Mental health problems in children with atopic diseases北大核心CSCD

Child atopic disease is a global public health problem. Because it can cause various mental health problems,it is getting more and more attention. In recent decades,the prevalence of child atopic diseases is dramatically increasing,and children's physical and mental health are affected to different degrees. There are several hypotheses about the potential mechanism between atopic diseases and psychological problems. Herein, the psychological and behavioral problems in children with atopic diseases and the associated mechanism will be discussed. Furthermore, it suggests that the professionals should pay more attention to the children's psychosomatic diseases,and pay more attention to the interactive effect between atopic diseases and mental health problems. It is important for the diagnosis,prevention and intervention of children with the psychosomatic diseases. © 2019 Chinese Medical Journals Publishing House Co.Ltd. All rights reserved.     

Clinical efficacy of combined therapy in children with stage 4 neuroblastoma北大核心CSCD

目的 观察4期神经母细胞瘤联合治疗的早期疗效,探讨提高生存率及改善生活质量的治疗方案。 方法 对2016年1月至2021年6月在香港大学深圳医院确诊的14例4期神经母细胞瘤患儿的临床资料、治疗及随访情况进行回顾性分析。 结果 14例患儿中位发病年龄为3岁7.5个月。骨髓检查阳性9例,N-Myc基因扩增4例,神经元特异性烯醇化酶增高13例,尿香草扁桃酸增高7例。病理结果：分化型6例,未分化型1例,混合型1例,分化差型6例。N7方案化疗10例（含2例N7方案+三氧化二砷化疗患儿）,Rapid COJEC方案化疗4例。手术13例;自体造血干细胞移植14例;放疗10例。Ch14.18/CHO免疫治疗8例,其中1例因在治疗过程中出现过敏性休克而停止免疫治疗;其余7例完成治疗,期间未观察到严重不良反应。完成免疫治疗患儿中1例复发后进行3次Lu177 Dotatate治疗,目前仍在化疗中。14例患儿中位随访时间为45个月。2年内复发4例,2年内总生存率100%;3年内复发4例,3年内无病存活7例。 结论 儿童4期神经母细胞瘤建议选择多学科联合方案治疗,使4期神经母细胞瘤患儿获得更好的生存及预后。     

Effects of environmental exposure on allergic diseases in children北大核心CSCD

The prevalence of allergic diseases is rising in children as a result of complex gene - environment interactions. Environmental exposures can dramatically influence the phenotype of allergic diseases,including atopic eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. Environmental factors associated with allergic diseases include chemical pollutants and allergens in the air,as well as other environmental exposures such as the microbiome. Indoor and outdoor air pollutants and allergens play an important role in the inflammatory response and clinical manifestations of allergic reactions caused by allergens. Strengthening environmental control and controlling environmental exposure is an important way to prevent allergic diseases. © 2019 Chinese Medical Journals Publishing House Co.Ltd. All rights reserved.     

Clinical and genetic analyses of Joubert syndrome in children北大核心CSCD

目的 分析儿童Joubert综合征(Joubert syndrome,JS)的临床特征及遗传学特点。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月—2022年7月郑州大学第三附属医院儿童康复科诊断的20例JS患儿的临床资料、遗传学结果及随访资料。结果 20例JS患儿中,男11例,女9例。患儿临床表现以发育迟缓(20例,100%)、眼球运动异常(19例,95%)、肌张力低下(16例,80%)多见,5例(25%)出生时呼吸节律异常,3例(15%)面容异常(包括前额突出、耳位低、三角口),所有患儿均无肢体畸形。20例(100%)患儿头部影像学均有典型的“磨牙征”、“中线裂征”,6例(30%)患儿眼部检查异常。完成基因检测7例,发现6个致病基因(CPLANE1、RPGRIP1L、MKS1、CC2D2A、CEP120、AHI1基因)。结论 对于发育迟缓患儿,尤其是伴随眼球运动异常、肌张力低下症状,建议完善头部影像学检查明确有无“磨牙征”、“中线裂征”等特征,以排查JS,避免漏诊、误诊。JS有多种致病基因,全外显子组测序可协助诊断。     

Clinical and laboratory results of 270 children with infectious mononucleosis北大核心CSCD

Objective To summarize the clinical and laboratory characteristics of infectious mononucleosis (I M) in children. Methods Clinical features and laboratory results of 270 cases with IM admitted to the Department of Pediatrics in Strategic Support Force Medical Center of People's Liberation Army from January 2012 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. χ2 test was used for comparison between groups. Results IM mainly occurred in children aged 5 months to 18 years old in autumn and spring. The highest incidence rate (105 cases, 38.9 %) was 3 - <6 years old (preschoolers). There were 253 cases (93.7%) with fever, 266 cases (98.5 %) with adenopharyngitis, 196 cases (72.6%) with tonsil pseudomembrane or exudation, 248 cases (91.9%) with cervical lymphadenopathy, 92 cases (34.1%) with eyelid edema, 202 cases (74.8%) with nasal obstruction, 124 cases (45.9%) with nasal obstruction and snoring, 24 cases (8. 9 %) with rash, and 112 cases (41.5%) with splenomegaly. A total of 225 cases (83.3%) presented with typical triplets of IM (fever, adenopharyngitis and cervical lymphadenopathy). Sixty - two IM patients were complicated with pulmonary infections and 3 cases with diarrhea. The main co - infection pathogens in children with IM were Mycoplasma pneumonia (M P) (79 cases, 29.3%), influenza A or B virus (34 cases, 12.6%), Streptococcus pneumonia (S P) (18 cases, 6.7%), adenovirus (22 cases, 8.1%) and cytomegalovirus (3 cases, 1.11%). A total of 46 cases (17.0%) had multiple infections. Laboratory test results suggested that absolute lymphocyte count 5. 0 x 109/L was found in 199 cases (73.7%), and abnormal lymphocyte ratio > 0.10 was found in 225 cases (83.3%). Some children had elevated transaminase levels. Epstein - Barr virus capsid antigen - immunoglobulin M (EBV - VCA - IgM) was positive in 249 cases (92.2%), Epstein - Barr virus capsid antigen - immunoglobulin G (EBV - VCA - IgG) was positive in 238 cases (88.1%), and Epstein - Barr virus nuclear antigen - immunoglobulin G (EBV - NA - IgG) was negative in all cases. EBV - VCA - IgG showed low affinity in all cases (< 40%). EBV DNA tests of peripheral blood plasma were carried in 153 cases, of which 118 cases (77.1%) were positive. Conclusions EBV related IM mainly attacks preschoolers. Most patients are presented with typical triplets of IM. Eyelid edema, nasal obstruction, snoring, splenomegaly and elevated transaminase levels are prevalent in IM children. Most cases have a favorable prognosis. © 2022 ＣｈｉｎＪＡｐｐｌＣｌｉｎＰｅｄｉａｔ. All rights reserved.     

Causes of death in 15 children with omphalocele北大核心CSCD

Objective To summarize the major causes of death for congenital omphalocele so as to optimize its treatments in children. Methods Retrospective review was performed for the clinical data of 15 children dying from omphalocele from June 2015 to June 2022. There were 8 boys and 7 girls. Term was premature (n: 5) and mature (n: 10). Gestational week, gender, weight, soma totype, complicated malformations and causes were analyzed. Results Size was giant (n: 13) and small (n: 2). The associated conditions were pulmonary hypertension (n: 13), patent ductus arteriosus (n: 13), atrial septal defect (n: 15), ventricular septal defect (n: 9), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (n: 1), non-compaction of ventricular myocardium, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (n: 4), Merkel's diverticulum (n:3) and congenital intestinal malrotation (n:9). Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (n: 1), respiratory syncytial virus infection (n: 2) and pneumorrhagia (n: 2) occurred during treatment. Eight deaths were due to pulmonary hypertension. Two cases were abandoned due to complicated malformations, one death occurred without repairing congenital diaphragmatic hernia, two deaths were caused by respiratory syncytial virus infection, one child died from heart failure due to non-compaction of ventricular myocardium and another from heart failure after double-outlet RV surgery. Conclusions Children with congenital omphalocele may die from various causes. And pulmonary hypertension is a major cause. Other diseases and complications should be aggressively managed during hospitalization. © 2023 Chinese Medical Journals Publishing House Co.Ltd. All Rights Reserved.     

Recent research on inherited metabolic diseases in children北大核心CSCD

随着遗传代谢病（inherited metabolic diseases,IMD）研究水平和诊治技术的提高,我国儿童IMD的研究取得了很大进步,但相比于国际水平仍有一定距离。同时由于我国幅员辽阔,医疗资源分布不均,IMD尚没有明显的地域特征,在早期诊断和治疗上仍存在诸多的问题与困难。因此,提高儿科医生对儿童IMD认识的广度和深度,以期在提高整体专业诊治水平的同时,更好地做到对儿童IMD的早发现、早诊断、早治疗,更有效地降低IMD患儿的病死率与致残率。该文就我国儿童IMD的研究进展进行综述,并就其中具有代表性的IMD进行分析。     

Experts consensus on diagnosis and treatment of autoinflammatory diseases in children北大核心CSCD

Autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) is a group of diseases caused by gene mutation, which changes its coding protein, causes the imbalance of innate immune system and leads to systemic inflammatory response. This group of diseases is characterized by repeated or continuous inflammatory response (increased acute phase inflammatory protein) and lack of participation of the adaptive immune system (lack of autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies). AIDs have a wide variety of clinical manifestations and pathogenesis. They can be divided into different types according to clinical characteristics and pathogenesis. For patients with young onset age, recurrent fever, other systemic inflammatory manifestations and family history, the possibility of AIDs should be considered. It is clear that the diagnosis depends on the comprehensive analysis of medical history, clinical manifestations and gene test results. Drugs for the treatment of AIDs include non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants and biological agents. Early diagnosis and active treatment of AIDs can effectively jreduce systemic inflammation, alleviate organ injury and reduce the incidence of long - term complications. In order to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of AIDs, the Subspecialty Group of Rheumatology, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association specially formulated the experts consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of AIDs in children. © 2022 Chinese Medical Journals Publishing House Co.Ltd. All rights reserved.     

Demographic features and compliance of children with allergic diseases receiving sublingual immunotherapy北大核心CSCD

目的探讨标准化舌下免疫治疗(sublingual immunotherapy,SLIT)过敏性疾病患儿的人口学特征,并分析依从性的影响因素。方法纳入江西省儿童医院2018年1月1日—2020年12月31日接受SLIT的1789例过敏性疾病患儿为研究对象,回顾性分析患儿的人口学特征和随访资料,分析SLIT的依从性及其影响因素。结果共1789例SLIT患儿,其中男性1271例(71.05%),女性518例(28.95%),年龄4~14岁;完全依从777例(43.43%);脱落1012例(56.57%),因自觉使用不便脱落354例(34.98%),因疗效欠佳脱落346例(34.19%),因症状改善自行停用253例(25.00%),因不良反应停用的59例(5.83%)。脱落主要集中在开始治疗后1~4个月(74.31%,752/1012)。女性患儿依从率低于男性患儿,患单一疾病者依从率低于患多种疾病者(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,与男性相比,女性发生脱落的风险增加(OR=0.811,95%CI:0.658~0.998,P<0.05);相对于患多种疾病者,患单一疾病者发生脱落的可能性增加(OR=1.313,95%CI:1.005~1.715,P<0.05)。结论过敏性疾病患儿SLIT依从性不理想,与患儿性别、所患疾病数量等特征有关;主要脱落原因为自觉使用不便和疗效欠佳。     

Analysis of clinical features in children with McCune-Albright syndrome北大核心CSCD

Objective To summarize and analyze the clinical features of McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) in 26 children, to improve the understanding of MAS diagnosis and treatment, and to achieve early clinical diagnosis of MAS. Methods The clinical data of 26 children with MAS treated in Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from August 2011 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.Their clinical characteristics were summarized and studied.t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ 2 test or Fisher′s exact probability method was used for comparison between groups. Results (1) Among the 26 MAS patients enrolled, there were 22 females and 4 males.The average onset age of female and male patients was (5.87±2.94) years old and (7.48±3.36) years old, respectively.(2) In female patients, there were 7 cases with the typical triad and 15 cases with the atypical triad.(3) Female patients had the first symptom of vaginal bleeding (8/22) and breast development (14/22). Among the 4 male children, 1 case had fracture and 3 cases lagged behind their peers in height at the first visit.(4) Compared with the breast development group, the vaginal bleeding group had an earlier onset age[(4.06±1.88) years old vs.(7.82±1.82) years old] (t=5.023, P<0.001), earlier bone maturation[(1.26±0.07) vs.(1.09±0.13)] (t=2.933, P<0.05), a greatly lowered predicted adult height[(-2.16±0.98) SDS vs.(-0.96±1.09) SDS](t=1.352, P<0.05), a lower blood phosphorus level[(1.41±0.14) nmol/L vs.(1.67±0.24) nmol/L] (t=1.941, P<0.05), and a significantly elevated alkaline phosphatase level[339(313, 656) U/L vs.243(205, 452) U/L] (U=1.000, P<0.05). All patients (8 cases) in the vaginal bleeding group had fibrous dysplasia of bone.(5) Ten patients progressed to central precocious puberty (CPP). They showed an older average age of onset[(7.27±2.69)years old vs.(4.69±2.68)years old] (U=44.000, P<0.05), significantly earlier bone maturation at diagnosis[(1.23±0.11) vs.(1.01±0.13)] (t=1.834, P<0.05), and a lower predicted adult height[(152.00±4.62) cm vs.(162.10±6.91) cm] (t=3.805, P<0.05), compared with those who did not progress to CPP.(6) Eleven children developed polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone, and most common type (8 cases) was polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone, primarily at lower limb bones and skulls.(7) Of the 26 children, 20 cases had scattered Café au lait pigments on the skin.The Café au lait pigmented skin lesions in 35% (7/20) cases crossed the midline. Conclusions With complicated clinical manifestations, MAS is more common and occurs earlier in girls than boys.It is difficult to clinically diagnose MAS in boys due to the insidious onset and atypical symptoms.Female MAS patients with vaginal bleeding as the first symptom usually have an early age of onset, advanced bone age and lower predicted adult height, so they should be monitored and evaluated clinically.Vaginal bleeding is significantly associated with polyostotic fiber dysplasia of bone in MAS patients.Therefore, it is recommended that patients with vaginal bleeding should undergo a routine bone single-photon emission computed tomography scan.This helps understand the situation of occult fiber dysplasia of bone.Patients with later diagnosis and advanced bone age should be aware of the possibility of progression to CPP. © 2022 Chinese Journal of Applied Clinical Pediatrics. All rights reserved.     

Efficiency of Rituximab in treating children with refractory nephrotic syndrome北大核心CSCD

目的评价利妥昔单抗(RTX)在难治性肾病综合征患儿中维持缓解的有效性。方法回顾性研究。将2018年11月至2020年11月华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院肾内科诊断为难治性肾病综合征的22例患儿纳入研究, 予RTX治疗。外周血中CD19+B淋巴细胞≥1%总淋巴细胞者追加1剂RTX(375 mg/m2), 每例患儿使用3~4剂, 早期停用钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂(CNI), 后续使用霉酚酸酯治疗。采用Kaplan-Meier法对RTX治疗后患儿的蛋白尿无复发率和无频复发肾病综合征或激素依赖肾病综合征发生率进行分析, 采用Wilcoxon秩和检验对使用RTX前后的复发次数进行分析。采用秩和检验对RTX治疗前后患儿的体质量指数(BMI)及身高进行比较。结果 22例患儿中, 20例患儿完成治疗方案, 1年和2年的蛋白尿无复发生存率分别为85%和40%, CNI停用后复发频率降低。所有患儿BMI及身高在使用RTX治疗前与使用RTX 1年后、2年后比较, 差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05), 使用RTX后1、2年比较, 差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论使用RTX在停用激素和其他免疫抑制剂情况下也可有效降低难治性肾病综合征的复发率, 同时可使患儿BMI及身高得到明显改善。RTX治疗难治性肾病综合征患儿安全有效。     

Recent research on the application of defoamers in children undergoing digestive endoscopy北大核心CSCD

内镜是诊断和治疗儿童消化道疾病的常见手段。胃肠道内存在气泡,是影响内镜视野清晰度的重要因素之一。祛泡剂的应用,可显著减少肠道内气泡,提高胃肠道准备质量,进一步提高疾病检出率。现关于儿童内镜检查前的胃肠道准备各有研究,但缺乏对应用祛泡剂的统一方案。故该文就儿童消化内镜检查前祛泡剂的使用情况及研究进展作一总结,并指出对祛泡剂的现有研究样本量少,用药选择和时机仍存在争议,为以后祛泡剂的深入研究提供借鉴。     

Clinical application of flexible bronchoscopy and neck ultrasound in percutaneous dilatational tracheotomy in infants北大核心CSCD

目的探讨可弯曲支气管镜联合颈部超声在婴幼儿经皮扩张气管切开术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2018年12月至2021年5月山东大学附属儿童医院呼吸介入科收治的24例应用可弯曲支气管镜联合颈部超声经皮扩张气管切开患儿的临床资料。24例患儿中, 男12例, 女12例, 男女比例为1∶1;年龄21 d~2岁, 中位年龄5个月;中位体质量5.8 kg。在进行经皮扩张气管切开时, 先使用超声评估患儿甲状腺位置及血管走形, 选择合适穿刺入路并标记穿刺点, 然后在可弯曲支气管镜引导下完成经皮扩张气管切开术。结果术前接受持续气管插管机械通气支持治疗患儿19例(79.2%), 间断气管插管机械通气支持治疗患儿2例(8.3%), 无创呼吸机支持治疗3例(12.5%)。24例患儿中, 先天性上呼吸道发育畸形9例(37.5%);双侧声带麻痹8例(33.3%);上呼吸道占位性疾病3例(12.5%);外科术后撤机困难2例(8.3%);神经肌肉疾病2例(8.3%)。24例患儿均在30 min内成功完成手术, 出血量均少于5 mL, 术中无并发症发生。结论可弯曲支气管镜联合颈部超声辅助使婴幼儿经皮扩张气管切开术能够顺利完成, 并显著降低手术操作难度, 提高了手术的安全性。     

Clinical feature analysis of subdural effusion/hematoma after shunt use of adjustable valves in children with hydrocephalus北大核心CSCD

Objective To analyze the clinical data of children with hydrocephalus suffering from subdural effusion/hematoma after shunt(SEHS) with adjustable valves, and to provide reference for postoperative follow - up. Methods A total of 102 children with hydrocephalus treated with adjustable valves in the Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Children's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from August 2017 to September 2021 were enrolled and studied retrospectively. There were 16 cases with SEHS, 11 of whom were male and 5 were female. The age ranged from 3 months to 13 years (median;2. 5 years). The age, clinical manifestations, the time of SEHS occurrence, treatment methods (pressure regulation only or combined with drilling and drainage), and prognosis of the patients were analyzed. The pressure adjustment treatment was to increase the by 10-20 mmH2O (1 mmH2O =0.0098 kPa) each time and the patients were followed up 2-4 weeks after the adjustment. If SEHS didn't improve according to the follow - up results, pressure regulation combined with drilling and drainage was recommended. Results Of the 16 patients with SEHS, 3 cases were over 3 years old, and the other 13 cases were 3 years old or below. Eleven cases were treated by pressure regulation only, and 5 cases who were all aged 3 years received pressure regulation combined with drilling and drainage. Symptoms occurred in 2 patients, including vomiting in 1 case, and head and limb shaking in the other case. Fourteen cases were asymptomatic. The time from shunt operation to the occurrence of SEHS was 1 month in 5 cases, who were all cured by pressure regulation only. SEHS occurred in 5 cases > 1-3 months after shunt surgery, and 2 cases of them were treated by pressure regulation combined with drilling and drainage. Three cases had SEHS > 3-6 months after shunt surgery, and 1 case of them was treated by pressure regulation combined with drilling and drainage. SEHS occurred in 3 cases more than 6 months after shunt surgery, and 1 case of them was treated by pressure regulation combined with drilling and drainage. For the patients who received pressure regulation combined with drilling and drainage, the time from shunt operation to the occurrence of SEHS was 1 month and 21 days, 2 months and 7 days, 4. 5 months, 7. 5 months, and 25. 0 months, respectively. The time from the occurrence of SEHS to the last reexamination with no SEHS detected was 1 month in 7 cases (all were cured by pressure regulation only); >1-3 months in 5 cases (3 cases were treated by pressure regulation combined with drilling and drainage); more than 3 months in 4 cases (2 cases were treated by pressure regulation combined with drilling and drainage). For the patients who received pressure regulation combined with drilling and drainage, the time from the occurrence of SEHS to the last reexamination with no SEHS detected was 1 month and 14 days, 2. 0 months, 3. 0 months, 7. 0 months and 8. 0 months, respectively. Except for 2 cases who experienced pressure regulating valve failure, all other cases were cured. Six cases were unilateral SEHS, and the SEHS volume was about 11 to 75 mL (median;39. 0 mL). Ten cases were bilateral SEHS, and the SEHS volume was about 23-380 mL (median; 158. 2 mL). The 6 cases were all cured by pressure regulation, and 5 cases of them had SEHS at the shunt tube insertion side. Conclusions SEHS in children with hydrocephalus is generally asymptomatic and rarely causes clinical symptoms. SEHS mostly occurs within 6 months after operation, especially within 3 months. SEHS found in 1 month after surgery can be cured by increasing the shunt valve pressure only. Therefore, SEHS can be cured by pressure regulation only by shortening follow - up and identifying SEHS early after shunt operation. This will also reduce the probability that patients require the drilling and drainage operation. © 2022 ＣｈｉｎＪＡｐｐｌＣｌｉｎＰｅｄｉａｔ. All rights reserved.     

Progress of sensory abnormality and intervention in children with autism spectrum北大核心CSCD

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental behavioral disorders, with the annually increased incidence in recent years. As one of the core symptoms of ASD, sensory abnormality not only affects the skill acquisition of affected children, but also brings great pain to caregivers and families. It is shown that early intervention of sensory abnormality can significantly improve the prognosis of ASD. However, early intervention depends on the early identification and diagnosis of sensory abnormality by clinicians. This study aims to review the clinical features, assessment tools, and intervention methods of sensory abnormalities in ASD children in recent years, thus contributing to the accurate and effective diagnosis, and timely intervention of ASD. © 2022 ＣｈｉｎＪＡｐｐｌＣｌｉｎＰｅｄｉａｔ. All rights reserved.     

The role of bronchoscopy in slide tracheoplasty in children北大核心CSCD

目的 总结支气管镜在儿童Slide气管成形术中的作用。方法 回顾性分析2017—2020年湖南省人民医院收治的4例气管狭窄患儿的诊疗经过,总结支气管镜在Slide气管成形术术前评估、术中定位与测量及术后创面评估和治疗中的作用。结果 Slide气管成形术术前支气管镜评估显示,4例患儿中3例存在完全气管环,2例合并肺动脉吊带,2例存在多处狭窄。3例在该院完成Slide气管成形术,术中支气管镜下判断狭窄段中点及测量狭窄段长度,协助离断气管狭窄段,术后灌洗明确病原;1例外院Slide气管成形术术后9个月出现瘢痕牵拉,经支气管镜下介入治疗好转。2例术后第4天支气管镜下发现气管黏膜改变,调整治疗方案;2例术后1个月出现肉芽增生,经支气管镜下冷冻治疗好转。1例因吻合口坏死放弃治疗死亡,存活的3例随访6个月以上,预后可,但均存在气管支气管软化。结论 支气管镜可用于气管狭窄患儿Slide气管成形术的管理,有助于术后康复及随访。     

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in children北大核心CSCD

A case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University in March 6, 2022 was reported. The proband was a 14 - year - old boy, who was admitted to the hospital because of fever, headache and vomiting for 2 days. Metagenomic next - generation sequencing (mNGS) was consequently conducted to examine the pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid. Naegleria infection was detected, so the child was diagnosed with PAM. The disease developed rapidly, and the patient died 29 hours after admission. In the paper, a total of 13 studies were reviewed, and 15 children with PAM were reported. Of the reported cases, only 1 case survived, 14 cases died. PAM had a low incidence, a dangerous condition, and high mortality. Most cases were diagnosed by autopsy or pathogen diagnosis in cerebrospinal fluid. This case is confirmed by mNGS of pathogens, and it is rarely reported at home and abroad. © 2022 ＣｈｉｎＪＡｐｐｌＣｌｉｎＰｅｄｉａｔ. All rights reserved.     

Clinical details in the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease北大核心CSCD

Kawasaki disease (KD) is one of the leading causes of acquired heart diseases in children aged under 5 years. The clinical manifestations of KD include fever, changes in the extremities, rash or redness at the site of bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination, bilateral bulbar conjunctival hyperemia, changes in lips and mouth, nonsuppurative cervical lymphadenopathy, and other systemic manifestations. There are difficulties in the diagnosis of KD due to its asynchronous clinical manifestations. With reference to the latest case reports and research advances in KD, this article summarizes the clinical details in the diagnosis of KD, so as to improve the level of clinical diagnosis of KD. © 2022 Xiangya Hospital of CSU. All rights reserved.     

Analysis of the inhalant allergen spectrum in 4488 children with allergic rhinitis in Tianjin北大核心CSCD

目的探讨天津地区儿童过敏性鼻炎(AR)吸入性变应原种类及特点,为儿童AR预防与诊疗提供依据。方法回顾性收集2016年3月至2022年2月天津医科大学第二医院儿科哮喘和过敏专病门诊AR患儿4488例的临床资料,分析儿童AR的吸入性变应原分布特点,探讨吸入性变应原阳性率及变应原种类与性别、年龄以及共患其他过敏性疾病的关系。采用UniCAP100系统(荧光酶联免疫法)测定血清变应原特异性IgE(sIgE)。计数资料以例数及百分率(%)表示,组间比较采用χ^(2)检验。结果1.4488例AR患儿中吸入性变应原阳性3116例,阳性率69.43%。单一变应原阳性比例28.47%(887/3116)、双重变应原阳性比例25.22%(786/3116)、3种变应原阳性比例19.67%(613/3116)、4种及4种以上变应原阳性比例26.64%(830/3116)。最常见吸入性变应原为霉菌类(45.72%,2052/4488),其次依次为粉尘螨(34.71%,1558/4488)、艾蒿(33.95%,313/922)、屋尘螨(31.13%,1397/4488)、豚草(30.97%,227/733)等。2.学龄前组、学龄组、青少年组吸入性变应原阳性率依次为56.15%(1132/2016)、79.26%(1624/2049)、85.11%(360/423)(χ^(2)=309.72,P<0.001)。在学龄前组、学龄组首位吸入性变应原均为霉菌类(40.23%、50.85%),在青少年组首位吸入性变应原为粉尘螨(56.74%),其次为屋尘螨(53.66%)、霉菌类(47.04%)。3组吸入性变应原阳性种类比较差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=466.99,P<0.001)。在学龄前期组以单一变应原阳性为主,学龄组、青少年组吸入性变应原阳性种类增多,以4种及4种以上变应原为主。3.男童组吸入性变应原阳性率达73.28%(2139/2919),明显高于女童组阳性检出率62.40%(979/1569)(χ^(2)=58.28,P<0.001),男童和女童组常见吸入性变应原前3位均为霉菌类、艾蒿、粉尘螨。吸入性变应原阳性种类在男童与女童组比较差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=75.02,P<0.001),女童组以单一变应原为主(20.78%),男童组变应原阳性种类增多,以4种及4种以上变应原阳性为主(20.45%)。4.AR共患支气管哮喘和特应性皮炎组吸入性变应原阳性率最高,达79.21%,其次AR共患支气管哮喘阳性率73.67%,AR共患特应性皮炎组阳性率61.05%,单纯AR组阳性率57.05%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=178.57,P<0.001)。结论天津地区儿童AR主要吸入性变应原依次为霉菌类、粉尘螨、艾蒿、屋尘螨、豚草,不同年龄、性别及共患不同过敏性疾病吸入性变应原分布特征存在差异。应尽早为AR患儿检测变应原,做到提前预防,减少药物使用量,也为开展变应原免疫治疗提供依据。     

Serum free fatty acid level in children with primary hypertension北大核心CSCD

目的研究儿童原发性高血压血清游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid,FFA)的水平,探讨其在儿童原发性高血压发病和防治中的临床意义。方法回顾性选取2021年1—6月首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院初治的34例原发性高血压儿童为高血压组,以同期体检的血压正常儿童32例为对照组。比较2组的空腹血清FFA、空腹血清三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)和非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,non-HDL-C)水平。采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨血清FFA对原发性高血压发病的影响。结果高血压组体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高血压组血清FFA、TG、LDL-C、non-HDL-C高于对照组,而血清HDL-C低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高血压组血清FFA升高(女性>0.45 mmol/L,男性>0.60 mmol/L)率和传统血脂异常(血清TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、non-HDL-C中至少一项异常)率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。纳入年龄、性别、BMI、血清FFA升高、传统血脂异常等指标构建多因素logistic回归方程,结果显示血清FFA升高是儿童原发性高血压的独立危险因素(OR=17.560,95%CI:1.964~157.003,P<0.05)。结论原发性高血压儿童血清FFA明显升高;血清FFA升高可增加儿童原发性高血压的发病风险。