孔内下缘交点至同侧鼻泪管开口前缘平均距离为２９．００ｍｍ（简称孔口距）;下鼻甲附着缘前端至鼻泪管开口前缘平均距离为１１．０７ｍｍ;前鼻孔内下缘交点至同侧     

鼻腔泪囊造口术的泪囊鼻内解剖研究

目的：探讨鼻腔泪囊的解剖结构及其与毗邻的关系,为鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术提供解剖学指导。方法：对15具（30侧）成人尸头的泪囊投影在鼻腔外侧壁上的解剖特点进行研究,同时观察了内眦韧带与泪囊的解剖关系。结果：泪囊在鼻腔外侧壁上的解剖位置投影大部（2／3）位于中鼻甲附着处（中鼻甲腋）前端上方,小部位于其下方;泪囊小部分（1／3）位于泪总管开口上方水平,大部位于该口下方;内眦韧带几乎横压于泪囊中部。中鼻甲腋可越过泪囊后界（11侧）或中线（1侧）。使用以内眦韧带为基准点的泪囊鼻外定位法,30侧标本全部定位于泪囊投影区较中心的位置。结论：建议术前行泪囊碘油造影CT检查,手术造口中心位置约为中鼻甲附着处以上1.5～2．0mm处稍前方。泪总管开口与泪囊的解剖关系恒定,术中使用激光光纤行泪道探查,并以透过鼻腔外侧壁上的光斑为定位标志相对精确,以内眦韧带为基准点的泪囊鼻外定位法准确度亦高。     

视神经管局部解剖与鼻内镜下解剖的结合研究

目的:为鼻内镜下视神经管减压术的临床运用提供解剖学依据。方法:10具(20侧)成人湿性尸头,从正中矢状位锯开,以直尺、量角器等测量工具测量视神经管与前鼻棘间的距离和角度;5具(10侧)(含儿童尸头2具)湿性尸头经鼻腔行鼻内镜下视神经管眶口至颅口段解剖,观察视神经管及其相关解剖标志。结果:大体标本观察,均可见到视神经管与颈内动脉呈“八”字形关系,测得视神经管内侧壁长度平均(9.12±1.89)mm,视神经管眶口直径平均(4.12±0.53)mm,前鼻棘到视神经管眶口内壁中点距离平均(61.22±6.23)mm,前鼻棘到视神经管眶口内壁中点的角度平均(45.3±4.5)°。鼻内镜下观察,沿视神经管眶口向后,可见到不同程度的一条反光带,即视神经管,7侧(70%)可见到明显的隆起,3侧(30%)无明显隆起,无法按照隆起形状判断视神经管。结论:结合大体解剖观察与鼻内镜下解剖观察,有助于准确识别鼻内镜下的视神经管,从而提高鼻内镜下视神经管手术的准确性。