复发性化脓性胆管炎的影像诊断

目的 分析复发性化脓性胆管炎(RPC)的影像学表现,以提高对本病的认识.资料与方法 6例中4例经手术、2例穿刺证实.6例术前1或2次超声检查,4例术前CT平扫和增强,2例术后CT平扫,6例术前均作MR平扫和磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP),4例作动态增强扫描.结果 (1)肝内胆管病变:MRI发现肝内胆管不对称性扩张5例, 伴多发性结石3例.B超显示左肝管扩张和结石4例,漏诊右肝管结石1例、误诊1例,但发现肝内胆管积气1例.(2)胆总管病变:MRI发现胆总管多发性结石2例、单发结石1例和泥沙样结石1例.B超未能显示泥沙样结石,1例胆总管下端显示不清.(3)胆囊病变:MRI显示胆囊萎缩2例,胆囊炎1例,无异常1例,胆囊切除2例.B超显示胆囊萎缩2例,胆囊炎2例,胆囊切除2例中1例残端结石.(4)肝实质病变:MRI显示肝左叶萎缩3例,胆汁性肝硬化2例,囊性扩张的肝内胆管边缘肝组织渐进性强化6例共20个病灶:单发3例,多发(4～8个)3例,分别位于肝Ⅱ段2个,Ⅲ段2个,Ⅴ段3个,Ⅶ段6个和Ⅷ段7个;扩张的胆管截面呈圆形19个、长辫子状1个,直径1.5～4.5 cm;信号特点:长T1、长T2信号,并见等T1、短T2信号分隔,典型者呈"梅花瓣状".动态增强动脉期显示囊状扩张的肝内胆管边缘轻度环形强化,门脉期中度强化,环壁增厚,静脉期和延迟期持续强化.结论 (1)肝内外胆管不规则扩张、胆系结石、胆囊炎、胆汁性肝硬化是本病的基础病变.(2)典型的影像学表现:肝内胆管多房囊性扩张并周边渐进性强化为特征,MRI平扫、增强和MRCP对本病的及时诊断具有重要意义,B超可以作为初步筛选手段.     

胆管导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的影像表现和形态分型

目的 探讨胆管导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN-B)的CT、MRI特征及其形态分型.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的IPMN-B患者18例,16例行CT平扫+增强扫描,13例行MR增强扫描,其中11例同时行CT和MR检查.观察分析其影像和病理表现,结合影像及病理表现将IPMN-B分为典型IPMN-B、囊性IPMN-B、无肿块型IPMN-B和侵袭性IPMN-B共4种类型,确定其分型.结果 典型IPMN-B 9例,表现为沿胆管壁的肿瘤灶,肿瘤上游、下游胆管均明显且广泛扩张.囊性IPMN-B5例,胆管呈动脉瘤样扩张,内可见单发或多发瘤灶.无肿块型IPMN-B 2例,胆管呈广泛明显扩张,未见明确肿瘤病灶,胆管壁光滑.侵袭性IPMN-B 2例,病灶所在节段胆管扩张,肿瘤突向胆管腔内使胆管壁呈锯齿状,伴随胆管外异常密度或信号灶.18例均有胆管扩张,其中16例可见扩张胆管内肿瘤病灶,2例未见明确瘤体显示,仅表现为胆管扩张.CT扫描可见肿瘤密度低于肝实质,并高于胆汁和胆管内黏液.MR T2WI可见肿瘤信号高于结石,并低于胆汁和黏液.DWI肿瘤均表现为高信号.增强扫描肿瘤呈轻中度强化,三期增强扫描可见肿瘤的密度或信号均低于肝实质.结论 IPMN-B的CT和MRI表现具有一定特征性并有助于分型.     

肝结核的CT诊断价值

目的:探讨肝结核的CT表现及其诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的8例肝结核的CT表现.结果:肝结核分为以下四种亚型:①肝浆膜型1例,为肝包膜增厚及胞膜下多发低密度病灶.②肝实质型5例,其中又分为粟粒型1例、结节型3例、肝囊肿型1例.粟粒型表现为肝弥漫肿大、密度减低并伴有多发粟粒状低密度灶,增强扫描无明显强化;结节型表现为肝内局灶性低密度区,增强扫描部分有周边性强化,有1例表现为肝内结节状混杂密度灶,特点为病灶中心密度高,周围密度低,增强扫描有轻至中度的环形强化;肝囊肿型表现为肝内单纯囊肿样改变.③混合型1例,同时具有肝浆膜型和结节型(肝实质型)的表现.④结核性胆管炎1例,仅表现胆管内积气、胆管扩张,沿胆管壁走行的钙化、管型结石均未见.结论:粟粒型肝结核、肝囊肿型肝结核及早期结核性胆管炎的CT表现缺乏特征性,除非有结核病史或活检证实,CT诊断价值有限.结节型肝结核和晚期结核性胆管炎的CT表现有一定的特征性,可提示肝结核的诊断.     

动态对比增强MRA对门静脉海绵样变性的诊断

目的:探讨动态对比增强(DCE)MRI和对比增强MRA(DCE-MRA)诊断门静脉海绵样变性(CTPV)的价值及临床意义。方法:28例CTPV患者均行MR动态对比增强及动态对比增强MRA检查,分析所有病例MR动态增强、DCE-MRA表现及特征。结果:CTPV的MRI平扫时可见门静脉闭塞,闭塞门静脉周围可见由侧支静脉形成的团块状、网状异常软组织信号影。动态MR增强动脉期见肝实质灌注异常,门静脉期见异常侧支静脉强化,3DDCE-MRA显示上述异常改变,行DSA检查病例DCE-MRA与DSA表现一致。结论:CTPV具有特征性的MR动态增强、DCE-MRA表现,对CTPV的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值,对临床制定治疗方案具有重要意义。     

门静脉海绵样变性的MRI诊断

目的 探讨门静脉海绵样变性(CTPV)的MR平扫及动态增强、动态对比增强MRA(DCE-MRA)的表现，评价MRI诊断CTPV的价值及临床意义。资料与方法 分析28例CTPV患者的MR平扫、动态增强或DCB-MRA资料，所有病例均经手术病理或DSA证实。结果 CTPV的MRI表现：平扫时可见门静脉闭塞，闭塞门静脉周围可见由侧支静脉形成的团块状、网状异常软组织信号影。动态MR增强动脉期见肝实质灌注异常，门静脉期见异常侧支静脉强化，DCE-MRA显示上述改变更直观。结论 MR平扫及动态增强、DCE-MRA表现对CTPV具有重要的诊断价值。     

Budd-Chiari综合征的CT、MRI诊断价值

目的分析布-加氏综合征的MR、ICT的表现,进一步提高该病的诊断率。方法对经血管造影证实的15例Budd-Chiari综合征的MR、ICT表现进行回顾性分析。结果15例MRI和CT诊断均正确,2例伴多发再生结节定性诊断正确。Budd-Chiari综合征MR、CT有下列征象:(1)下腔静脉和/或肝静脉狭窄或闭塞(15例);(2)肝实质淤血肿胀伴异常密度或信号灶(12例),延迟扫描无明显强化(7例),部分可见肝实质强化逐渐均匀(5例);(3)迂曲增粗及逗点状侧枝循环(10例);(4)无肝炎背景的肝硬化、腹水,伴或不伴脾轻度肿大(4例),伴侧枝循环形成(15例);(5)多发再生结节(2例)。结论MRI、CT对Budd-Chiari综合征的诊断具有重要价值。     

肝结核的螺旋CT动态增强扫描表现及诊断价值

目的 探讨各型肝结核的螺旋CT动态增强扫描表现及其诊断价值. 资料与方法 18例肝结核患者行螺旋CT平扫和动态增强扫描,均经手术病理或穿刺活检证实.结果 (1)浆膜型1例:肝包膜呈梭形增厚低密度影,增强扫描病灶内有分隔样强化,邻近肝实质动脉期明显强化.(2)粟粒型8例(病灶最大径<2.0 cm):表现为肝内散在多发(6例)或单发(2例)粟粒小结节状低密度灶,增强扫描动脉期和静脉期病灶边缘轻度强化.(3)结核瘤型7例(病灶最大径≥2.0 cm):表现为单发或多发较大结节或肿块,4例病灶内有斑点状钙化,1例结核性肝脓肿有环形钙化,增强扫描动脉期病灶边缘轻度强化,周围肝组织明显强化,静脉期病灶边缘明显环形强化或病灶内蜂窝状强化.(4)胆管炎型1例:表现为肝门部肝内胆管扩张,增强扫描胆管壁强化,合并有腹膜后和肠系膜根部肿大淋巴结环形强化.(5)混合型1例:表现为肝包膜及邻近肝组织内低密度灶,同时具有浆膜型和结核瘤型的CT表现.结论 将肝结核分为浆膜型、粟粒型、结核瘤型、胆管炎型和混合型5种类型较合理.螺旋CT动态增强扫描能显示肝结核的一些特征性表现,如病灶"边缘强化征"、"蜂窝征"等,有助于该病的定性诊断.     

自身免疫性肝炎致肝硬化的MRI表现及其临床价值

目的 探讨自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)致肝硬化的MRI诊断特点,以提高其诊断准确性.资料与方法回顾分析经临床确诊为AIH所致肝硬化患者7例,所有患者均按肝功能Child-Pugh分级(A级2例,B级2例,C级3例)并行MR T,WI、T2WI、扩散加权成像(DWI)及动态增强扫描.2例行肝穿刺活检,2例经1～2年随访,分析其MRI表现并与病理、肝功能分级对照.结果 (1)肝脏形态学改变:5例(Child B、C级)全肝萎缩.3例(Child C级)肝脏内可见多个大小不等结节形成,可见结节融合,横径最大约为53 mm,结节信号表现多样,但在DWI上均呈低信号,部分结节增强后可见强化,随访后强化信号消失.(2)继发门静脉高压改变:除1例(Child A级)无明显继发门静脉高压表现,余6例门静脉主干增粗、胃底及脾静脉延长迂曲.7例脾均增大,2例(Child C级)脾内可见含铁血黄素沉积,其中1例伴有脾梗死.3例(Child C级)腹腔积液形成.(3)其他:1例(Child A级)肝内胆管轻度扩张.所有患者均无淋巴结改变.肝穿刺病理结果符合AIH致肝硬化表现.结论 AIH致肝硬化的MRI表现特点为:随着肝功能Child-Pugh分级的加重,肝脏形态学及继发门静脉高压改变随之加重;全肝萎缩,肝左外叶及尾状叶的代偿性增大少见;肝硬化结节形态、信号改变多样,癌变罕见;可伴有肝内胆管扩张;较少伴有淋巴结肿大.MRI可作为AIH致肝硬化的有效检查手段.     

胆管错构瘤的CT及MRI表现

目的:分析胆管错构瘤的CT及MRI特点,以提高对该病的诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析我院经病理证实的肝内胆管错构瘤13例患者的CT或MRI资料,观察病变在CT及MRI图像上的分布、大小、形态及强化特点。结果:CT平扫主要表现为肝内低密度的囊状病变灶,病灶直径小于10mm,CT增强扫描无强化;MRI主要表现为T1WI上病变信号低于肝实质,T2WI病灶显示清楚,呈明显的高信号,增强扫描病灶未见强化,部分病灶出现边缘强化;MRCP显示肝内多发囊性病变与肝内胆管不相通。结论:胆管错构瘤的CT及MRI表现有一定的特征性,有助于对该病的诊断。     

胆管乳头状腺瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨胆管乳头状腺瘤的CT和MRI影像特点,提高其诊断正确率.方法 回顾性分析10例经手术及病理证实的胆管乳头状腺瘤,10例均行CT平扫和增强扫描,其中8例同时行MR平扫和增强扫描检查,对其影像表现进行研究分析.结果 10例中发生于左侧肝内胆管6例,右侧肝内胆管2例,胆总管2例.CT上6例表现为乳头状、颗粒状或结节状肿块,呈低密度或等密度,增强后5例呈轻、中度强化,1例未见明显强化.4例CT未发现肿瘤占位,仅发现肝内胆管扩张伴胆管壁增厚,增强后胆管壁轻度强化.MRI上4例表现为等或稍长T1、稍长T2信号肿块,MRCP中发现胆管腔内类圆形或不规则形充盈缺损; 2例常规扫描中未见明显肿瘤,仅在MRCP上显示不规则充盈缺损; 2例仅表现为胆管壁增厚和胆管扩张.10例均伴有局限性或广泛性胆管扩张.结论胆管乳头状腺瘤CT、MRI表现具有一定特征性,可以做到术前正确诊断.     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.