关于培养药学综合素养人才的思索

目的:探讨培养药学专业综合素养人才的策略。方法:分析培养药学专业综合素养人才的必要性和药学专业的发展趋势及药学专业人员的要求,探讨培养药学综合素养人才的方法。结果与结论:更新教育观念,调整和优化课程体系,深化药学教学改革,推行综合素养教育,可逐步提高药学专业人才素质,满足社会发展需求。     

临床药学专业的课程教育模式探讨

临床药学是我国新增的高等药学教育专业方向,是一个医药学交叉融合的专业,在课程设置中涵盖了药学、临床医学、基础医学等的相关学科,其目的是培养具有扎实的药学、医学专业知识及相关社会科学知识,具有较强的药学、医学实践和人际交流能力,具有良好的职业道德和人文素养,具有创新、创业精神,能够从事临床药学日常工作、合理用药、正确使用及评价药物治疗、临床药理研究、临床药品管理、     

构建校院合作的临床药学人才培养模式

医院药学部门储备了大量人力资源,积累了丰富的临床药学实践经验,参与高等临床药学教育是医院药学部门的重要职责.在高等药学院校与医院药学部门之间建立校院合作的临床药学人才培养模式,有利于发展高等临床药学教育,培养优秀的临床药师,促进临床药学健康快速发展.     

当前影响医院药学发展的问题及对策

当前,医院药学发展面临药学人才结构不合理、药学人才的培养不受重视、药学人员的学习积极性和工作积极性不高、临床药学工作难于开展等诸多问题,必须加大药学人才培养力度、改革药学教育模式、加强思想政治教育、加强药学继续教育、加强药学人才管理、广泛宣传临床药学工作,保障医院药学事业健康快速发展.     

药学教育早期导入的探索与思考

阐述药学教育早期导入的必要性，探讨药学本科新生的药学教育早期导入教学内容和各种教学手段的综合运用。开展药学本科生药学教育的早期导入，对于药学生了解药学发展和药学知识，培养药学本科生的药学素养、职业意识和使命感，具有重要意义。     

培养临床药师 促进合理用药

通过对国内外开展临床药学工作和临床药学教育理论与实践的研究与分析,结合天津医科大学药学院与天津市卫生局及所属医疗机构为建立临床药师制、开展临床药学服务、培养临床药师所进行的临床药学教育教学实践,探讨建立适合中国国情的在成人队伍中进行临床药师培养的模式与方法。     

关于临床药学人才培养问题的思考

临床药学人才培养已成为国际药学教育的发展趋势,关系到大众的用药安全、健康水平和生活质量。由于多种因素,我国临床药学人才培养和就业还有不少问题,必须从完善政策法规、转变药学服务观念、改革培养模式等方面综合考虑解决。     

21世纪医院药学工作与临床药师培养

以药物提供为特点的传统医院药学工作模式在21世纪将面临生存危机,临床药学或药学监护是21世纪医院药学工作的主要内容。解决临床药师缺乏的问题是临床药学与药学监护工作的关键,也是医院药学工作模式转变的关键。临床药师培养的基本途径有：本科教育、毕业后教育、继续教育、研究生教育等。本科教育作为临床药师培养的基本方式是十分必要的;毕业后教育和继续教育是目前本科教育规模小而采取的临床药师培养的有效方法;研究生教育应该成为师资培养和临床药学工作骨干与学科带头人的重要途径。临床药师培养应明确为病人服务的宗旨。     

我国开展临床药学工作的现状与展望

通过分析我国开展临床药学工作的现状,提出我国的临床药学工作方向,应从建立健全临床药师各项政策法规入手,转变教育模式,加快临床药师培养,加强业务指导,促进临床药学工作健康发展.     

21世纪医院药学工作与临床药师培养

以药物提供为特点的传统医院药学工作模式在21世纪将面临生存危机,临床药学或药学监护是21世纪医院药学工作的主要内容.解决临床药师缺乏的问题是临床药学与药学监护工作的关键,也是医院药学工作模式转变的关键.临床药师培养的基本途径有:本科教育、毕业后教育、继续教育、研究生教育等.本科教育作为临床药师培养的基本方式是十分必要的;毕业后教育和继续教育是目前本科教育规模小而采取的临床药师培养的有效方法;研究生教育应该成为师资培养和临床药学工作骨干与学科带头人的重要途径.临床药师培养应明确为病人服务的宗旨.     

Politics,patients, and the role of the pharmacist: Addressing social and political issues that affect health care

Pharmacists are well-respected health care practitioners tasked with providing optimal patient care while operating under an assigned code of ethics. Pharmacists know their responsibility regarding improving patients’ health in the examination room, pharmacy, and hospital, but several factors influence the well-being of a patient that are not directly related to their therapy regimens. A patient’s actions regarding political and social issues can have an indirect effect on their health and the health of others. As health professionals, are pharmacists duty-bound to alert patients to the impact of public policies on the health care system and their individual health? In addition, should pharmacists be able to assess when interventions are necessary and provide this education? As a profession, pharmacy must work toward creating guidance to help practitioners identify and address these issues with patients and encourage positive outcomes for individual patients and communities as a whole. Political and social issues will continue to become intertwined in the patient–practitioner relationship, and tools must be created to best navigate these delicate topics.     

Impact of a health literacy assignment on student pharmacist learning

BackgroundThe average American adult reads at the 8th grade level while most written health information materials, including medication guides, are written at the 12th grade level. To assist students with health literacy-sensitive communication, pharmacy schools should incorporate educational activities addressing health literacy competencies.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of a health literacy assignment on student pharmacists' perceptions of: 1) learning about health literacy; 2) ability to write health literacy level-appropriate patient education material; and 3) the use of these skills in future pharmacy practice.MethodsThird professional year student pharmacists were asked to rewrite a patient medication information sheet at the 5th grade reading level, altering it from the 12th grade level. Following assignment completion, students responded to a 4-item open-ended questionnaire on what they learned from the activity, what information components were the most difficult to rewrite and reason for the difficulty, key strategies to accomplish the assignment, and their perception of the impact this assignment had on their future practice. Content analysis of the reflections was performed using QSR NVivo to identify themes grounded in the students' responses.ResultsReflections were completed in 2009 (n = 159) and 2010 (n = 144), for a total of 303 completed reflections. Predominant themes included greater understanding about the challenges, importance, and methods of health literacy level-appropriate communication and greater awareness of the role of pharmacists in presenting information clearly to patients.ConclusionsStudents indicated the activity increased their understanding of the complexity of patient information, the educational needs of patients, and the importance of providing information that is understandable. Student pharmacists learned methods of effective communication with patients and should be better prepared to communicate in a health literacy-level appropriate manner.     

Pharmacists experience of and perspectives about recruiting patients into a community pharmacy asthma service trial

BackgroundResearch trials testing the impact of community pharmacy services require adequate and appropriate recruitment of patients by participating pharmacists, however, this step presents an ongoing challenge.ObjectiveTo identify factors affecting recruitment of patients in community pharmacies participating in a multi-center trial of a pharmacy asthma service in Australia (Pharmacy Trial Program – Asthma and Rhinitis Control (PTP-ARC).MethodsThe PTP-ARC protocol required identification and recruitment of seven eligible asthma patients per pharmacy. Pharmacists responsible for sites that failed to recruit or retain any patients into the PTP-ARC trial participated in a semi-structured telephone interview about their experiences with these elements of the trial. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded using QSR International's NVivo 11 software. The analysis was conducted with reference to the COM-B framework (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation).ResultsPharmacists from 47 of 50 eligible pharmacies were interviewed. Seventeen factors were isolated and mapped to the COM-B framework. Psychological capability (recruitment hesitancy, research literacy and health literacy), physical capability (technological barriers, staffing issues and pharmacy busyness), physical opportunity (patient busyness, trial timing, study protocol, support and location), social opportunity (health literacy and supportive milieu), reflective motivation (incentive for participation, simplification) and automatic motivation (patient attitudes and pharmacist-felt experience) were factors affecting pharmacists' participation. Challenges identified included: issues with the software, unfamiliarity with research procedures generally (and specifically with the PTP-ARC protocols), the patients' lack of interest and pharmacists’ lack of time.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to focus on issues affecting patient recruitment into a pharmacy health services (asthma) trial in real time. To propel evidence-based trials towards practice implementation, user-friendly software, pharmacists’ training on research and patient-engagement and adequate remuneration to address pharmacist time issues need to be key foci for health services design and implementation research.     

Exploring community pharmacists’ use of health literacy interventions in their everyday practice

BackgroundLimited health literacy often results in people inadequately understanding medicines-related information and subsequently not taking medicines as prescribed. Using health literacy interventions is important for community pharmacists, as they are increasingly managing long-term conditions. However, there appear to be no previous studies of community pharmacists’ everyday use of health literacy interventions in the UK.ObjectivesTo explore UK community pharmacists’ perspectives on the usability of health literacy interventions in their everyday practice.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with participants, following attendance at health literacy training that included practicing the use of four health literacy interventions (Teach-Back, Chunk and Check, Simple Language and visual aids) and two months experience of attempting to use them in their everyday practice. Participants were pharmacists from community pharmacies in Staffordshire, England who were invited to participate by an email sent to the pharmacy. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using the Framework Analysis technique.ResultsFour themes emerged from 11 interviews undertaken: intervention appeal, limitations, adaptations and continued use. Participants reported using all four health literacy interventions in their everyday practice but Teach-Back appeared to be favoured most. Most participants talked about practicing Teach-Back before using it with patients but described it as useable with patients of all ages, without being prohibitively time consuming. Chunk and Check seemed to be viewed as a type of Teach-Back, whilst visual aids were reported as being used in conjunction with Teach Back rather than as a standalone intervention. Participants reported that Simple Language was an easy concept but easily ‘slipped back’ into medical jargon and were challenged to use simple enough words. All participants said they would continue to use all four health literacy interventions.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that with training, community pharmacists can successfully incorporate these four health literacy interventions into their everyday practice.     

Health consumer engagement in developing novel preventive health community pharmacy roles in cardiovascular disease in Saudi Arabia: A qualitative analysis

IntroductionCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of key leading causes of mortality worldwide. Both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors contribute to the development of CVD. Modifiable risk factors such as smoking, unhealthy diets and lack of exercise are increasing in prevalence in Saudi Arabia but may be mitigated using pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Thus, identifying, assessing and managing these modifiable risks at an early stage is essential. Pharmacists are highly accessible primary health professionals and can play a crucial role in screening and managing these risk factors in collaboration with primary care physicians. There is currently no research in Saudi Arabia exploring the views of health consumers with CVD risk factors regarding their preferences for or willingness to engage with community pharmacy CVD preventive health services.ObjectivesTo explore the perceptions of health consumers about current and feasible future services by pharmacists with a specific focus on CVD risk screening and management in Saudi Arabia.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with consumers with at least one modifiable CVD risk factor. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, translated into English and then thematically analysed.ResultsA total of 25 individuals, most of whom were Saudi (88%) and women (65%), participated in face to face interviews. Five main themes emerged from the analysis of consumers’ responses. 1. Perception of pharmacists’ role, the pharmacists’ main role was perceived as medication supply. 2. Trust and satisfaction with current service, most participants appeared to have low trust in pharmacists. 3. Preferences for future pharmacy services, most participants were willing to engage in future pharmacy delivered CVD preventive health services, provided there was stringent regulation and oversight of the quality of such services. 4. Viability of new pharmacy services was raised with promotion of such services to the public, collaboration with other health professionals, financial incentivization and motivational rewards thought of as essential ingredient to ensure service feasibility. 5. Health beliefs and help seeking behaviours of consumers were diverse and low health literacy was evident; it was thought that pharmacists can help in these matters by educating and advocating for such consumers. Overall, the data suggested that clinical, communication and professional skills need to be enhanced among Saudi pharmacists to enable them to provide optimal patient cantered services.ConclusionHealth consumers participants were willing to participate and utilise CVD risk screening and management pharmacy-based services, when offered, provided their concerns are addressed. Therefore, in light of the burden of CVD disease in the country, development, implementation and evaluation of pharmacist provided CVD risk screening and management should be undertaken.     

Patient preferences for objective quality metrics during community pharmacy selection: A discrete choice experiment

BackgroundPatients select healthcare providers and facilities based on a complex array of factors. Pharmacy-level quality metrics have been discussed as a way to help direct patients towards high-quality pharmacies. Limited research has been conducted on the potential impact of quality metrics on the pharmacy selection process.ObjectivesThis study aimed to measure the relative strength of patient preferences for community pharmacy attributes and to describe associations between patient sociodemographic and health characteristics and pharmacy preferences.MethodsThis study elicited preferences for pharmacy attributes using a discrete choice experiment presenting a scenario in which participants had moved to a new location and needed to select a pharmacy. Six attributes were selected based on published literature, expert opinion, and pilot testing feedback. Attributes were relationship-based (hours of operation, staff friendliness/courtesy, pharmacist communication, pharmacist willingness to establish a personal relationship) or competence-based (overall quality and a drug-drug interaction (DDI) specific quality metric). Participants responded to blocks of 10 random and 2 fixed choice tasks assigned by Sawtooth v9.2. Data were analyzed using conditional logit, and Hierarchical Bayes estimates of individual-level utilities were used to compare preferences across demographic subgroups.ResultsStudy participants expressed the strongest preferences for competence-based pharmacy attributes, including DDI-specific and overall quality measures (Attribute Importance Values: 40.3% and 31.3%, respectively). Women ascribed higher utility to 5-star DDI and overall quality ratings than men. Rural respondents and those with inadequate health literacy expressed stronger preferences for patient-pharmacist relationships than those in suburban areas and with adequate health literacy, respectively.ConclusionsRespondents exhibited strong preferences for pharmacies with higher competence-based quality ratings, suggesting that they may perceive medication safety to be a key role of community pharmacists. Future research on patient expectations of and preferences for community pharmacies can inform ways to effectively encourage patient engagement with pharmacists to improve health outcomes.     

Pharmacists' communication with Spanish-speaking patients: A review of the literature to establish an agenda for future research

BackgroundSpanish-speaking people represent more than 12% of the total population in the United States and are poised to become the largest minority group in the United States by 2015. Although researchers have studied pharmacist-patient communication for approximately 30 years, little emphasis has been placed on the interactions between pharmacists and Spanish-speaking patients.ObjectivesThe objectives of this review are (1) to describe empirical studies on Spanish-speaking patient/pharmacist communication examined relative to patient factors, pharmacist factors, and environmental factors that may influence Spanish-speaking patient/pharmacist communication and (2) to integrate medical and nursing literature to generate a research agenda for future study in this area.MethodsWe compiled articles from a systematic review of (1) CINAHL, International Pharmacy Abstracts, PubMed, and Web of Knowledge databases using “Hispanic limited English proficiency,” “Latino limited English proficiency,” “language-assistance services,” “Spanish-speaking patients,” “Latino patients,” “Spanish-speaking health literacy,” “pharmacy health literacy,” “patient-provider communication,” “pharmacy language barriers,” and (2) bibliographies of selected articles.ResultsThis search generated 1174 articles, 7 of which met the inclusion criteria. We categorized the results into 4 topic areas: “Spanish-speaking patient literacy,” “pharmacists knowledge of/proficiency in the Spanish language,” “pharmacy resources to overcome language barriers,” and “pharmacists' attitudes toward communicating with Spanish-speaking patients.”ConclusionsThese studies provide a macroscopic look at the linguistic services offered in pharmacies, gaps in services, and their subsequent impact on pharmacists and patients. Future research should investigate Spanish-speaking patients' literacy issues, pharmacy staff language skills, factors that influence pharmacists' counseling, and language-assistance programs for pharmacists and patients. Furthermore, these studies need to be conducted in large Hispanic/Latino populated areas where positive service models are likely to be present. Addressing these issues will provide pharmacists and pharmacies with information to overcome language barriers and provide Spanish-speaking patients with quality care.     

Utilisation of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model in community pharmacy for health needs assessment: A narrative review

BackgroundHealth needs assessment tools such as the PRECEDE-PROCEED model (PPM) identify the key health concerns of communities, and may increase the capacity for community pharmacies to address these needs.ObjectivesA narrative review was conducted to investigate to what extent the PPM has been used to guide pharmacy service development and evaluation.MethodsA systematic search of six databases was conducted for peer-reviewed papers published from January 2000 to August 2019 that described the application of the PPM within the community pharmacy context. Search terms included variations of the following: ‘pharmacists’, ‘precede proceed’, ‘pharmaceutical services’, and ‘community pharmacies’. Data extracted and analysed included study design, objectives, population, utilisation of the PPM, and outcomes.ResultsFourteen eligible papers were identified, most of which were cohort or cross-sectional studies and utilised at least one element of the PPM to design or evaluate interventions that targeted either patient behaviours or pharmacist behaviours, or evaluated population health needs or programs. The range of behaviours assessed was limited to patient medication adherence, and billing behaviours, readiness for expanded scope of practice, and communication for pharmacists. None of the studies prioritised community health needs, actively engaged all relevant stakeholders, or utilised every element of the PPM.ConclusionsThe PPM has been underutilised in community pharmacy research and represents an effective method for the assessment of health priorities for communities and the development and evaluation of health services targeted at addressing these priorities. Further research needs to demonstrate how key health needs assessment principles such as stakeholder engagement and a population-centred approach can influence effective health service delivery.     

Pharmacy from the perspectives of other health professions: An intervention to foster professional identity among freshmen pharmacy students

BackgroundProfessional identity is crucial for the development of pharmacy students’ professional confidence, learning motivation and future career choices. However, how to develop students’ professional identity in pharmacy education is an underdeveloped field of research. The critical component of professional identity has been considered formed as a result of stepwise socialization. Therefore, pharmacy professional identity might be influenced by associations with other health care professionals, such as physicians and nurses, who are involved in health care collaboration with pharmacists.ObjectivesThis work aimed to investigate the effect of a student-led interview intervention called “Pharmacy from the perspectives of other health professions” as an intervention on pharmacy freshmen’s perceptions and positivity toward the pharmacy profession.MethodsIn this prospective pre/postintervention study, the effect of the interview intervention on students’ job preferences as well as attitudes toward the pharmacy profession and pharmacists’ role in health care was evaluated among 70 first-year pharmacy undergraduates equally divided into intervention and control groups using a self-developed questionnaire.ResultsCompared with the controls, the numbers of respondents reporting no specific reasons for selecting the pharmacy profession and stating that they were unclear about their preferred post-graduation work sector were significantly reduced after the intervention. Participating in the intervention increased the number of students who agreed or strongly agreed that they would have a fulfilling and socially respectable career. Significantly more students in the intervention group agreed with the pharmacists’ role in health care as well as the current situation of pharmacy human resources than in the control group.ConclusionThis student-led interview intervention could be applied as an effective tool for improving students’ professional identity and positivity in pharmacy education.