性激素及其受体与肠易激综合征发病机制的试验研究

目的检测肠易激综合征（irritable bowel syndrome,IBS）患者外周血中雌孕激素、睾酮激素水平及雌孕激素受体、睾酮激素受体在肠道内的分布、变化及临床表现,探讨性激素及其受体与IBS发病机制的可能关系。方法对符合罗马II标准的48例IBS患者及30例健康对照者的外周血中雌激素（estradiol,E2）、孕激素（progesterone,P）和睾酮激素（testosterone,T）的水平,采用放射免疫r计数器测定,并用自动软件分析。同时对68例IBS患者及60例健康对照者经结肠镜钳取回肠末端和降结肠黏膜组织,采用免疫组化法检测雌孕激素受体、睾酮激素受体蛋白表达。结果男性IBS患者外周血中睾酮激素含量下降（P〈0.05）和肠黏膜睾酮激素受体高表达（P〈0.05）,女性IBS患者外周血中雌激素含量下降（P〈0.05）和肠黏膜雌激素受体高表达（P〈0.05）。结论IBS患者的发病可能与体内性激素水平紊乱有关,有利于进一步阐明性激素及其受体在IBS发病机制中的作用。     

闭经妇女性激素的检验分析

目的探讨女性闭经患者血清性激素检测的临床意义。方法回顾分析43例闭经患者血清性激素水平,并与月经周期正常32例女性健康体检人员对比。结果闭经组FSH、LH、PRL、E2与对照组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,P和T两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论女性闭经患者血清性激素水平检测具有重要的临床意义,可为闭经患者的诊治提供重要的参考价值。     

2型糖尿病患者胫骨超声速率的改变及部分相关生化指标的研究

测定272例2型糖尿病患者及908例年龄、性别、体重指数与之相匹配的娃康对照者胫骨超声速率；并随机从上述人群中抽取2型糖尿病患者66例和缝康对照者64例，测定其血清甲状旁腺激素（PTH）、降钙素（CT）、骨钙素（BGP）水平。结果①男性2型糖尿病患者胫骨SOS与健康对照组相比差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；②女性2型糖尿病病患者胫骨SOS普遍高于对照组。但只有70～79岁年龄组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；③2型糖尿病患者血清阻H、CT与对照组相比差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；④女性2型糖尿病患者血清BGP水平低于女性对照组（P〈0．05），而男性与对照组差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论2型糖尿病患者胫骨SOS和骨代谢状态的改变可能与性别有关，男性患者改变不明显；女性患者胫骨SOS高于对照组，且随着年龄的增长差异日益显著；与同性别对照组比较，女性2型糖尿病患者骨代谢状态表现为低骨转换率。     

女性2型糖尿病患者瘦素性激素与骨密度的关系

随机选定30例女性2型糖尿病患者和30例女性正常对照组,均测定瘦素（LEP）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、雌二醇（E2）、睾酮（T）、黄体生成素（LH）、卯泡刺激素（FSH）,骨密度（BMD）。结果：（1）与对照组比较,女性糖尿病组LEP、T水平无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但E2、BMD明显下降（P〈0．01）;绝经后E2水平、BMD较绝经前明显降低,有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而绝经后T水平升高（P〈0．01）。（2）多元线形回归分析发现,T、LEP、E2与BMD相关。结论：女性2型糖尿病患者瘦素、性激素与骨密度密切相关。     

男性肝硬化患者血清雌二醇和睾酮水平变化及其与三联征的关系

目的探讨男性肝硬化患者血清雌二醇（E2）和睾酮（T）水平的变化及其与肝掌、蜘蛛痣和乳房发育三联征发生的关系。方法选择60例男性肝硬化患者和15例健康成年男性,采用放射免疫法检测血清E2和T水平,分析E2、T和E2/T比值与三联征发生的关系。结果男性肝硬化患者血清E2水平与正常对照组比无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,而血清T水平明显降低,Child B和C级患者分别为10．0±8．0和7．5±9．8nmol／L,与正常对照组（26．8±6．3nmol／L）比有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;E2/T比值明显升高,Child A、B、C级分别为4．5±2．8,11．0±8．8,16．7±11．2,与正常对照组（2．3±3．5）比均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;血清E2水平在有无“三联征”发生的患者之间无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,血清T水平在蜘蛛痣（＋）组和（-）组分别为7．3±6．0nmol,L和17．0±9．2nmol/L,乳房发育（＋）组和（-）组分别为3．7±2．4nmol／L和15．6±8．8nmol／L,两组间比较差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）;E2/T比值在肝掌（＋）组和（-）组分别为13．9±10．5和5．5±3．6,蜘蛛痣（＋）组和（-）组分别为14．7±9．8和4．8±3．5,乳房发育（＋）组和（-）组分别为19．9±9．7和5．7±4．2,两组间比较差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论男性肝硬化患者血清存在不同程度的性激素紊乱,血清T水平和E2/T比值的紊乱程度与肝硬化时肝功能受损程度有明显的关系,“三联征”的发生与血清E2水平无明显相关,而与E2/T比值关系密切。     

卵巢早衰患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群变化及其临床意义

采取流式细胞仪检测12例卵巢早衰（POF）患者（观察组）与20例健康育龄妇女（对照组）外周血T淋巴细胞亚群CD3、CD4、CD8变化；应用磁性匀相酶联免疫法测定两组性激素促卵泡生成素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、雌激素（E2）、孕激素（P）、雄激素（T）、泌乳素（PRL）水平。结果观察组CD4低于对照组，CD8高于对照组，CD4^＋／CD8^＋明显降低；FSH、LH水平明显高于对照组，P均〈0．05；E2、PRL水平低于对照组，P均〈0．05。对外周血T淋巴细胞亚群与雌激素水平进行相关性分析显示，血清E2降低，CD3、CD4／CD8分别与E2呈正相关．E2与CD8^＋呈负相关。提示E2有免疫抑制作用，可抑制T细胞免疫应答。     

肠易激综合征患者的免疫学机制探讨

目的 用ELISA法对IBS患者的外周血Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-12和Th2型细胞因子ID-4、IL-10的含量进行检测分析，以探讨IBS患者体内免疫应答的变化规律。方法 采用ELISA法检测IBS患者外周血PBMC体外培养上清液中Th1型细胞因子IL-12、IFN-γ及Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10水平。结果 1．同正常组比较，腹泻型IBS患者外周血Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-12的水平有升高趋势，但差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10的水平较正常对照显著降低（P〈0．05）；Th1／Th2的比值较正常对照显著升高（P〈0．05）。2．同正常组比较，便秘型IBS患者外周血Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-12和Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10的含量均无显著性差异；Th1／Th2的比值较正常对照差异亦无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论 腹泻型IBS患者PBMC体外培养时Th1、Th2细胞因子产生了失衡，Th1／Th2较正常对照显著升高，呈Th1优势反应。便秘型IBS患者Th1型细胞因子和Th2型细胞因子较正常对照无显著差异，表明便秘型IBS患者Th1／Th2反应仍趋于平衡状态，Th1／Th2反应可能对其发病并无重要影响，亦进一步说明不同分型的IBS其病理生理学机制存在差异。     

老年2型糖尿病患者性激素的变化

目的研究老年糖尿病患者性激素的变化。方法选择88例年龄≥60岁正常老年人为对照组及67例年龄≥60岁确诊为2型糖尿病的患者,测定睾酮（T）、黄体生成素（LH）、卵泡刺激素（FSH）、雌二醇（E2）的水平。结果男性糖尿病组LH、FSH、T、E2水平无差别（P〉0.05）;女性糖尿病组E2水平低于女性对照组（P〈0.05）,T、LH、FSH无差异（P〉0.05）。结论老年2型糖尿病患者存在性激素的紊乱。     

老年妇女压力性尿失禁与外周血性激素水平的关系分析

目的分析不同压力性尿失禁问卷评分的老年妇女外周血性激素表达水平。方法选择85例压力性尿失禁（SUI）老年妇女,人选者接受压力性尿失禁问卷评分和外周血各项性激素指标啡I二醇（E2）、卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成激素（LH）、垂体催乳素（PRL）、孕酮（P）和睾酮（T）]检测,并与27例没有SUI表现的同龄女性比较。结果85例SUI绝经期妇女中,轻度组53例（≤6分）,中度组20例（7～12分）、重度组12例（≥13分）。不同压力性尿失禁问卷评分的绝经期女性外周血E2水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。同时,中、重度SUI组的外周血E2水平也低于轻度SUI组（P均〈0.01～0．05）,差异有统计学意义。其他外周血性激素表达水平各组间比较相差不显著（P均〉0．05）,差异没有统计学意义。结论外周血雌二醇低水平表达可能是老年妇女SUI发病原因,并与病情程度密切相关。     

血脂、性激素水平与胆囊结石关系的研究

目的：探讨血脂、性激素水平与胆囊结石的关系。方法：选取212例确诊为胆囊结石的患者,测定其血脂TC、TG、LDL－ch,HDL-ch,LDL-ch/HDL-ch及T、E2、P、E2／P,并与72例正常对照组比较。结果：除HDL－ch外,血脂TC、TG、LDL－ch,LDL-ch/HDL-ch各项指标均值,胆囊结石组均高于健康对照组（P＜0．05－0．001）。血清T结石组与对照组比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。E2、P除育龄期结石组外,绝经期及男性结石组均高于对照组（P＜0．05－0．01）。育龄期结石组血清P高于对照组（P＜0．01）。血清E1虽有升高,但组间比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。E2／P结石组明显低于对照组（P＜0．01－0．001）。结论：脂类供谢及雌性激素代谢紊乱与胆囊结石的发生有明显关系。女性脂类代谢异常更是胆囊结石发生的重要原因之一。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.