非独生大学新生心理健康状况

目的:比较分析非独生子女大学新生的心理健康状况。方法:利用大学生人格问卷(University Personality Inventory,UPI)对某大学2011级、2012级、2013级本科和研究生新生共12776人进行问卷调查。结果:非独生子女大学生UPI分数显著高于独生子女大学生(t=6.776,P0.001)。非独生子女大学生心理健康状况第一类(有较严重心理问题)比例显著高于独生子女大学生(δ*=4.3,P0.001)。进一步对非独生子女的心理健康进行研究,发现来自农村的非独生子女大学生UPI分数显著高于非农村生源的非独生学生(t=6.128,P0.001)。来自贫困家庭的非独生大学生UPI分数显著高于非贫困的非独生学生(t=5.526,P0.001)。汉族的非独生子女大学生UPI得分与非汉族的非独生学生没有差异(t=0.223,P=0.823)。以性别(男vs.女)、学历(本科生vs.研究生)、家庭排行(大子女vs.中间子女vs.小子女)为自变量,对非独生子女的UPI总分进行三因素方差分析,结果显示,性别和年级的交互作用显著(F(1,6032)=13.317,P0.001,η2=0.002),女本科生的得分显著高于女研究生(Δ=1.432,SE=0.412,P=0.001),男生无此差异。女本科生的得分显著高于男本科生(Δ=2.162,SE=0.378,P0.001),而女研究生与男研究生的差异并不显著。排行中间的女本科生UPI得分最高,既边缘显著地高于排行最大的得分(Δ=1.795,SE=0.779,P=0.064),又显著地高于排行最小的得分(Δ=2.161,SE=0.839,P=0.030)。排行中间的男研究生得分边缘显著地高于排行最小的男研究生的得分(Δ=1.942,SE=0.826,P=0.056)。结论:非独生大学新生的心理健康状况比独生子女差,在非独生大学新生中,来自农村的大学生心理健康水平比非农村生源的大学生低,贫困生的非独生子女大学生心理健康水平比非贫困的低;对于本科新生而言,女性非独生子女心理健康水平比男性的低;女性研究生非独生子女健康水平比女性本科生非独生子女的心理健康水平高。排行中间的女本科生心理健康水平比排行最大和最小的女本科生都低。排行中间的男研究生比排行最小的男研究生心理健康水平低。     

某医学院校研究生新生心理健康状况调查

目的:了解医学院校研究生新生心理健康总体状况,为研究生新生的心理健康工作提供依据。方法:对某医科院校2016级研究生新生进行大学生人格问卷(UPI)集体施测并进行统计分析。结果:一类学生194人(20.3%);二类学生263人(27.4%);三类学生501人(52.3%);女生UPI总分显著高于男生(t=3.672,P0.001);贫困生UPI总分显著高于非贫困生(t=3.301,P0.01)。新生在UPI量表的4个指标上的选择率排名从高到底依次为:神经症、抑郁症、精神分裂症、躯体症状。结论:医科院校研究生新生有近一半的人存在不同程度的心理健康问题,且与男生相比,女研究生心理健康水平更低。     

Five-patttern Personality of Psychology Professional College Students

目的 了解心理学专业学生五态人格特征.方法 采用五态人格测验表对188名心理学专业大学生进行调查.结果 ①男生和女生在阴阳平和上得分最高(男生=56.01,女生=52.93);在阴阳平和上,男生得分高于女生得分(t=2.036,P=0.043);在少阴上,男生得分高于女生得分(t=2.463,P=0.015);②各年级的学生在阴阳平和上的得分最高(大一=57.56,大二=52.55,大三=52.65,大四=56.35);③大一学生在太阴上的得分低于其他年级的学生(F=5.008,P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论 阴阳平和是该校心理学专业大学生的主流人格.     

高等中医院校大学新生人格特征差异分析

目的 研究高等中医院校大学新生人格发展特点.方法 采用卡特尔16PF量表,从某高等中医院校抽取904名大学生进行人格状况调查分析.结果 结果发现男生比女生的聪慧性(P＜0.001,t=6.43)、敏感性(P＜0.001,t=3.50)、怀疑性(P＜0.01,t=2.76)等因素得分要高,女生比男生兴奋性得分要高(P＜0...     

心理学专业大学生五态人格的调查研究

目的了解心理学专业学生五态人格特征。方法采用五态人格测验表对188名心理学专业大学生进行调查。结果①男生和女生在阴阳平和上得分最高(男生=56.01,女生=52.93);在阴阳平和上,男生得分高于女生得分(t=2.036,P=0.043);在少阴上,男生得分高于女生得分(t=2.463,P=0.015);②各年级的学生在阴阳平和上的得分最高(大一=57.56,大二=52.55,大三=52.65,大四=56.35);③大一学生在太阴上的得分低于其他年级的学生(F=5.008,P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论阴阳平和是该校心理学专业大学生的主流人格。     

医学与非医学院校男大学生吸烟饮酒行为比较研究

目的了解大学生吸烟、饮酒行为现状及特征,探讨医学健康教育对大学生吸烟、饮酒行为的影响。方法以russell吸烟原因问卷和密西根酒精依赖调查表为工具,采用分层整群抽样调查方法,抽取唐山地区两所高校(医学院校与理工院校)男大学生177名作匿名问卷调查。结果 1医学院校男大学生吸烟率显著低于理工院校(χ2=7.589,P0.01);医学院校男大学生饮酒严重程度显著低于理工院校(t=-2.303,P0.05);2医学院校与理工院校吸烟率大一新生差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.521,P0.05),二年级低于理工院校(χ2=3.921,P0.05),三年级差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.015,P0.05);医学院校与理工院校饮酒严重程度大一新生差异无统计学意义(t=-0.987,P0.05),二年级低于理工院校(t=-2.872,P0.01),三年级差异无统计学意义(t=-0.439,P0.05);3医学院校大一新生吸烟率高于二年级学生(χ2=4.394,P0.05),饮酒行为大一新生也高于二年级(t=3.704,P0.05);理工院校一、二年级间吸烟差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.987,P0.05),饮酒差异也无统计学意义(t=1.150,P0.05);4RRSQ量表得分,医学院校的镇静分量表分最高,理工院校学生分量表分最高的是寻求刺激,医学院校依赖分显著低于理工院校(t=-2.344,P0.05);5医学院校和理工院校在自我或他人所认识到的饮酒问题上差异有统计学意义(t=-3.146,P0.01),在工作、社会问题(t=-1.042,P0.05)、因饮酒问题寻求帮助(t=-1.180,P0.05)、婚姻家庭问题(t=-1.292,P0.05)、肝脏疾病(t=-1.042,P0.05)差异无统计学意义;6大学生吸烟和饮酒具有显著相关性(r=0.329,P0.01)。结论院校环境对男大学生吸烟、饮酒行为具有一定的影响。     

黎族大学生积极/消极情感的性别差异

目的 探讨黎族大学生积极/消极情感的性别差异及其与人格特质、家庭环境的关系.方法 使用Bradburn的积极/消极情感量表、中国人人格量表(QZPS)和家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)对367名黎族大学生进行调查.结果 ①男生积极情感和情感平衡显著高于女生(t=4.01,4.07;P＜0.001);②男生积极情感与消极情感显著正相关(r=0.11,P＜0.05),而女生显著负相关(r=-0.10,P＜0.05);③男生情感平衡与人格善良、行事风格、才干、情绪性呈显著相关(r=-0.17,-0.18,0.16,0.18;P＜0.001),女生不显著;女生情感平衡与人格外向性呈显著相关(r=-0.16,P＜0.001),男生不显著;黎族大学生积极/消极情感与家庭环境各雏度的相关也呈显著性别差异.结论 黎族大学生积极/消极情感的性别差异在表现形式和社会心理成因方面具有一定的复杂性和特殊性.     

主动性人格与大一新生学校适应的关系

目的:了解主动性人格与大一新生学校适应的相关关系。方法:采用主动性人格问卷和中国大学生适应量表对363名大一新生展开调查。结果:1大一新生在入学3个月时各方面适应情况不佳,普遍低于常模,且在人际适应(t=-2.40,P0.05)、学习适应(t=-2.01,P0.05)和择业适应(t=-2.28,P0.05)上差异显著;2大一男生的学校适应普遍好于女生但差异不显著,在主动性人格上,男生显著高于女生(t=3.62,P0.001);3主动性人格和学校适应各维度及总分显著正相关(P0.001)。结论:大一新生的学校适应问题需要关注,主动性人格是影响大一新生学校适应的重要因素。     

医护专科新生心理健康与个性特征

目的了解医护学生的心理健康状态,探讨医护学生的心理健康与个性特征的关系。方法采用大学生心理健康问卷(UPI)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)集体施测于2187名医护专科新生。结果①新生的心理健康状况总体良好,第一类学生筛选率为24.14%,有自杀意念的学生占1.87%;男生的心理健康水平比女生高(t=-4.07,P<0.001);不同专业学生的心理健康水平没有差异;②男女生在EPQ问卷的精神质P(t=9.05,3.92;P<0.001)、内-外倾E(t=-2.30,-5.18;P<0.001)、神经质N(t=11.29,5.19;P<0.001)3个分量表上分数与常模均存在显著差异;男女生在N分量表上的分数差异极其显著,女生的分数显著高于男生(t=-5.72,P<0.001);③UPI评定的三类学生在EPQ问卷的P(F=107.23,P<0.001)、E(F=164.28,P<0.001)、N(F=601.92,P<0.001)、L(F=129.56,P<0.001)分量表上的差异均极其显著。结论个性对心理健康存在影响,性格越外向,情绪越稳定,自控能力越强,心理健康水平越高。     

青少年自立人格的比较研究

目的 探讨青少年学生自立人格现状.方法 采用青少年自立人格量表对689名青少年学生进行调查,并在不同性别、年级间进行差异分析.结果 ①人际责任(t =-3.65,P＜0.01)、个人主动(t=-3.13,P＜0.05)、个人开放(t=2.41,P＜0.05)在性别上有显著差异;②人际主动(F=8.52,P＜0.01)、人际灵活(F=2.80,P＜0.05)、人际开放(F=3.34,P＜0.05)、个人责任(F=3.34,P＜0.05)、个人灵活(F=2.39,P＜0.05)在不同年级上有显著差异;③性别对自立人格主效应显著(F=4.36,P＜0.05),年级对自立人格主效应不显著(F=2.01,P=0.076),性别和年级对自立人格交互效应显著(F=2.86,P＜0.05).结论 性别、年级对青少年自立人格的发展存在一定的影响:女生得分高于男生;女生在初二、男生在高一时自立人格得分达到最高点.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.