安徽省集中式供水单位卫生现状调查

目的 了解安徽省集中式供水单位卫生现状,为进一步贯彻实施GB 5749-2006<生活饮用水卫生标准>提供对策.方法 2008年4-11月,对安徽省全部市级市政水厂、县级市政水厂、市级企业自建水厂和乡镇水厂的卫生现状及水质自检能力进行了调查.结果 四类水厂水源水达到Ⅲ类水质标准的比例均在70%以上;在卫生管理方面,市级市政水厂总体好于其他水厂;四类水厂的水质完全处理率分别为80.63%,73.78%,58.12%和60.46%;检验设备满足需要率分别为77.77%,42.99%,38.18%和13.77%;119家市政水厂的水质检测能力主要集中于感官指标、一般化学指标和微生物指标,毒理学指标、消毒剂指标、放射性指标和非常规项目检测可开展率分别为17.65%,26.68%,15.97%和3.49%.结论 安徽省各类集中式供水单位在卫生管理方面有待加强,水质处理工艺需要进一步完善和改进,水质自检能力亟待提高.     

2011年全国生活饮用水卫生安全情况调查和分析

目的:调查我国集中式供水单位、二次供水设施和学校自备供水设施的卫生管理状况和供水水质质量。方法:对市政水厂、自建水厂和二次供水设施的卫生管理情况进行调查。对出厂水、末梢水、二次供水以及学校自备水进行水质监测。结果:自建集中式供水单位、二次供水单位、自备供水学校的饮用水仍需进一步加强,集中式供水出厂水、末梢水、二次供水水质合格率较高,均在85%以上,学校自备供水水质稍差,合格率为70%。结论:应高度重视我国饮用水卫生安全问题,市政供水单位的水质实验室自检能力、自建水厂和学校自备供水设施的卫生管理工作尚需加强,水质监测方面应重点关注学校自备供水的水质安全。     

合肥市集中式供水单位卫生现状调查

目的了解合肥市集中式供水单位卫生现状,为进一步贯彻实施GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》提供对策。方法于2011年采取整群抽样的方法对合肥市全部市级市政水厂、县级市政水厂、市级企业自建水厂和乡镇水厂的卫生现状及水质自检能力进行调查。结果在卫生管理方面,市级市政水厂总体好于其他水厂。目前合肥市共有各类水厂50家,其中,市级水厂、县级水厂、自建水厂、乡镇水厂分别占10%,6%,6%,78%。出厂水不合格的主要单位为单位自建水厂和乡镇水厂,不合格项目主要是浑浊度、消毒剂余量、总大肠菌群;抽检末梢水230份,合格213份,合格率92.6%。结论合肥市各类集中式供水单位在卫生管理方面有待加强,水质处理工艺需要进一步完善和改进,水质自检能力亟待提高。     

2006年全国生活饮用水卫生安全情况调查和分析

目的 调查我国集中式供水单位和二次供水设施的卫生管理状况和供水水质质量.方法 对全国4个直辖市、各省会城市、计划单列市、地级市的2 713家市政水厂、2 713家自建水厂和二次供水设施的卫生管理情况进行调查.对市政水厂的1 925件水源水样、2 361件出厂水水样、5 749件末梢水样、自建水厂的1 298件水源水样、1 541件出厂水样、1 746件末梢水样及3 671件二次供水水样进行了水质监测.结果 市政和自建水厂中水质检验设施不符合要求的现象最为严重,合格率仅为71.7%和46.7%;有32.7%的自建水厂不具备卫生许可证;二次供水设施中采用的涉水和消毒产品仅有68.5%持有有效卫生批件;市政水厂和自建水厂中水源水的水质合格率分别为75.3%和80.0%;出厂水的水质合格率分别为85.0%和77.5%;末梢水的水质合格率分别为92.4%和82.0%;二次供水的水质合格率为80.8%.结论 卫生管理工作尚需加强,水质监测中应重点关注微生物指标和感官性状指标.     

2005年山东省生活饮用水卫生监督监测结果分析

[目的]全面了解山东省生活饮用水水质基本情况和卫生监督管理现状,进一步加强对生活饮用水卫生监督.[方法]对2005年山东省供水单位基本情况和卫生监督监测工作进行分析.[结果]2005年全省有供水单位10456个,其中公共供水单位608个、二次供水单位1092个、自建设施供水单位8756个;检测水样12621份,合格的10953份,合格率为86.78%,其中公共供水单位水样合格率为85.44%,二次供水单位水样合格率为88.08%,自建设施供水单位水样合格率为88.09%.[结论]山东省生活饮用水卫生状况较好.     

2010—2012年泰州市主城区生活饮用水水质检测结果分析

目的了解泰州市生活饮用水卫生质量,预防控制介水传染病。方法依据《泰州市城市生活饮用水监测方案》设置监测点、采样频率,依据《生活饮用水标准检验法》(GB/T 5750-2006)对水样进行检测。出厂水、管网末梢水、二次供水均依据《生活饮用水水质卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行评价。结果 2010—2012年,市政供水出厂水、管网末梢水水质合格率分别为100.00%(24/24)、95.61%(566/592);乡镇水厂供水出厂水、管网末梢水水质合格率分别为90.91%(40/44)、81.82%(36/44);二次供水水质合格率为92.50%(111/120)。市政供水出厂水、管网末梢水水质合格率差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。乡镇水厂供水出厂水、管网末梢水水质合格率差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。市政供水出厂水、乡镇水厂供水出厂水水质合格率差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。市政供水管网末梢水、乡镇水厂供水管网末梢水水质合格率差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。市政供水管网末梢水、二次供水水质合格率差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。出厂水不合格指标为游离氯、氨氮;管网末梢水不合格指标为菌落总数、游离氯、氨氮、铁;二次供水不合格指标为菌落总数、游离氯、铁。结论泰州市主城区生活饮用水水质整体合格率较高,部分指标仍不合格,应进一步加强生活饮用水的卫生监督、检测和规范。     

南宁市城市生活饮用水卫生状况调查

目的了解南宁市城市生活饮用水卫生状况,为进一步改善居民生活饮水水质提供依据。方法依据《生活饮用水检验规范)(2001)进行样品的采集、保存、检测,依据《生活饮用水水质卫生规范》(2001)进行评价。结果南宁市市政供水卫生状况较好。所检感官和细菌学指标总的合格率达到85％．影响水质的主要因素是游离余氯;二次供水单位有较好的卫生管理措施,水箱(池)年清洗率达到96．67％。变频调速或压力罐方式供水成为南宁市新高层建筑供水的发展方向。本次所检二次供水水质感官和细菌学指标总的合格率只有35％,影响水质的主要因素仍是游离余氯;而自备水源供水除几家大型自备水源供水设施较完善外,其余小型供水单位供水设施不完善,所检感官和细菌学指标总的合格率仅为12．5％。结论南宁市城市生活饮用水市政供水水质较好．二次供水次之,自备水源供水卫生质量较差。建议加强监督管理．提高居民饮用水的卫生质量。     

2011年呼和浩特市饮用水卫生状况调查

目的 评价2011年呼和浩特市生活饮用水质卫生状况,为下一步水质监督监测和改善水质卫生状况提供依据.方法 对2011年监测的集中式供水、自备水、二次供水等水样数据进行统计分析.结果 集中式供水的出厂水(除余氯外)、自建水厂的如意水厂、二次供水等卫生状况较好.但市政水厂出厂水余氯的达标率仍不理想,是影响出厂水合格率的主要指标.学校自备水、生产用水、其它自备水卫生状况不容乐观.委托水样、改水办水样及自建水厂中的蒙吉利水厂卫生状况最差.结论 应该加强生产用水、自备水、委托水样、改水办水质及自建水厂中的蒙吉利水厂的卫生管理,保障水质卫生合格.市政集中式供水单位加强余氯监测,保障水质达到消毒效果.     

湘潭市城区集中式供水与二次供水水质卫生状况分析

目的掌握湘潭市城区不同类型供水单位的卫生状况,了解其供水水质卫生。方法对湘潭市城区市政集中式供水的3个水厂、单位自建集中式供水4个水厂和16家二次供水单位的卫生管理、设施设备、供水水质进行调查。结果 2008-2010年,市政集中式供水单位出厂水合格率为91.98%;单位集中式供水出厂水合格率为72.92%;二次供水出厂水合格率为73.44%,以市政集中式供水合格率最高（P〈0.01）。不合格的指标有11个,其中市政集中式供水3个、单位集中式供水7个、二次供水10个。二次供水设施对水质结果有明显影响。集中式供水单位的卫生管理、设施设备达到有关要求,二次供水单位存在管理主体不明确、无消毒设施、未办理二次供水卫生许可证等现象。结论制水企业应保护水源,加速改造制水工艺和配水系统,监督部门应加强监管力度,确保所提供的生活饮用水水质符合卫生标准要求,以保障饮用水卫生安全。     

兰州市城区生活饮用水卫生调查

为了解兰州市城区生活饮用水的卫生现状,于2009年1月-2010年6月对兰州市城区3个市政供水水厂的出厂水、末梢水、二次供水水样和10个自备水厂出厂水、末梢水水样进行检测.结果 显示,共采集水样987件,合格843件,合格率为85.4%.自建水厂出厂水和末梢水水样合格率均低于市政供水,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)....     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.