瘦素水平对预测妊娠期糖尿病的临床价值研究

目的观察分析血清瘦素水平对预测及防治妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的临床价值。方法选取2012年5月~2014年5月期间妇产科接收的孕妇80例,其中,GDM孕妇40例,健康孕妇40例,另外选取非妊娠健康妇女40例,依次命名为观察组、对照甲组和对照乙组,对三组妇女的血清瘦素水平进行检测分析,探讨瘦素水平与GDM之间的联系。结果观察组妇女的血清中瘦素含量水平明显高于其他两组的,组间差异均具统计学意义(P<0.05),且血清中瘦素含量与胰岛素水平有明显的相关性。结论血清瘦素水平可以反映GDM的发生和变化,在孕妇妊娠期检测血清中的瘦素水平可以帮助医生了解孕妇血糖代谢异常情况,为GDM的预防和治疗提供参考依据。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血清apelin水平及相关因素分析

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病患者血清apelin水平变化及与胰岛素抵抗、炎症因子、妊娠期体重增加量(△W)等的关系。方法选取妊娠期糖尿病患者(GDM)33例,正常妊娠组(NGT)27例,测定血清apelin、血脂、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果妊娠期糖尿病组血清apelin(347±65.8)ng/L,正常妊娠组apelin(254±35.7)ng/L;GDM组血清apelin水平明显高于NGT组(P<0.01);分析结果显示,空腹血清apelin与FINS、HOMA-IR、胆固醇(TC)、TNF-α、孕期体重增加量(△W)呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论妊娠期糖尿病患者血清apelin水平升高,可能参与了妊娠期糖尿病病理性胰岛素抵抗的发生。     

妊娠期糖尿病妇女血清瘦素、体脂含量和胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的 探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)妇女血清瘦素水平、体脂含量(BFP)和胰岛素抵抗(IR)三者之间的相关性.方法 GDM妇女和正常孕妇各100例,于妊娠26～30周分别检测血清瘦素水平;测空腹胰岛素水平和空腹血糖水平,计算IR;同时测皮下皱褶厚度,计算BFP.结果 与正常孕妇比较,GDM妇女血清瘦素水平较高、IR增加、BFP增加.多元Logistic回归分析显示,在GDM妇女中,若排除了其他影响因素,瘦素浓度随着体脂含量的增加而增加(P<0.01),且瘦素浓度亦随着IR的增加而增加.结论 瘦素在GDM的发病中具有潜在作用,GDM妇女体内存在瘦素抵抗和胰岛素抵抗,两者相互影响.     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血清炎性因子水平及临床意义

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者血清中炎性因子水平及临床意义。方法收集2021年12月至2022年12月就诊于嘉兴市妇幼保健院确诊为GDM患者80例(GDM组), 同时选取该院同期健康孕妇80例(对照组)进行对照。回顾性分析两组孕妇血清中炎性因子[超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)]水平, 并随访两组孕妇的妊娠结局。结果 GDM组血清hs-CRP、IL-6及TNF-α水平分别为(7.34±1.43)g/L、(163.45±19.35)ng/L、(6.39±0.83)ng/L, 对照组孕妇血清hs-CRP、IL-6及TNF-α水平分别为(3.46±1.23)g/L、(92.12±13.56)ng/L、(3.27±0.32)ng/L, GDM组孕妇血清hs-CRP、IL-6及TNF-α水平较对照组孕妇明显升高, 差异均有统计学意义(t=23.56、36.37、30.26, 均P < 0.05)。GDM组孕妇出现不良妊娠结局共28例, 其中剖宫产16例、巨大儿7例、早产/胎膜早破3例、胎儿窘迫2例。对照组孕妇出现不良妊娠结局共14例...     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血清瘦素及内分泌激素测定的临床探讨

目的研究妊娠期糖尿病患者血清瘦素与内分泌激素间的关系以及对胎儿生长发育的影响。方法采用放射免疫法测定妇女血清瘦素（Leptin），雌激素（E2），孕激素（PROG），胎盘泌乳素（HPL），C肽及胰岛素水平，新生儿抽取脐带血测定瘦素、胰岛素、C肽水平。结果（1）妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）组孕妇血清瘦素水平明显高于妊娠期糖耐量受损（IGT）组及正常妊娠组（P〈0．01）；GDM组新生儿脐带血瘦素水平明显低于正常妊娠组及IGT组新生儿脐血瘦素水平（P〈0．01）。（2）正常妊娠组、IGT组和GDM组孕妇E2水平高于非妊娠组（P〈0．01）；各个妊娠组之间E2，HPL，P无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。（3）正常妊娠组、GDM组孕妇血清瘦素水平与PROG有相关性（P〈0．01，P〈0．05）；GDM，IGT孕妇血清瘦素水平与胎儿宫内窒息有相关性（P〈O．05）。结论（1）妊娠期间瘦素与内分泌激素互相调节。（2）瘦素水平的升高参与了GDM的发病过程，瘦素可作为GDM围产期监护的指标之一。     

超敏C反应蛋白细胞间黏附分子-1与妊娠糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的关系研究

目的研究炎症因子超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)与妊娠糖尿病(GDM)患者胰岛素抵抗的关系,探讨GDM的发病机制。方法比较72例GDM(GDM组)、66例妊娠期糖耐量减低组(GIGT)和64例口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)正常的孕妇(NGT组)的血清hs-CRP、sICAM-1、血糖(FBG)及空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平,计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果 GDM组血清HOMA-IR、FBG、FINS、hs-CRP、sICAM-1、OGTT时体质量增加值(GWG)均高于GIGT组(P<0.01),且GIGT组高于NGT组(P<0.01)。多元线性逐步回归分析显示HOMA-IR受hs-CRP、sICAM-1影响。结论 GDM患者血清hs-CRP、sICAM-1水平显著升高,加重了胰岛素抵抗。     

胰岛素对妊娠糖尿病患者血糖及血清瘦素水平的作用

目的探讨胰岛素对妊娠糖尿病患者血糖及血清瘦素水平的影响。方法 40名28孕周左右的妊娠糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗至分娩,测量试验开始及分娩后第1天的空腹血清瘦素和血糖水平以及餐后2h血糖水平。另40名非妊娠糖尿病孕妇为对照。结果治疗前妊娠糖尿病组的血糖和血清瘦素水平显著高于正常对照组。经胰岛素治疗后妊娠糖尿病组的血糖显著降低(P<0.01),并且和对照组没有显著差异(P<0.05);血清瘦素水平显著降低(P<0.01),但仍高于正常对照组(P<0.01)。结论胰岛素可以降低妊娠糖尿病的血糖和血清素水平,关于胰岛素降低血清素水平的机制还需要进一步研究来确证。     

妊娠糖尿病患者血清脂联素水平变化及其与炎症因子和胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的探讨妊娠糖尿病(GDM)患者血清脂联素(APN)水平变化及其与炎症因子、胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法收集2009年7月至2011年12月在我院妇产科行常规产前检查的孕妇100名,根据糖耐量结果分为GDM45例,正常糖耐量组(NGT)55例,同时收集50名非妊娠健康育龄妇女作为对照组。使用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测APN、白细胞介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α水平,免疫比浊法检测高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平。结果与非妊娠对照组相比,妊娠期妇女血清IL-6、hs-CRP、TNF-α、空腹胰岛素(Fins)、甘油三酯(TG)水平及稳态胰岛素评估模型胰岛素抵抗(HOMA-IR)明显升高而APN水平明显降低(P<0.01或<0.05);GDM组血清IL-6、hs-CRP、TNF-α以及HOMA-IR又较NGT组显著升高,而APN水平则明显降低(均P<0.01)。在妊娠期妇女中,APN与hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、TG水平及HOMA-IR呈负相关(r=-0.391、-0.373、-0.381、-0.352,-0.407,均P<0.01);在校正了年龄、孕周、体质量及胰岛素抵抗的影响后APN与hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α仍呈负相关(r=-0.322、-0.324、-0.314,均P<0.01)。结论 GDM患者APN水平明显降低,其可造成GDM患者炎症反应失衡,可能是导致GDM患者胰岛素抵抗的重要危险因素。     

妊娠糖尿病患者血清瘦素水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 探讨妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）患者血清瘦素（leptin）水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系.方法 选择26例GDM患者为观察组,32例糖耐量正常的健康妊娠妇女（NGT）为对照组,两组均行75 g葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）,同时测定空腹血浆胰岛素（FINS）和血清瘦素（leptin）水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,并应用pearson分析妊娠期糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗与瘦素、空腹胰岛素、体重指数（BMI）的关系.结果 GDM组血清瘦素（leptin）、胰岛素（FINS）及胰岛素抵抗指数均明显高于NGT组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;血清瘦素、FINS、BMI与HOMA-IR呈正相关（P＜0.01）.结论 瘦素是影响妊娠期糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的独立危险因子.     

罗格列酮对代谢综合征大鼠瘦素和TNF-α的影响

目的:通过观察代谢综合征大鼠血清瘦素和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的变化,研究胰岛素抵抗与瘦素和TNF-α的关系.罗格列酮干预前后血清瘦素和TNF-α的变化,进一步探讨罗格列酮对胰岛素抵抗的影响.方法:将SD大鼠随机分为2组,即普通饲料喂养组和高糖高脂喂养组.12周后分别测血糖、血脂、血清胰岛素的水平,用稳态模型的胰岛素抵抗指数(Homa-IR)判断胰岛素抵抗的程度,另取大鼠腹内脂肪组织,用免疫组化的方法观测脂肪细胞中瘦素表达的情况.将造模成功的高糖高脂喂养组大鼠再随机分为2组,继续高糖高脂喂养的同时其中一组用罗格列酮灌胃(3 mg·d-1·kg-1),4周后,观测两组血清中瘦素和TNF-α水平的变化.结果:12周后高糖高脂喂养组各项指标均高于普通饲料喂养组(P<0.01),胰岛素抵抗指数与普通饲养组相比有显著升高(P<0.05),血清瘦素和TNF-α与普通饲养组相比也有明显升高[(0.15±0.05):(0.41±0.23),P相似文献   

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.