Mitral valve replacement combined with coronary artery operation: determinants of early and late results

Mitral valve replacement combined with coronary artery bypass grafting has been reported as being associated with a higher mortality than either mitral valve replacement or coronary artery bypass grafting alone. Cause of mitral valve disease and severity of mitral regurgitation have been reported as related to mortality. To study the correlation of the cause of mitral valve disease and severity of mitral regurgitation to hospital mortality and long-term survival, we analyzed the results of 135 patients undergoing mitral valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting between June 1974 and August 1989. The hospital mortality was 11.8% (16/135). Fifteen preoperative and operative variables were tested for correlation with hospital or late mortality using univariate tests and multivariate regression. Advanced age (greater than 60 years), New York Heart Association functional class, and wall motion score were independently associated with hospital mortality (p less than 0.05). The cause of mitral valve disease and severity of mitral regurgitation were not related to hospital mortality or long-term survival (p greater than 0.05). The follow-up rate was 96.6% for the hospital survivors (115/119). Mean follow-up was 52.6 +/- 4.1 months. There were 35 late deaths. Survival was 91.9%, 89.9%, 78%, and 49.9% at 1, 2, 5, and 10 postoperative years, respectively. Preoperative New York Heart Association functional class and use of catecholamines during the postoperative intensive care period were independently related to late survival (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Combined valve replacement and myocardial revascularization

Combining valve replacement with coronary artery bypass (CABG) for significant concomitant disease remains a controversial subject. To determine the operative results following combined valve replacement and CABG, we evaluated 201 patients seen consecutively between July 1977 and June 1982. CABG for vessels with greater than 70% stenosis was performed with aortic valve replacement in 106 patients, with mitral valve replacement in 82, and with aortic and mitral valve replacement in 13. There were 143 men and 58 women; the mean age was 67 years. Nine operative deaths (8.5%) occurred with aortic valve replacement and CABG: 5 of 25 (20%) when cardioplegia was not used and 4 of 81 (4.9%) with cardioplegia (p less than 0.01). The operative mortality rate for isolated aortic valve replacement without coronary disease during the same period was 5.9% (10 of 168). The late actuarial survival rate is similar for aortic valve replacement alone or aortic valve replacement and CABG. There were no operative deaths among patients having undergone aortic and mitral valve replacement and CABG; the rate was 15% (9 of 60) in patients having undergone aortic and mitral replacement and CABG. The operative mortality rate was 21.9% for mitral valve replacement and CABG (18 of 82). Rheumatic disease was present in 14 of these patients, two of whom had early deaths (14.3%), both after repeat mitral operations; 11 mitral valve replacements and CABG were done for degenerative mitral regurgitation with no deaths, and the remaining 57 patients had ischemic mitral regurgitation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Clinical outcomes of surgery of mitral valve regurgitation and coronary artery bypass grafting

The impact of etiology of associated mitral valve regurgitation and a valve procedure on operative and long-term outcomes after coronary bypass grafting surgery is yet to be clearly defined. Results of combined coronary artery bypass grafting and valve procedures for mitral valve regurgitation were retrospectively analyzed in 468 patients. The regurgitation was of ischemic in 45%, degenerative in 55% and 78% valve repairs, 22% valve replacements were performed. Severe coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, low ejection fraction, ischemic mitral regurgitation, advanced heart failure symptoms, failure to use internal mammary artery, valve replacement surgery, and emergency operations are predictors of operative mortality. The 5-year survivals for propensity-matched patients of ischemic and degenerative disease were similar (66%), but 67% vs. 83%, respectively, for unmatched patients. Low ejection fraction (<35%), advanced age (>67 years), valve replacement surgery, residual mitral regurgitation, and severe coronary artery disease were predictors of poor long-term survival. Left ventricular remodeling processes, optimal valve procedure without residual mitral regurgitation and left ventricular function are important determinants of long-term outcome than the etiology of valve regurgitation.     

Surgical treatment of ischaemic valve disease

Mitral valve regurgitation secondary to ischaemic heart disease carries a significant mortality even after open-heart surgery. In this study, 21 patients with mitral regurgitation associated with ischaemic heart disease were evaluated with respect to valvular pathology. Pathological examination of the mitral valve revealed chorda elongation or rupture in seven patients (group 1), papillary muscle dysfunction in 10 (group 2), and papillary muscle rupture in four (group 3). Significant preoperative characteristics in each group were subacute haemodynamic deterioration in group 1, chronic severe left ventricular failure in group 2, and a high incidence of acute renal failure associated with haemodynamic shock in group 3. Mitral valve plasty was performed in six patients and mitral valve replacement, using the St Jude Medical valve, in 15. Fourteen patients underwent mitral valve surgery combined with coronary artery bypass grafting. Mitral plasty was applied to the patients with low left ventricular function with mean(s.d.) fraction shortening of 19.2(6.2)% compared with 30.2(8.4)% in patients with mitral valve replacement. There were no operative deaths. Of four late deaths, two in group 1 resulted from infection and myocardial infarction, respectively, and one in group 2 resulted from arrhythmia. One patient in group 3 died from renal failure. It is suggested that incorporation of these therapeutic concepts may lead to satisfactory results in the surgical treatment of ischaemic mitral regurgitation.     

Surgical results for mitral regurgitation from coronary artery disease

Results of coronary artery bypass grafting with and without mitral valve replacement were analyzed retrospectively in 101 patients with preoperative ischemic mitral regurgitation to determine the effects of severity and surgical treatment of mitral regurgitation on survival. Between 1980 and 1984, a total of 1,475 patients (mean age 59, 77% male) underwent coronary bypass. These patients were divided into three groups: (1) patients without ischemic mitral regurgitation who underwent isolated coronary bypass (1,374; 93%), (2) patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation who underwent isolated coronary bypass without valve replacement (85; 6%), and (3) patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation who underwent combined mitral valve replacement and coronary bypass (16; 1%). Preoperatively, patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation compared to those without regurgitation were significantly older (+6 years, p less than 0.001), had more severe coronary artery disease (p less than 0.001), a higher incidence of congestive heart failure (24% versus 5%, p less than 0.001) and recent myocardial infarction (16% versus 8%, p less than 0.01), and a lower mean ejection fraction (45% versus 61%, p less than 0.001). Operative mortality was significantly increased in patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation who underwent coronary bypass alone (p less than 0.01) and in those who underwent coronary bypass and mitral valve replacement (p less than 0.01)--11% and 19%, respectively--than in the coronary bypass patients without ischemic mitral regurgitation (3.7%). The severity of mitral regurgitation (0 to 4+) proved to be the most significant predictor of operative mortality. The actuarial survival rate at 5 years for the coronary bypass patients without ischemic mitral regurgitation was 85% compared to 91% (p less than 0.05) for the coronary bypass patients without ischemic mitral regurgitation. These results indicate that patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation have a higher prevalence of cardiac risk factors and are at an increased risk of operative mortality. Although the severity of the ischemic mitral regurgitation was strongly predictive of early survival, it proved to have an unexpectedly modest effect on long-term survival after surgical treatment.     

Mitral valve replacement: a nine-year follow-up of risks and survivals.

Experience with mitral valve replacement over a nine-year period is reviewed. Hospital mortality was 8.9%, with an additional late mortality of 18.5% during a mean follow-up period of 4.34 years. Study of the factors influencing the results of valve replacement revealed a direct correlation between long-term survival and New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class, as judged preoperatively, as well as left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index, type of valve lesion, and presence of associated coronary artery disease. Hospital mortality was 32% (p less than 0.01) for those patients in NYHA Functional Class IV before operation, compared with 3% for Class III patients. Untreated concomitant coronary artery disease was associated with a significantly higher perioperative mortality of 28% (p = 0.002) compared with an 8% mortality in patients with coronary artery disease treated by vein bypass at the time of mitral valve replacement. Patients with normal coronary arteries documented angiographically before operation had a 1% hospital mortality. Seventy-two percent of all patients are still alive at a maximum follow-up of nine years. Eighty-three percent of those survivors who were in Functional Class III or IV before operation are now considered to be in Class I or II. We conclude that patients should undergo mitral valve replacement before the development of the advanced functional stage of valve disease. In addition, coronary arteriograms should be performed on all patients who are more than 40 years old at the time of cardiac catheterization, and revascularization considered at the time of mitral valve replacement for those patients with significant coronary disease.     

Late results of mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the long-term results of mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation. METHODS: Between 1991 and 2000, 301 patients with mitral regurgitation underwent mitral valve repair. There were 167 men and 134 women whose mean age was 56 +/- 14 years. The patients were comprised of 7 patients in Carpentier's type I, 277 patients in type II, and 17 patients in type III. Chordal replacement with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures had been prospectively applied to repair the anterior mitral leaflet prolapse. Ring annuloplasty was performed in 230 patients (76%). The follow-up was complete and mean follow-up was 67 +/- 33 months, for a cumulative follow-up of 1,624 patient-years. RESULTS: There were 5 hospital deaths and 11 late deaths (2 cardiac and 9 noncardiac). All survivors except those with stroke were in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I or II. At 10 years, the actuarial survival was 90 +/- 3%, the freedom from embolism was 86 +/- 4%, the freedom from reoperation was 96 +/- 2%, and the freedom from valve-related events was 77 +/- 4%. At 10 years, the freedom from reoperation in the patients with anterior leaflet prolapse was 90 +/- 5%. CONCLUSIONS: Mitral valve repair is feasible in most patients with mitral regurgitation and is associated with low mortality and low rates of valve related events. Chordal replacement with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures is effective, safe, and durable at long-term follow-up for patients with anterior leaflet prolapse.     

Early experience with mitral valve reconstruction for mitral insufficiency

Mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation has been reported to have more favorable early and late results than mitral valve replacement. From July 1985 through July 1990, 63 patients have undergone valve repair at Good Samaritan Hospital. Twenty-two men and 41 women whose ages ranged from 34 to 81 years (mean 67.9 years) were treated. Twenty-eight patients were in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV. Twelve (19%) had undergone prior cardiac surgery. Isolated valve repair was performed in 18 patients. Valve repair was combined with coronary artery bypass grafting, other valve procedures, or aneurysm resection in the remainder (71%). Two patients (3%) died while in the hospital, and four deaths (one valve-related) occurred after discharge. Leaflet resection for ruptured chordae was done in 24 patients (38%), chordal shortening in 5 patients (8%), and leaflet transposition in 2 patients. Rigid ring annuloplasty (Carpentier) was performed in 62 patients. Eight patients required mitral valve replacement at the same operation because of unsatisfactory valve repair. Results of valve repair evaluated by echocardiography at discharge show that 48 patients (88%) are free of significant regurgitation. Follow-up to date reveals that all surviving patients who underwent valve repair have clinically improved and are stable. Four of five patients with moderate mitral regurgitation are currently asymptomatic. There have been two valve-related late failures requiring reoperation. Based on this early experience, we conclude that valve repair compared with mitral valve replacement has a low operative mortality with good early results. Continued efforts to preserve native mitral valve function in the presence of mitral regurgitation appear justified.     

Comparative morbidity of mitral valve repair versus replacement for mitral regurgitation with and without coronary artery disease

Mitral valve repair has been increasingly used at our hospital for mitral regurgitation with and without coronary disease. From January, 1984, to June, 1987, of 338 patients undergoing all forms of mitral valve surgery, 140 had first-time surgery for pure mitral regurgitation: 75 had valve repair, and 65 had valve replacement. Thirty-three of 75 (44%) had concomitant coronary bypass in the repair group, while 21 of 65 (32%) had coronary bypass in the replacement group. The mean functional class (3.4 versus 3.5), age (60 versus 61 years), and preoperative hemodynamics were similar in both groups. The cause of mitral regurgitation in the repair group was myxomatous change in 32 patients, ischemia in 27, rheumatic valve disease in 12, and endocarditis in 4. A Carpentier ring was used in 46, a Duran ring was used in 11, and none was used in 18. The operative mortality was 3 of 75 patients (4%) in the repair group, all with coronary artery bypass grafting, versus 2 of 65 patients (3%) in the replacement group, 1 of whom had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting. The mean postoperative functional class 15 months postoperatively was 1.12 in the repair group versus 1.15 in the replacement group. There were 7 late deaths in the replacement group and only 3 late deaths in the repair group. Actuarial survival at 30 months was 85 +/- 6% for the replacement group and 94 +/- 4% for the repair group. There were 5 late emboli (1 fatal, 4 nonfatal) after valve replacement and none after valve repair (p = 0.03).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Results of surgery for irreversible moderate to severe mitral valve regurgitation secondary to myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: Moderate to severe irreversible mitral regurgitation secondary to myocardial infarction is an independent risk factor for reduced long-term survival. Late effects of correction of mitral incompetence concomitant with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are less well known and the choice of mitral valve procedure is still debated. METHODS: From 1988 to 1998, 93 consecutive patients (mean age 63+/-9 years) were treated for moderate to severe irreversible mitral regurgitation secondary to myocardial infarction; 84 were in NYHA functional class III-IV and 19 were in cardiogenic shock. Thirty-seven patients underwent emergency surgery. Perioperative intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) was necessary in 33 patients. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 12 years (mean 51 months+/-41). RESULTS: Mitral valve was repaired in 30 patients and replaced in 63. Replacement was preferably performed in patients with major displacement of papillary muscle and in patients with acute papillary muscle rupture. CABG (3.4 distal anastomoses) was performed in all patients and was complete in 92%. Early mortality was 15% (14/93). Multivariable analysis identified need for IABP (P=0.005) and COPD (P=0.02) as risk factors for early death. Emergency surgery had only a trend (P=0.15) for increased mortality; age, low ejection fraction, repair vs. replacement had no influence. Actuarial survival rates at 1, 5 and 10 years were 81, 65 and 56%, respectively. Late survival was similar in patients with replacement or repair (P=0.46). At last follow-up, all but one patient were in NYHA functional class I or II. CONCLUSIONS: Combined mitral valve procedure and myocardial revascularization, as complete as possible, for moderate to severe mitral regurgitation secondary to myocardial infarction achieve satisfactory early and late outcome despite the increased operative mortality. Acute papillary muscle rupture, severe restriction of the mitral valve by major displacement of the papillary muscle are better managed by valve replacement.     

二尖瓣脱垂并关闭不全的外科修补

目的：总结二尖瓣脱垂的外科修复经验,方法：对44例二尖脱垂患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。44例患者中风湿性2例,非风湿性42例（22例合并先天性心脏病）,关不全中度24例,重度20例,腱索断裂或缺如12例,腱索过长32例,其中多根腱索过长6例,治疗行腱索移植10例,健索缩短25例（多根腱索短6例）,人工腱索1例,瓣叶折叠3例,瓣叶切除5例,同时行瓣裂缝合8例,瓣环成形28例（后环缝缩14例）,结果：结果：全组无手术死亡病例,1例风湿性患者术后1个月发生左心房血栓再次手术行瓣膜替换,二尖瓣功能正常34例（77．8％）,基本正常6（13．6％）,残留轻至中度关闭不全3例（6．8％）,随访1－18例（平均6．5年）,效果良好,结论：外科修复治疗二尖瓣脱垂是一种安全有效的手术方法。     

Risks of mitral valve replacement and mitral valve replacement with coronary artery bypass

One hundred thirty consecutive patients who underwent mitral valve replacement (MVR) or MVR with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using cold crystalloid cardioplegic solution were analyzed to determine operative mortality and risk factors. Twenty-eight patients had mitral stenosis (MS), 37 had mitral regurgitation (MR), 37 had mixed MS and MR, 23 had MR with coronary artery disease (CAD), and 5 had MS with CAD. Preoperative pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and cardiac index were not different among groups, but patients with MR and CAD had a significantly higher left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and a significantly lower ejection fraction than other groups. Mortality was 7.1% for patients with MS, 5.4% for MR, 8.1% for mixed MS and MR, 0 for MS with CAD, and 21.7% for MR and CAD. Overall mortality was 9.2%. Eleven patients had emergency operations for cardiogenic shock with a mortality of 45%. Nineteen additional patients in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class IV had MVR or MVR plus CABG with a mortality of 26%. Sixteen patients required intraaortic balloon pump assistance, and 9 survived. Four patients with MR and CAD required the left ventricular assist device, and 3 survived. Excluding patients who had emergency operations, overall mortality was 5.8%. Excluding patients who had emergency operations and patients in NYHA Functional Class IV, overall mortality was 2%. Factors associated with death were cardiogenic shock, NYHA Class IV, LVEDP greater than 15 mm Hg (16% mortality), and age greater than 60 years (15% mortality).     

国产侧倾碟瓣二尖瓣置换术125例患者20年随访结果

目的　分析国产侧倾碟瓣二尖瓣置换术后 2 0年随访的结果 ,探讨影响患者近、远期临床疗效的因素。　方法　回顾性分析 1978年 9月～ 1982年 6月 ,应用国产侧倾碟瓣膜施行二尖瓣置换术 12 5例的临床资料及随访结果。结果　本组患者风湿性二尖瓣狭窄 31例 ,二尖瓣狭窄合并关闭不全 92例 ,二尖瓣细菌性心内膜炎 2例。其中合并三尖瓣功能性关闭不全 5例 ,3例有二尖瓣狭窄闭式扩张分离术病史。 12 5例患者均采用国产侧倾碟瓣 ( 2 5～ 2 9mm)施行二尖瓣置换术 ,合并中度以上三尖瓣功能性关闭不全者行改良DeVega或Kay法环缩术。术后发生并发症 31例 ,住院期间死亡 11例 ( 8 8% )。早期死亡原因为低心排出量综合征、呼吸功能衰竭、急性肾功能衰竭、人造瓣膜功能障碍等。长期生存 114例 ,平均随访时间为 12 8年。生存 10年以上者 89例 ( 78% ) ;15年以上 5 8例( 5 1% ) ;2 0年以上 5 5例 ( 48% )。晚期死亡 16例 ,死亡的主要原因为心力衰竭、抗凝有关的并发症、血栓栓塞 ,以及风湿热复发。患者术后 10年、2 0年生存率分别为 82 3%和 5 1 1%。抗凝过量出血与血栓栓塞并发症的发生率分别为 0 83%病人·年与 0 4 1%病人·年。生存 2 0年以上的 5 5例患者 ,心功能恢复Ⅰ级者 37例、Ⅱ级 13例、Ⅲ级 6例。　结论     

Late outcome of mitral valve surgery for patients with coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND: We plan to determine whether the cause of mitral valve regurgitation, ischemic or degenerative, affects survival after combined mitral valve repair or replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery and to assess the influence of residual mitral regurgitation on late outcome. METHODS: A retrospective study was made of 302 patients having mitral valve repair or replacement and CABG from January 1987 through December 1996. Risk factors for death, for development of New York Heart Association class III or IV congestive heart failure (CHF), and recurrent mitral valve regurgitation were identified by proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: The cause of mitral regurgitation was ischemic in 137 patients (45%) and degenerative in 165 patients (55%). Valve replacement was performed in 51 patients (17%) and valve repair in 251 patients (83%). Median follow-up was 64 months. Ten-year actuarial survival rates were 33% (95% confidence interval: 22% to 47%) in the ischemic group and 52% (95% confidence interval: 42% to 64%) in the degenerative group. Univariate predictors of death, were entered into a multivariate model. Older age, ejection fraction of 35% or less, three-vessel coronary artery disease, replacement of the mitral valve, and residual mitral regurgitation at dismissal were independent risk factors for death. The cause of mitral valve regurgitation (ischemic or degenerative) was not an independent predictor of long-term survival, class III or IV CHF, or recurrent regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: Survival after mitral valve surgery and CABG is determined by the extent of coronary disease and ventricular dysfunction and by the success of the valve procedure; etiology of mitral valve regurgitation has relatively little impact on late outcome.     

Mitral valve repair for anterior leaflet prolapse: surgical techniques review and 16-year follow-up results

Abstract   Objective: Mitral valve repair is now the surgical treatment of choice for mitral regurgitation. However, the repair of anterior leaflet prolapse due to chordal rupture or elongation remains a technically challenging procedure. Here, we review our experience and present the long-term results of mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation due to anterior leaflet prolapse. Methods: Between January 1988 and August 2006, 210 patients with mitral regurgitation underwent mitral valve reconstruction. We performed mitral valve repair in 49 patients with mitral regurgitation due to anterior leaflet prolapse. The preoperative degree of mitral regurgitation was moderate to severe in all patients. There were 36 patients (73.5%) with degenerative, eight (16.3%) with infective endocarditis, and five (10.2%) with rheumatic. Reconstructive techniques included chordal replacement in 13 patients, chordal shortening in 14, chordal transposition in five, chordal shortening and reinforcement with artificial chordae in four, leaflet folding plasty in six, and resection-suture in four. Results: Follow-up was complete with an average of 89 ± 59 months (range 1–201 months). In the early postoperative period, transthoracic echocardiography was performed in all patients. The grade of regurgitation was trivial (Grade I) in 17 patients (34.7%) and mild (Grade II) in seven patients (14.3%). Survival rate at 10 and 15 years was 95.2% and 88.9%, respectively. Freedom from reoperation at 10 and 15 years was 95.8% and 89.0%, respectively. Conclusions: The long-term results of mitral valve repair for anterior leaflet prolapse are satisfactory, with low mortality and morbidity. In particular, chordal replacement using temporary Alfieri stitch is a simple and effective procedure.     

Mitral valve replacement in the first year of life

From 1973 through 1987 25 patients underwent mitral valve replacement in the first year of life for mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation. The patients with mitral stenosis included two with mitral arcade, two with supravalvular mitral stenosis with hypoplastic mitral valve, and one with parachute mitral valve. Included in the group of patients with mitral regurgitation were 12 with atrioventricular canal defect, six with chordal and leaflet defects, one with Marfan's syndrome, and one with bacterial endocarditis. Prostheses included 12 Bj?rk-Shiley (17 mm), seven St. Jude Medical (19 mm in four, 21 mm in three), five stent-mounted dura mater valves (12 mm to 16 mm), and one porcine xenograft (19 mm). In four patients the valves were placed in the left atrium in a supraannular location. There were nine operative (atrioventricular canal defect seven, mitral regurgitation two) and five late (atrioventricular canal defect four, mitral stenosis one) deaths, giving actuarial 1- and 5-year survival rates of 52% and 43%, respectively. All 6 patients with tissue valves died; the four with supraannular mitral valve replacement survived. Since 1983 operative mortality has been reduced to 0% (70% confidence limits 0% to 24%). Nine patients required a second mitral valve replacement for prosthetic stenosis 5 to 69 (mean 30) months after the original mitral valve replacement (one operative death). Because of improvements in repair of atrioventricular canal defect in infancy, the need for mitral valve replacement at atrioventricular canal defect repair has decreased. Although valvuloplasty has been advocated for repair of congenital mitral valve disease and is applicable in some infants with mitral regurgitation, mitral valve replacement is frequently unavoidable for congenital mitral disease and can now be accomplished at a low operative risk, even when the prosthesis has to be positioned supraannularly.     

The Puig-Massana-Shiley annuloplasty ring for mitral valve repair: experience in 126 patients

Between October, 1982, and December, 1984, 126 patients at the Texas Heart Institute underwent mitral valve repair for mitral insufficiency utilizing the Puig-Massana-Shiley annuloplasty ring. Resection of a triangular-shaped wedge of the mural leaflet and direct suture repair was done in 42 patients, and anterior leaflet repair was used in 2 patients. There were 79 male (63%) and 47 female (37%) patients with a mean age of 58 years. Preoperatively, 95% were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class III or IV. Concomitant cardiac operations were performed in 82 patients and included coronary artery bypass grafting (49%), aortic valve replacement (16%), repair of ventricular septal defect (2%), resection of left ventricular aneurysm (2%), and repair of atrial septal defect (1%). There were 8 early deaths (6.3%) and 11 late deaths (8.7%). In 44 patients undergoing mitral valve repair as an isolated primary procedure, operative mortality was 2.3%. Murmurs of mitral insufficiency were present in 5 patients postoperatively, but only 1 required early reoperation for mitral valve replacement. Follow-up data have been obtained on 80% of the patients. Postoperative Functional Class was obtained for 63 of the 82 surviving patients and showed 92% of these patients to be in NYHA Functional Class I or II. Mitral valve repair incorporating the Puig-Massana-Shiley annuloplasty ring and valve leaflet revision is a reliable technique that is not technically demanding. We believe these methods should be attempted for correction of pure mitral insufficiency, particularly in circumstances where other cardiac repairs are required.     

Late results of mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation

Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the long-term results of mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation.Methods: Between 1991 and 2000, 301 patients with mitral regurgitation underwent mitral valve repair. There were 167 men and 134 women whose mean age was 56±14 years. The patients were comprised of 7 patients in Carpentier's type I, 277 patients in type II, and 17 patients in type III. Chordal replacement with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures had been prospectively applied to repair the anterior mitral leaflet prolapse. Ring annuloplasty was performed in 230 patients (76%). The follow-up was complete and mean follow-up was 67±33 months, for a cumulative follow-up of 1,624 patient-years.Results: There were 5 hospital deaths and 11 late deaths (2 cardiac and 9 noncardiac). All survivors except those with stroke were in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I or II. At 10 years, the actuarial survival was 90±3%, the freedom from embolism was 86±4%, the freedom from reoperation was 96±2%, and the freedom from valve-related events was 77±4%. At 10 years, the freedom from reoperation in the patients with anterior leaflet prolapse was 90±5%.Conclusions: Mitral valve repair is feasible in most patients with mitral regurgitation and is associated with low mortality and low rates of valve related events. Chordal replacement with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures is effective, safe, and durable at long-term follow-up for patients with anterior leaflet prolapse. Read at the Fifty-fifth Annual Meeting of The Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery, Symposium, Fukuoka, October 9–11, 2002.     

复杂性感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的评价瓣周脓肿、心肌脓肿以及瓣膜严重毁损等复杂性感染性心内膜炎手术治疗的近、远期疗效.方法回顾性分析1988年12月至2002年6月手术治疗的复杂性心内膜炎患者57例临床资料,均为原发性心内膜炎,其中感染侵犯主动脉瓣25例、二尖瓣16例、二尖瓣和主动脉瓣16例.术中发现瓣叶严重毁损32例、主动脉瓣周脓肿19例、主动脉根部环形脓肿导致左心室-主动脉连接破坏4例、二尖瓣后瓣环脓肿11例、心肌脓肿6例、瓣膜赘生物形成55例.脓肿清除后遗留残腔采用间断褥式缝合6例、自体心包片修补19例、牛心包片修补6例、聚四氟乙烯膨体补片修补4例;施行以带瓣管道作升主动脉根部替换和左、右冠状动脉移植术4例,主动脉瓣替换术21例,二尖瓣替换术16例,主动脉瓣及二尖瓣双瓣替换术16例.结果早期死亡6例(11%),死亡主要原因为低心输出量综合征、人造心脏瓣膜性心内膜炎和多脏器功能衰竭.随访4个月至14年,平均(5.93±0.20)年.晚期死亡5例,晚期主要并发症为人造瓣膜性心内膜炎.术后1年心功能恢复NYHA分组Ⅰ～Ⅱ级占96%(44/46);5年再手术免除率为(84±3)%,5年实际生存率为(61±9)%.结论复杂性心内膜炎局部组织破坏较多,应限期手术或急症手术,清创后残腔的处理是影响手术本身能否成功以及术后近、远期效果的关键.     

Surgical repair of mitral valve prolapse through a minimal right vertical infraaxillary thoracotomy

Abstract Background: Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery has been proven a safe and cosmetic alternative to the conventional median sternotomy approach. The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the clinical outcome of mitral valve repair for leaflet prolapse through a minimal right vertical infraaxillary thoracotomy (RVIAT). Methods: From January 2003 to December 2011, 68 patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) due to leaflet prolapse underwent mitral valve repair through a RVIAT approach. There were 37 males and 31 females. The mean age of the patients was 37.8 ± 10.5 years. Of the 68 patients, 45 had posterior leaflet prolapse and 23 had anterior leaflet prolapse. Results: The mean incision length was 7.3 ± 1.8 cm (range 5.5 to 10.0 cm). Mitral valve repair technique included quadrangular resection with or without sliding repair (40 cases), edge to edge technique (six cases), artificial chordae (18 cases), chordal transfer (four cases), and ring annuloplasty was performed in all 68 patients. There was no severe morbidity and operative mortality. Echocardiography after operation demonstrated absence or trivial mitral regurgitation in 52 patients and mild regurgitation in 16 patients. During the 3 months ～8 years' follow-up period, one patient (1.5%) underwent mitral valve replacement through the median sternotomy due to recurrent severe MR. Other patients were in good condition. Conclusion: Surgical repair of mitral valve prolapse can be successfully performed through the RVIAT approach achieving excellent cosmetic and clinical results. (J Card Surg 2012;27:533-537).