盐酸普拉克索的合成工艺研究

目的对盐酸普拉克索的合成工艺进行研究并优化。方法以关键中间体(S)-2,6-二氨基-4,5,6,7-四氢苯并噻唑为原料,经CH3CH2CHO/NaBH4还原胺化得到普拉克索,在丙酮中成盐,用乙醇-水混合溶剂重结晶得到抗帕金森氏病药物盐酸普拉克索。另外,考察了原料的投料量、反应时间、反应温度、反应溶剂对产物纯度和收率的影响。结果与结论目标化合物的结构经1H-NMR、13C-NMR、MS谱确证,总收率达57.3%(以(S)-2,6-二氨基-4,5,6,7-四氢苯并噻唑计)。与原文献工艺路线相比,该合成工艺简化了操作,提高了收率,更适合于工业化生产。     

盐酸普拉克索的合成

4-乙酰胺基环己醇或4-苯甲酰胺基环己醇经TEMPO/NaOC1/NaBr体系氧化制得相应的酮,经溴代、环合、水解"一锅法"制得2,6-二氨基-4,5,6,7-四氢苯并噻唑(6),再经L-(+)-酒石酸拆分、丙烷基化及成盐制得抗帕金森病药盐酸普拉克索,总收率为9%。     

盐酸普拉克索的合成优化

目的改进盐酸普拉克索的合成工艺。方法以1,4-环己二酮单乙二醇缩酮为原料,采用"一锅法"对重要中间体2-氨基-6-羟基-4,5,6,7-四氢苯并噻唑的合成进行改进,该中间体经进一步叠氮化、还原、拆分、烷基化及成盐反应得到目标化合物盐酸普拉克索。结果与结论合成过程中所有中间体及最终产物的结构均经~1H-NMR、~(13)C-NMR确证,总收率为17.4%(以1,4-环己二酮单乙二醇缩酮计),纯度大于99.0%。改进后的工艺为盐酸普拉克索的后续生产和应用研究提供了实验基础。     

盐酸罗匹尼罗的合成

2-甲基-3-硝基苯乙酸经氯代、酰胺化、还原得N,N-二丙基-2-甲基-3-硝基苯乙胺,与草酸二乙酯缩合、水解后还原得到2-硝基-6-[2-(二丙胺基)乙基]苯乙酸,最后经还原、缩合闭环及成盐反应制得盐酸罗匹尼罗,总收率约36%。     

罗匹尼罗中间体2-甲基3-硝基苯乙腈的合成

以邻二甲苯为原料 ,经硝化、氧化、水解、还原、氯化和氰代等 6步反应制得 2 甲基 3 硝基 苯乙睛 (8) ,对其中还原、氯化和氰代等反应操作进行了改进 ,使用三氯化磷代替三溴化磷 ,结果较好 ,该法未见文献报道 .     

多巴胺D3受体部分激动剂BP897的合成

目的：合成多巴胺D3受体部分激动剂BP897。方法：以二羟乙基胺为起始原料，经过氯化、环合、取代、肼解、缩合等反应合成BP897。结果：以总产率为40．2％合成了多巴胺D3受体部分激动剂BP897，结构经核磁氢谱（^1HNMR）、质谱（MS）和红外（IR）确证。结论：该法原料价廉易得，反应条件温和，收率较文献有所提高。     

盐酸普拉克索片在中国健康受试者的生物等效性试验

目的:研究盐酸普拉克索片与原研制剂森福罗的人体生物等效性。方法:24例健康受试者参加空腹试验,24例健康受试者参加餐后试验,均采用随机开放两周期交叉试验设计,分别于每周期单剂量口服0.25 mg盐酸普拉克索片受试制剂(T)或参比制剂(R)。采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法(LC-MS/MS)测定血浆中普拉克索浓度。用Phoenix WinNonlin 6.4计算药代动力学参数,其他统计分析工作使用SAS 9.3软件分析。结果:空腹组健康受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂后的主要药代动力学参数(n=20):C_max分别为(481.15±102.21)、(497.25±133.31)pg/mL,T_max分别为1.77(0.5,5)、1.50(0.5,5)h,AUC_0-t分别为(6.18±1.49)、(6.20±1.28)pg·mL^-1·h,AUC_0-∞分别为(6.41±1.55)、(6.42±1.31)pg·mL^-1·h,T 1/2分别为(9.18±1.29)、(9.02±1.14)h。受试制剂C_max、AUC_0-t、AUC_0-∞几何均数的90%置信区间分别落在参比制剂相应参数的92.20%~103.10%、94.06%~104.35%、94.17%~104.07%,均在80.00%~125.00%范围之间,符合生物等效性规定要求。高脂餐组健康受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂后的主要药代动力学参数(n=22):C_max分别为(515.36±83.28)、(500.05±64.12)pg/mL,T_max分别为2.00(1,4)、1.75(1,4)h,AUC_0-t分别为(5.94±1.36)、(5.67±1.05)pg·mL^-1·h,AUC_0-∞分别为(6.16±1.43)、(5.88±1.11)pg·mL^-1·h,T 1/2分别为(8.92±2.00)、(8.85±1.98)h。受试制剂C_max、AUC_0-t、AUC_0-∞几何均数的90%置信区间分别落在参比制剂相应参数的97.84%~107.41%、99.03%~108.79%、99.12%~108.68%,均在80.00%~125.00%范围内,符合生物等效性规定要求。结论:盐酸普拉克索片受试制剂和参比制剂在健康受试者体内具有生物等效性。     

盐酸索他洛尔的合成

苯胺与甲磺酰氯反应得到N-苯基甲磺酰胺,然后与氯乙酰氯进行酰化反应得到N-[4-(2-氯乙酰基)苯基]甲磺酰胺,随后经异丙胺化得到N-[4-(2-异丙胺基乙酰基)苯基]甲磺酰胺盐酸盐,最后经还原反应后成盐制得盐酸索他洛尔,总收率约64％(以苯胺计).     

阿立哌唑

[化学名称 ]　 [4 [4 (2 ,3 二氯苯基 ) 1 哌嗪基 ]丁氧基 ] 3,4 二氢 2 (1H) 喹喏啉酮　　 [药理作用 ]　本品为非典型抗精神病药 ,对多巴胺D2 ,D3,5 HT1A受体和 5 HT2A受体的亲和性均很强 (Ki值分别为 0 34,0 8,1 7和 3 4nmol) ;对多巴胺D4 ,5 HT1C和 5 HT7以及α1 肾上腺受体和组胺H1受体的亲和性中等 (Ki值分别为 4 4,15 ,39 ,5 7和 6 1nmol) ;对胆碱能受体无明显亲和力(IC50 >10 0 0nmol·L- 1)。本品的作用机制尚不明确 ,可能是通过激动突触前多巴胺D2 受体和阻断突触后D2 受体的活动 ,以及部分激动 5 HT1A…     

小剂量盐酸普拉克索治疗帕金森病患者吞咽功能障碍的临床研究

目的观察多巴胺受体激动剂盐酸普拉克索治疗帕金森病(PD)患者吞咽功能障碍的疗效和安全性。方法 32例PD伴吞咽功能障碍患者随机分成对照组和普拉克索组。对照组16例继续使用不同剂量的金刚烷胺、多巴丝肼(美多巴);普拉克索组16例在对照组的基础上加用小剂量盐酸普拉克索治疗。两组患者在用药前和用药后第8周均采用藤岛一郎吞咽评分和才藤吞咽障碍分级进行评价。结果普拉克索组PD吞咽功能障碍的藤岛一郎吞咽障碍评分和才藤吞咽障碍分级和对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论多巴胺受体激动剂盐酸普拉克索治疗帕金森病患者吞咽功能障碍是安全有效的。     

Dopamine D3agonists

The dopamine D₃ receptor is predominantly expressed in limbic regions of the brain, such as the nucleus accumbens, island of Calleja and hippocampus, and is known to be associated with cognitive and emotional functions. This neuroanatomical distribution suggests that D₃ receptors may be important targets for the development of therapeutic treatments for schizophrenia and drug abuse. Several new compounds have been reported to display a greater selectivity for D₃ receptors than D₂ receptors. For instance, both PD 128907 and 7-OH-DPAT were characterised as D₃ preferring receptor agonists in both binding and cellular studies, with the former compound being the most selective. Recent studies have suggested that the D₃ receptor subtype plays a pivotal role in the reinforcing effects of cocaine. The D₃ receptor may thus be a useful target for drug development of anticocaine medications. However, therapies based on mimicking the acute effects of abused drugs may be ineffective on compulsive drug-seeking, drug craving and relapse, which are the common critical problems in the treatment of drug addiction. Hence, liability for dependence on dopamine D₃ receptor agonists is a risk to be taken into consideration. The close association of the D₃ receptor with mesolimbic dopaminergic circuits suggests that partial blockade of the D₃ receptor may selectively decrease the rewarding effects of cocaine without contributing to the dysphoria associated with cocaine withdrawal. The selective and partial D₃ receptor agonist BP 897 has the unprecedented property of reducing cocaine-seeking behaviour maintained by a cocaine-associated cue. Compounds like BP 897 could be useful for reducing relapse vulnerability, with minimal liability of dependence. A review of recent patents of the dopamine agonists in the last four years suggest some potential therapeutic benefits from this class of drugs to treat psychiatric and neurologic diseases. It also outlines the utility of dopamine agonists in various new indications.     

普拉克索临床应用不良反应分析

目的探讨普拉克索致不良反应（ADR）的一般规律及特点,以提高临床用药的安全性。方法通过检索中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）2007年1月—2012年7月间相关期刊文章,收集普拉克索ADR报道,并进行分类统计和分析。结果普拉克索所致ADR共137例,临床表现主要为神经系统和消化系统损害,所占比例分别为55.23%和40.12%;普拉克索所致ADR与患者年龄、给药剂量和联合用药等因素高度相关。结论普拉克索相关ADR的表现和危险因素复杂,临床用药应注意合理、安全和有效。     

新型多巴胺D2类受体部分激动剂brexpiprazole

在多巴胺D2类受体中,D2受体部分激动剂对中脑边缘通路可产生功能性拮抗作用,能有效的改善精神分裂症因D2过度活动引起的阳性症状;对中脑皮层通路可产生功能性激动作用,可改善D2功能低下所引起的阴性症状、认知损害。brexpiprazole是一种新型多靶点作用机制的用于精神障碍疾病的治疗药物,除主要具备多巴胺D2受体部分激动作用之外,还具备D3受体部分激动作用、5-HT1A部分受体激动作用和5-HT2A部分受体拮抗作用,是针对单胺类神经递质多靶点开发的同时具有抗精神分裂和抗抑郁作用的新药,目前正在进行Ⅲ期临床试验。     

甲磺酸雷沙吉兰的合成

2,3-二氢-1-茚酮与手性辅基(R)-苯乙胺缩合得到(R)-(+)-N-(1-苯基乙基)-2,3-二氢茚-1-亚胺,经硼氢化钠不对称还原、氢解脱苄制得(R)-1-氨基茚满盐酸盐,再与3-溴丙炔缩合、成甲磺酸盐制得抗帕金森病药甲磺酸雷沙吉兰,总收率为9.5%.     

G蛋白偶联受体119激动剂MBX-2982的合成

目的改进G蛋白偶联受体119(GPR119)激动剂MBX-2982的合成工艺。方法以4-氰基哌啶-1-甲酸叔丁酯为起始原料,经过硫代、缩合、醚化、脱Boc保护以及取代反应制得MBX-2982。结果与结论经5步反应合成目标化合物MBX-2982,其结构经1H-NMR及MS谱确证。对多步反应条件进行了工艺考察及优化,总收率为42.8%(以4-氰基哌啶-1-甲酸叔丁酯计),高于文献收率(30.8%)。     

Effects of dopamine d2 receptor agonists in a pituitary transplantation-induced hyperprolactinaemia/anovulation model in rats

1. In the present study, we investigated the effects of hyperprolactinaemia, induced by transplantation of anterior pituitary glands under the kidney capsule in female rats, on the relationship between serum and pituitary concentrations of the gonadotropins and on the oestrous cycle. 2. Rats with pituitary transplants showed increased serum prolactin concentrations and decreased serum concentrations of gonadotropins and increased pituitary concentrations of gonadotropins. Moreover, these rats showed persistent dioestrous and anovulation from 3 to 6 days after transplantation. 3. A single oral administration of cabergoline (at doses between 0.001 and 0.1 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited the elevated serum prolactin concentrations in hyperprolactinaemic rats. At 0.1 mg/kg, cabergoline induced a continuous reduction in serum prolactin concentrations for 5 days after administration. Terguride (0.1 mg/kg) and bromocriptine (10 mg/kg) also reduced serum prolactin concentrations at 1 and 3 days after administration. All three dopamine D2 receptor agonists increased serum gonadotropin concentrations and ovarian weight at 3 days after administration. 4. In rats exhibiting anovulation, a single oral administration of any one of the three dopamine D2 receptor agonists dose-dependently restored ovulation and a normal oestrous cycle appeared. Oral administration of cabergoline (0.03 mg/kg) or terguride (0.1 mg/kg) restored ovarian function and abolished the anovulation following a reduction in serum prolactin concentrations. However, bromocriptine (10 mg/kg) did not completely abolish anovulation. Following administration of terguride (0.3 mg/kg) or bromocriptine (30 mg/kg), only one normal oestrous cycle appeared; however, following cabergoline (0.1 mg/kg), two normal oestrous cycles appeared. 5. These results suggest that cabergoline has a potent and long-lasting action as a dopamine D2 receptor agonist and, thus, should be a useful drug for the treatment of galactorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea and/or anovulation in humans.