Thromboembolic events associated with Guglielmi detachable coil embolization with use of diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Part II. Detection of the microemboli proximal to cerebral aneurysm

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to document the incidence and radiologic appearance of thromboembolic events during Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) embolization for asymptomatic basilar artery (BA) bifurcation and BA-superior cerebellar artery (SCA) aneurysms by using diffusion-weighted (DW) MR imaging, with special emphasis on the evidence of thromboembolic events in vascular territories proximal from the treated aneurysm, which cause cerebellar infarction, and to discuss which step of the procedure (aneurysm or catheter manipulation) may play a role for most thromboembolic events. METHODS: Since 1999, 38 asymptomatic BA bifurcation and BA-SCA aneurysms were treated with GDCs at the National Cardiovascular Center. DW studies were performed for 26 patients between 2 and 5 days after GDC embolizations. All DW images were reviewed by two radiologists for depiction of abnormalities. These findings were retrospectively evaluated with clinical and technical factors of thromboembolic events. RESULTS: DW images showed new hyperintense lesions in 18 patients (69%), with seven (27%) incurring neurologic deteriorations. All symptomatic patients fully recovered by discharge. Fourteen (78%) of 18 patients showed new lesions proximal to the treated aneurysm; that is, in the cerebellar hemispheres. In three cases treated with the balloon-assisted technique, new hyperintense lesions were seen. CONCLUSION: In our experience, most thromboembolic events related to the use of the GDC embolization may be caused by catheter manipulation, especially in the case of the balloon-assisted technique. Caution should be exercised in the handling of catheters. Furthermore, a softer and smaller caliber catheter and simple GDC technique should be considered.     

破裂出血动脉瘤的早期栓塞治疗与脑血管痉挛

目的　分析血管内栓塞治疗急性破裂出血动脉瘤脑血管痉挛的发生及治疗。方法　Hunt HessⅠ～Ⅲ级并在发病后 72h内进行介入治疗的动脉瘤患者 32 9例 ,症状性血管痉挛的诊断根据迟发性神经功能损害 ,并有TCD和 (或 )脑血管造影的证据。结果　共发生症状性血管痉挛 6 2例 (18.2 % ) ,血管痉挛的发生率和Hunt Hess分级及Fisher分级有显著的相关关系 ,6 2例发生症状性脑血管痉挛患者中恢复良好 4 1例 ,中度致残 13例 ,重度致残 6例 ,死亡 2例。结论　GDC栓塞治疗动脉瘤后症状性血管痉挛的发生率并不高于常规手术治疗 ;放置腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流可能对降低症状性脑血管痉挛的发生有积极意义。     

电解铂金圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤

目的　评估颅内动脉瘤电解脱铂金圈 (EDPC)栓塞治疗的临床疗效 ,探讨手术时机及术中操作注意事项。方法　 1999年 2月至 2 0 0 4年 7月用EDPC栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤 5 8例。其中 5 6例为蛛网膜下腔出血 (SAH)病例 ,术前Hunt&Hess氏分级 :Ⅰ级 36例 ,Ⅱ级 12例 ,Ⅳ～Ⅴ级 8例。本组 5 8例 6 0个动脉瘤 ,均采用EDPC治疗。放置铂金圈过程中及解脱后及时行数字减影血管造影 ,以了解动脉瘤腔栓塞情况。结果　 5 8例中 ,前循环动脉瘤 5 1例 ,后循环动脉瘤 7例。多发性动脉瘤 3例。 5 8例颅内动脉瘤患者 6 0枚动脉瘤 ,5 8枚动脉瘤栓塞成功 ,2枚因载瘤动脉严重痉挛失败 ,手术成功率为 96 .6 %。按动脉瘤的填塞程度分为 :完全填塞 4 4 (75 .9% )例 ;不完全填塞 12 (2 0 .7% )例。本组非血栓性并发症发生率 6 .9% ,1例因EDPC疝入载瘤动脉发生偏瘫。无血栓形成及血栓性栓塞并发症 ,本组无死亡病例。本组 4 1例患者经 1～ 4年随访 ,无SAH再复发病例。结论　EDPC栓塞治疗动脉瘤是目前比较理想的治疗方法 ,其疗效确切、创伤小、恢复快。     

Aseptic meningitis after embolization of cerebral aneurysms using hydrogel-coated coils: report of three cases

SUMMARY: We report the development of aseptic meningitis in 3 patients with aneurysms treated with hydrogel-coated coils. Patients presented with febrile meningeal syndromes during the 24 hours following the procedures and responded to corticosteroids. One of them developed delayed hydrocephalus that required treatment with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Aseptic meningitis is one of the important complications related to hydrogel-coated coils that should be recognized. More information based on the posttreatment surveillance after use of hydrogel-coated coils is required.     

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 may play a role in recanalization and recurrence after therapeutic embolization of aneurysms or arteries

PURPOSE: Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 plays various roles in vascular healing and angiogenesis. This study was conducted to determine if MMP-9 is involved in healing or recanalization after therapeutic occlusion of arteries or aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Angiographic and pathologic changes were investigated in canine bilateral venous pouch carotid aneurysms embolized with gelatin sponges with or without previous endothelial denudation, a procedure that can prevent recanalization. To assess a potential role of MMP-9, messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were compared in denuded and nondenuded aneurysms 4, 7, and 14 days after embolization. To assess if MMP-9 is essential to arterial recanalization, transmyocardial angiography and pathologic findings were compared 14 days after carotid occlusion with platinum coils in MMP-9-knockout and wild-type mice. RESULTS: Denudation of the endothelial lining led to improved angiographic results at 3 weeks (P < .001). Neointimal closure of the aneurysm neck was more complete in denuded versus nondenuded aneurysms. Denudation was followed by a decrease in MMP-9 mRNA (86%, P < .05) and protein (30%, P < .05) 7 days after embolization and a decrease in von Willebrand factor compared with nondenuded aneurysms. MMP-9 immunostaining of axial sections from embolized aneurysms confirmed MMP-9-positive endothelialized clefts, which were absent in denuded aneurysms. Transmyocardial angiography and pathologic examination showed recanalization of one of nine coiled carotid arteries of MMP-9-knockout mice, compared with five of seven controls (P = .035). CONCLUSIONS: MMP-9 may play a role in recanalization of arteries after coil occlusion and in recurrences after sponge embolization of aneurysms.     

螺旋CT血管造影在脑动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗中的价值

目的 探讨螺旋CT血管造影（SCTA）在指导脑动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗中的应用价值。方法 脑动脉瘤患者48例,行SCTA明确动脉瘤的部位、形态及与载瘤动脉、邻近其他结构的关系,选择最佳显示动脉瘤与载瘤动脉关系的角度,测量动脉瘤的瘤颈、瘤体大小及动脉瘤与载瘤动脉的夹角,以指导血管内电解可脱弹簧圈（GDC）栓塞治疗。1周内行DSA造影,合适病例行GDC栓塞治疗,将SCTA与DSA结果进行对照比较。结果 （1）SCTA检出了DSA确诊的56个脑动脉瘤中的53个（94．6％）,正确诊断51个（91．1％）。（2）43个脑动脉瘤选择血管内GDC栓塞治疗,SCTA选择的血管内治疗的最佳投照角度与DSA相符41个（95．35）,SCTA测量这41个动脉瘤的瘤体与载瘤动脉夹角、瘤体及瘤颈大小并分别与DSA测量值比较,差异均无显著性意义（P值均＞0．05）。SCTA选择最佳投照角度及测量数值应以最大密度投影（MIP）图像为准,结合表面遮盖法（SSD）图像。结论 SCTA不仅对脑动脉瘤的诊断准确率高,而且对动脉瘤治疗方案的制定、术前准确及血管内栓塞治疗有很高的指导价值。     

Blood pressure changes in feeders to cerebral arteriovenous malformations during therapeutic embolization

We recorded blood pressures in feeding arteries of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with microcatheters before, during, and after embolization in awake patients. Our embolization results corroborate reports of intraoperative measurements that show an immediate increase in blood pressure after ligation. Demonstration of abrupt hemodynamic changes gives additional credence to the theory of normal perfusion pressure breakthrough and to theories of neurologic change based on vascular steal phenomena. Furthermore, pressure changes occurred earlier than visible slowing of flow during the embolization, suggesting that this is a more sensitive guide with which to monitor the progress of the embolization than is serial angiography.     

Inadvertent foreign body embolization in diagnostic and therapeutic cerebral angiography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Inadvertent foreign body embolization is a rarely diagnosed and neglected complication of cerebral angiography that has not been studied systematically. METHODS: We undertook a comprehensive 5-year retrospective study of all available postmortem cases of postangiographic neurologic complications, as well as a comprehensive histologic examination of all surgically resected central nervous system arteriovenous malformations, at our institution. RESULTS: Among the autopsy series, we found 3 patients for whom cerebral infarction, sometimes catastrophic, is attributable to inadvertent cotton fiber, Gelfoam, or polyvinyl alcohol particulate emboli during cerebral angiography. All cases described had concurrent atherosclerotic vascular disease. Particulate embolization, which is usually cotton fiber, is present in as many as 25% of resected arteriovenous malformations: the risk of finding such emboli is in part dependent on a history of prior interventional (as opposed to diagnostic) angiographic procedures. It is not surprising that the amount of tissue examined also increases the risk of finding such emboli. CONCLUSIONS: Unintentional foreign body emboli remain common in modern angiographic practice and are probably underappreciated clinically. Although such emboli are usually asymptomatic, they can be clinically devastating, and a high index of suspicion is required for diagnosis. Foreign body emboli should be included in the differential diagnosis of postangiographic ischemia or infarction.     

Color Doppler imaging of posttraumatic priapism before and after selective embolization.

High-flow priapism usually follows perineal or penile trauma with disruption of an intracavernosal artery. Angiographic embolization of the lacerated artery is currently considered the treatment of choice. The contribution of gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasonography (US) in diagnosis and treatment of 10 patients with high-flow priapism was investigated. In patients with recent arterial laceration, the cavernous tissue surrounding the arterial-sinusoidal fistula appears as a hypoechoic region with undefined margins. In long-standing priapism, this area is usually more regular and circumscribed, mimicking a pseudoaneurysm. Color Doppler US is highly sensitive for detection of the arterial-sinusoidal fistula that causes extravasation of blood from the lacerated cavernosal artery. After angiography, color Doppler US allows confirmation of both successful embolization by demonstrating disappearance or size reduction of the fistula and unsuccessful treatment by demonstrating patency of collateral feeding vessels or early recanalization of the embolized artery. Limitations of color Doppler US include underestimation of the number of accessory feeding vessels, which may become patent only after embolization of the main vascular supply, and difficulty in recognizing vessels that feed the fistula from the opposite side.     

Single-center experience with TruFill platinum coils for the embolization of cerebral aneurysms

Endovascular coiling has become a powerful alternative to neurosurgical clipping of cerebral aneurysms. Apart from the Guglielmi Detachable Coil (GDC) (Boston Scientific, Galway, Ireland), there is limited published data about the newer generation of detachable platinum coils, e.g., TruFill (Cordis, Johnson and Johnson, Miami, Fl.). We report our initial clinical experience with the embolization of aneurysms by TruFill coils. Included in this retrospective study were 26 patients (age 55.4±14.5 years; 9 male, 17 female) with 28 aneurysms, 21 ruptured and 7 unruptured. All patients were treated exclusively by embolization with TruFill platinum coils. Immediate angiographic and 6-month angiographic follow-up results were documented. Acute clinical outcome was recorded. Of the 28 aneurysms, 16 (57%) were completely occluded by TruFill embolization, 11 (39%) were incompletely occluded with residual necks, and 1 (4%) was partially occluded as residual aneurysm. There were no aneurysmal ruptures during the procedures. Follow-up at 6 months after the procedure was available in 18 patients and 19 aneurysms. Of the 19 aneurysms, 2 of 12 initially completely occluded aneurysms (17%) and 1 of 7 aneurysms with initial residual necks (14%) showed recanalization at the 6-month follow-up. One recanalized aneurysm was subsequently recoiled with consequent residual neck and remained unchanged at the 1-year follow-up. Embolization by TruFill platinum coils has a comparable total aneurysmal occlusion rate to that with GDC. The mid-term reintervention rate is low, and will require verification by future long-term studies.     

Radionuclide blood flow studies before and after gelfoam embolization of intracranial meningiomas.

Radionuclide blood flow studies were employed to evaluate the success or failure of preoperative Gelfoam embolization in two patients with intracranial meningiomas. In both cases, the initial radionuclide blood flow study showed tumor visualization during the arterial phase. Immediately following the embolization procedure, the radionuclide blood flow study showed no visualization of the meningioma during the arterial phase, indicating a successful embolization procedure in preparation for removal of the tumor in a relatively bloodless field.     

Transcatheter therapeutic arterial embolization.

Transcatheter therapeutic arterial embolization was employed in 11 patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage and 8 patients with bleeding from other sites. Hemorrhage was stopped successfully in all of the patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and 6 of the 7 patients with active bleeding from other sites. There were no significant complications or sequelae, although ischemia msy cause problems in such patients. Embolization is of considerable value when pharmacological therapy fails or is not appropriate due to the site of bleeding. In some cases it may represent the definitive treatment, as in pelvic trauma or renal hemorrhage; in others, embolization may serve to halt bleeding long enough to permit surgery. Therapeutic embolization should be considered whenever active extravasation of contrast material is demonstrated.     

介入栓塞基底动脉顶端动脉瘤临床治疗策略

目的 分析和总结后循环基底动脉顶端动脉瘤介入栓塞治疗的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析2008年11月至2015年3月介入栓塞治疗21例基底动脉顶端动脉瘤患者临床资料.术前均经DSA检查证实为基底动脉顶端动脉瘤,Hunt-Hess动脉瘤临床分级0～Ⅱ级12例,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级9例.单纯弹簧圈栓塞16例,支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞5例.结果 17例完全致密栓塞(100％栓塞),4例接近完全栓塞(95％栓塞),术中无动脉瘤破裂.根据Glasgow预后量表(GOS)评分,术前15分、13～14分、9～12分、3～8分者分别为9例、3例、2例、7例,术后15分、13～14分、3～8分者分别为13例、5例、3例.18例患者术后随访6～48个月,15例无复发,2例于术后6个月,1例于术后12个月复发.全部患者均无再出血.结论 介入栓塞术是治疗基底动脉顶端动脉瘤的安全有效方法.     

Retrograde hypogastric artery embolization to treat iliac artery aneurysms growing after aortoiliac repair

Transarterial embolization of the feeding internal iliac artery branches via the hypogastric-femoral collateral pathway was feasible in four patients with expanding iliac artery aneurysms and occluded internal iliac artery origins after aortoiliac repair.     

Multiple cerebral aneurysms associated with Takayasu arteritis successfully treated with coil embolization

The cerebrovascular complications of Takayasu arteritis are primarily related to the presence of occlusive lesions. Cerebral aneurysms rarely occur as complications; only 18 cases have been reported thus far. The use of coil embolization to treat cerebral aneurysms occurring as a complication of Takayasu arteritis has not been previously reported. We report a case of Takayasu arteritis with a basilar tip aneurysm and a P1 segment aneurysm of the left posterior cerebral artery that were successfully treated with coil embolization. Because coil embolization for cerebral aneurysms associated with Takayasu arteritis requires the use of limited access routes that have extremely curved and tortuous courses, catheter navigation was difficult. The guide catheter, microcatheter, and guidewire must be selected and navigated with greater care than is usually required for common aneurysm embolization.     

Early recurrent hemorrhage after coil embolization in ruptured intracranial aneurysms

Introduction

The authors present a series of patients in whom early rebleeding occurred after coiling for ruptured aneurysms. We investigated the incidence and possible mechanisms of early rebleeding.

Methods

This study consisted of 1,167 consecutive patients who underwent coiling for a ruptured saccular aneurysm. Clinical and radiological data were collected retrospectively from three institutions. Early rebleeding was defined as occurrence of further bleeding within 30?days after coiling with worsening of the patient’s condition. We divided early rebleeding into hyperacute, subacute, and delay groups depending on the timing of rebleeding after coil embolization.

Results

Incidence of early rebleeding after coiling of a ruptured saccular aneurysm was 1.1% (13 of 1,167), and mortality was 31% (4 of 13) in our series. Out of ten patients in hyperacute group, three (30%) had incomplete occlusion result and six patients (60%) underwent intra-arterial (IA) infusion of abciximab or tirofiban during the procedures. Seven patients (70%) had an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) on initial computed tomography. Four patients died, another four sustained severe disabilities, and the others had good recovery. All three patients in subacute and delay group showed recanalization on post-rebleeding angiography and made an excellent recovery.

Conclusion

Early rebleeding was associated with high mortality and morbidity. IA abciximab infusion or thrombolytic interventions during the procedure, maintenance of anticoagulation after the procedure, incomplete treatment of the aneurysms, and presence of ICH seemed to be related to hyperacute early rebleeding after coiling. Increased aneurysmal size and coil compaction could induce subacute and delayed early rebleeding.     

大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤纵裂入路显微手术效果

目的总结经纵裂入路显微手术治疗大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤的手术效果,探讨大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤的手术入路。方法回顾性分析2004年1月—2012年1月我科收治的13例大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤患者采用纵裂入路手术治疗的临床资料。结果 13例均行手术夹闭动脉瘤,12例恢复良好,1例术后出现偏瘫,半年后肢体肌力恢复。结论采用额部纵裂入路治疗大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤治疗效果满意,可作为首选入路。