尿道下裂的术式选择-会阴型和阴茎阴囊型

目的 总结会阴型尿道下裂和阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣一期修复阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂的最佳术式.方法 将2000年1月至2015年1月本院收治的38例尿道下裂患儿,其中阴茎阴囊型25例、会阴型13例,按照尿道下裂的不同类型进行阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣设计、移位和尿道成形修复手术.阴茎包皮岛状最长7.5cm,宽1.5～1.8cm.结果 术后11例发生尿瘘,其中会阴型5例,阴茎阴囊型6例,经修补后痊愈.本组患者术后阴茎外形正常,无扭曲或臃肿、尿道开口达到正常解剖部位,均能正常排尿或有很大改善接近正常.结论 阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣一期修复阴茎阴囊型和会阴型尿道下裂是一种较为安全有效的手术方法.     

阴茎背侧纵形带蒂皮瓣修复小儿尿道下裂38例临床分析

目的 总结阴茎背侧纵形带蒂皮瓣Ⅰ期修复小儿尿道下裂的经验.方法 1998年9月～2008年8月,对38例尿道下裂患儿采用阴茎背侧纵形带蒂皮瓣进行Ⅰ期修复手术,年龄2～12岁,平均（5.2±2.8）岁.其中阴茎型30例,阴茎阴囊型6例,阴囊型2例.结果 38例转移皮瓣全部成活,Ⅰ期治愈32例,治愈率84.2% 出现尿道瘘6例,其中1例为尿道外口狭窄并尿道憩室、吻合口瘘.出现并发症的6例患者中,阴茎型3例（10.00%）,阴茎阴囊型1例（16.67%）.会阴型2例（100.00%）.随访3～6月,阴茎外观满意,尿道开口正位,排尿功能良好.结论 阴茎背侧纵形带蒂皮瓣治疗小儿尿道下裂,手术设计合理,并发症少,术后阴茎外形美观,不臃肿,无扭转,是治疗阴茎型小儿尿道下裂较理想的手术方式.     

阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣一期修复阴茎阴囊型和会阴型尿道下裂

目的探讨阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣一期修复阴茎阴囊型和会阴型尿道下裂的手术方法. 方法 1997 年～2003年,对31例尿道下裂患儿,其中阴茎阴囊型21例、会阴型10例,按照尿道下裂的不同病理解剖,进行阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣设计、移位和尿道成形修复手术.阴茎包皮岛状瓣最长7.5 cm,宽1.5～1.8 cm. 结果修复后阴茎外形良好,不臃肿、无扭曲,尿道开口达到正常解剖部位,排尿正常或接近正常.术后发生尿瘘11例,其中阴茎阴囊型6例、会阴型5例,经修补后痊愈. 结论阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣一期修复阴茎阴囊型和会阴型尿道下裂是一种实用、有效的手术方法.     

未行尿液转流一期修复中段型和后型尿道下裂

目的评价未行尿液转流一期修复中段型和后型尿道下裂的效果,总结手术经验。方法166例中段型和后型尿道下裂患者,其中阴茎型94例,阴茎阴囊型59例,阴囊型13例,平均尿道缺损长度(4.49±1.93)cm。166例患者运用不同术式一期修复尿道下裂,其中横行带蒂包皮瓣法(Duckett术)79例,阴囊纵隔皮瓣法83例,原位阴囊皮管加横行带蒂包皮瓣法(Duckett+Duplay术)4例,所有患者均未行尿液转流。结果166例患者术后随访2~17个月,平均9.1个月。其中,治愈142例(85.5%),术后发生尿瘘15例(9.0%),尿道狭窄5例(3.0%),尿道憩室1例(0.6%),尿道毛石形成2例(1.2%),阴茎残余轻度下曲畸形1例(0.6%)。结论未行尿液转流一期修复型尿道下裂的效果良好,并发症发生率低,可运用于中段型和后型尿道下裂。     

Duckett术式一期治疗尿道下裂的临床研究

目的:探讨横裁包皮带蒂岛状皮瓣尿道成形术(Duckett术)一期治疗尿道下裂的临床效果。方法:回顾性研究我科2003年～2007年采用Duckett术式一期修复尿道下裂患者20例,年龄2～22岁,平均11.3岁,其中阴茎体型3例,阴茎阴囊型17例;另外收集同期行膀胱粘膜代尿道术尿道下裂30例,年龄7～34岁,平均16.1岁,其中阴茎体型10例,阴茎阴囊型16例,会阴型2例,阴囊型2例。膀胱粘膜术全部行膀胱造瘘及留置尿道支架管,Duckett术仅留置尿道支架管。结果:Duckett术:1次手术成功17例(85%),术后尿瘘2例(10%),尿道狭窄1例(5%),2例尿瘘术后6个月修补成功,人均手术次数为1.1次;膀胱粘膜代尿道术:手术均分二期完成,手术成功26例(86.7%),术后尿瘘3例(10%),尿道狭窄1例(3.3%),再次手术修补瘘口治愈,人均手术次数为2.1次。2例尿道狭窄行尿道扩张后基本痊愈。结论:Duckett术一期修复尿道下裂效果良好,手术成功率与其他术式相近、术后并发症低,与膀胱粘膜尿道成形术相比,术后阴茎外观更满意,主要优点是一次完成手术。     

带蒂包皮双面皮瓣治疗小儿尿道下裂

目的 探讨带蒂包皮双面皮瓣尿道成形术(PPDIF)治疗小儿尿道下裂的适用范围和疗效.方法 尿道下裂患儿99例.年龄4个月～12岁,平均5.1岁.按Barcat分型:阴茎体型56例、阴茎阴囊型24例、阴囊型13例、会阴型6例.在Duckett术基础上,保留部分包皮外板皮肤连同成形尿道转移至腹侧,覆盖新生尿道. 结果 99例随访2年.术后发生尿瘘8例(8.1%)、尿道狭窄1例(1.0%)、皮瓣坏死1例(1.0%).手术总成功率89.9%(89/99).其中单纯应用PPDIF修复阴茎体型或阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂成功率91.2%(73/80),联合尿道口周围皮瓣(Duplay)术修复阴囊型或会阴型尿道下裂为84.2%(16/19). 结论 PPDIF适用于大多数小儿尿道下裂的治疗,术后外形美观.重度尿道下裂患儿联合Duplay矫正疗效肯定.     

自制尿道引流管在尿道下裂手术中的应用

目的观察自制尿道引流管在尿道下裂手术中的应用效果,探讨尿道下裂术后合适的引流方法。方法2001年1月至2006年1月,应用自制尿道引流管联合Foley导尿管引流修复74例尿道下裂,其中远端型尿道下裂(阴茎头、冠状沟、阴茎前1/3)22例,中段尿道下裂(阴茎中1/3)28例,近端型尿道下裂(阴茎阴囊交界、阴囊、会阴)10例,行一期尿道重建;尿道下裂术后尿道狭窄5例,尿道下裂术后尿瘘9例,行再次手术。结果74例患者术后获随访4个月~4年,3例拔导尿管后出现尿瘘,3例术后出现尿道狭窄,其中5例均已获二期手术治愈。其余67例一期治愈,无尿瘘和尿道狭窄发生。结论尿道引流管和Foley导尿管联合经尿道引流是一种尿道下裂术后有效、可行的引流方法。     

不同术式一期正位开口修复先天性尿道下裂：附114例报告

总结１１４例不同手术方式一期修复各种类型尿道下裂的经验。本组中阴茎型３０例，阴茎阴囊型６３例，会阴型２１例。阴茎型尿道下裂宜采用包皮内板转移皮瓣尿道成形术。阴囊型根据缺损尿道长短采用阴囊纵带蒂皮瓣术或包皮内板阴囊纵隔联合皮瓣尿道成形术。会阴型采用包皮内板阴囊纵隔联合皮瓣术或膀胱粘膜尿道造成形术本组一期手术的成功率为８４．８％。     

联合口腔黏膜与阴囊皮瓣重建尿道一期修复尿道下裂

目的 总结联含口腔黏膜和阴囊皮瓣重建尿道一期修复尿道下裂的手术方法及临床效果.方法 2002年3月-2007年12月,联合口腔黏膜和阴囊皮瓣重建尿道一期修复尿道下裂42例.年龄1岁6个月～18岁.阴茎阴囊型21例,阴囊型12例,会阴型9例.34例为既往尿道下裂修复手术失败,初次于术至该次手术时间为6～19个月,平均10个月:8例为初次手术.术中阴茎矫直后尿道缺损3～7 cm,平均4.2 cm.将人小为3.0 cm×1.2 cm～7.0 cm×1.5 cm的口腔黏膜移植于阴茎腹侧白膜,与大小为3.0 cm×1.5 cm～7.0 cm×1.5 cm的阴囊皮瓣对合形成完整尿道.结果 38例术后切口期愈合,无并发症发生.4例术后7 d分别于冠状沟及吻合口端出现尿瘘,其中1例尿瘘于术后2个月自行封闭,3例于术后6个月行尿瘘修补术后愈合.42例均获随访,随访时间3～48个月,平均18个月.术后排尿通畅,重建尿道口均位于阴茎头远端,无回缩,外形接近正常尿道外口形态.阴茎阴囊彤态较满意,阴茎完全矫直.口腔形态、功能无异常.结论 联合口腔黏膜和阴囊皮瓣重建尿道组织量充裕,形成尿道狭窄率低,是一期修复尿道下裂的有效方法之一.     

TIP术治疗尿道下裂分析(附27例报告)

目的 评价TIP术(尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术)治疗尿道下裂的体会.方法 先天性尿道下裂患儿27例,年龄1-14岁,平均2岁.冠状沟型3例,阴茎体型16例,阴茎阴囊型5例,阴囊型3例.伴阴茎弯曲22例.均采用TIP术(尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形法),8例阴茎头明显向下弯曲者采用阴茎背侧白膜折叠术纠正.结果 随访6个月至3年,TIP术中20例手术一次成功.结论 TIP术手术简单,疗效好,是一种较好的尿道下裂成形术.     

Distal hypospadias: which repair?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the function, complications and cosmesis after a modified Thiersch-Duplay and Mathieu unstented urethroplasty. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over a 5-year period 381 consecutive patients (not randomized) with distal hypospadias were evaluated. A modified Thiersch-Duplay with dorsal incised urethral plate tubularization (group A) was undertaken in 170 (45%) and a parameatal based flip-flap Mathieu hypospadias repair (group B) in 211 (55%). No urinary diversion or stent was used in any of the 381 patients. RESULTS: In both groups the mean (sd) follow-up was 3.1 (1.4) years. All 381 patients voided spontaneously after surgery and none developed urinary retention needing catheterization. In groups A and B, respectively, the overall late complications were 12 (7.1%) and 32 (15.2%) (P=0.001), with urethrocutaneous fistula in six (3.5%) and 26 (12.3%; P=0.001); secondary surgery for fistula repair was successful in all boys in A and 89% in B. The glanular meatus was a vertical slit in all in group A and 86% in B (P=0.02). In both groups, 71% of the children who are now toilet-trained and standing to void have a good calibre, single and straight urinary stream in a forward direction. CONCLUSIONS: Stenting or urinary diversion is unnecessary after distal hypospadias surgery. The functional results were good in those standing to void. A more natural vertical slit-like glanular meatus was easily created using the modified Thiersch-Duplay urethroplasty, with a lower fistula rate.     

Tubularized-incised urethral plate urethroplasty: is regular dilatation necessary for success?

OBJECTIVES: To report the results of the tubularized-incised urethral plate repair of hypospadias. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients (mean age 8 years, range 6-18) had their hypospadias corrected using the tubularized-incised urethral plate technique. Five patients had glanular, 16 had coronal, and two had recurrent hypospadias after a failed Mathieu repair, and four patients required a second-stage repair. The urethral plate was incised in the midline and tubularized over a suitably sized stent. In patients who required second-stage repair a Thiersch-Duplay neourethra was constructed from the hypospadiac orifice to the corona and the glanular urethra was constructed by tubularization of the incised urethral plate. RESULTS: The functional and cosmetic results were excellent. Of the first seven patients, four had a small fistula associated with meatal stenosis. By regular dilatation of the glanular urethra, all fistulae resolved spontaneously. Dilatation was instituted in all the remaining patients and no fistula or meatal stenosis occurred. Other complications included haematoma formation in one patient, urinary tract infection in another and frequent bladder spasm in two. CONCLUSIONS: The tubularized-incised urethral plate urethroplasty is a simple and versatile technique that provides an excellent cosmetic appearance of the glans. It can be applied not only for the primary repair of distal hypospadias, but also for re-operation of recurrent hypospadias. The technique is ideal for constructing a glanular urethra when the Thiersch-Duplay operation is used to repair posterior hypospadias. Regular urethral dilatation is important in preventing adhesions between both sides of the incised plate, which can result in meatal stenosis and fistula.     

CORONAL CUFF: A PROBLEM SITE FOR BUCCAL MUCOSAL GRAFTS

PURPOSE: Urethral reconstruction of complex hypospadias or epispadias continues to present a significant challenge. Buccal mucosa as an onlay or tube graft is an excellent option when faced with paucity of penile skin. We identified the factors that lead to success or failure in these repairs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During 6 years we placed 34 buccal mucosal grafts in 31 patients to repair complex hypospadias and epispadias. Penile skin was preferentially used for urethroplasty but a free buccal mucosal graft was used for reconstruction due to lack of adequate penile skin. The cases were complicated with an average of 5 previous unsuccessful repairs each in 16. Grafts ranged from 1.5 to 10 cm. and 10 patients required pieced grafts. We created 1 combination, 16 onlay and 17 full tube grafts. Buccal mucosa was used with a Thiersch-Duplay urethroplasty in 8 patients. RESULTS: Anastomotic stricture in 5 patients was proximal in 4. Fistula was a complication in 13 grafts that generally developed on the distal shaft, particularly at the coronal cuff. Of the 7 patients who underwent proximal Thiersch-Duplay urethroplasty with a distal buccal graft 6 had a coronal fistula. Fistula was more common with tube and pieced than with onlay grafts. CONCLUSIONS: Fistula is overwhelmingly the most common complication after buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty. Most fistulas develop at the coronal cuff, and we suspect that skin coverage and potential blood supply have not been good in that region. Anticipation of this problem during stage 1 of hypospadias repair would allow more advantageous distribution of the existing penile skin. Good distal skin coverage cannot be compromised in these complex cases.     

Tubularized incised plate for mid shaft and proximal hypospadias repair

PURPOSE: We report outcomes from tubularized incised plate repair of mid shaft and proximal hypospadias by a single surgeon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chart review of all patients undergoing mid shaft and proximal hypospadias was performed. Those with tubularized incised plate were divided into 2 groups for mid shaft and proximal repairs. Group 1 underwent single layer urethroplasty using chromic catgut suture, while group 2 underwent 2-layer polyglactin subepithelial closure. All patients had a dartos barrier flap, while spongioplasty was also done in group 2 when possible. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients underwent mid shaft repairs, while 35 had more proximal defects. Complication rates for mid shaft repairs did not differ between the 2 groups, and averaged 13%. However, complications in mid shaft vs proximal repairs (37%) were significantly different (p = 0.04). Overall complications (53% vs 25%) and incidence of fistulas (33% vs 10%) decreased in proximal repairs from group 1 to 2. CONCLUSIONS: Tubularized incised plate repair was applicable for all mid shaft hypospadias cases and for those more proximal cases when ventral curvature could be straightened without plate transection and the incised plate was grossly supple. Outcomes were improved using 2-layer subepithelial tubularization of the neourethra. Results of mid shaft vs proximal hypospadias repairs are significantly different and should be reported separately.     

Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty: expanded use in primary and repeat surgery for hypospadias

PURPOSE: We evaluated the impact of tubularized incised plate urethroplasty on primary and repeat hypospadias repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all boys who underwent hypospadias repair at our institution during a recent 3-year period. The level of the hypospadias defect, technique of repair, primary repair versus reoperation, age at surgery and complications were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 520 hypospadias repairs were done from May 1996 through June 1999. We began to perform tubularized incised plate urethroplasty in November 1996. During the ensuing consecutive 32 months 181 primary and 25 repeat hypospadias repairs were done using this technique. Mean patient age at surgery was 22 months (range 3 months to 30 years). During the 6 months immediately before we began to use this method the Mathieu flip-flap procedure was the most commonly performed technique, accounting for 38% of all hypospadias repairs. In contrast, during the last 6 months reviewed tubularized incised plate urethroplasty accounted for 63% of all repairs, including 41 of 65 primary operations (63%) and 4 of 6 reoperations (67%), while no Mathieu procedures were performed. Postoperative followup was 6 to 38 months for tubularized incised plate repair. Overall meatal stenosis and a urethrocutaneous fistula developed in 1 and 14 boys, respectively (7% complication rate). CONCLUSIONS: Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty has become the preferred technique of primary and repeat hypospadias repair at our institution. The technique has few complications as well as proved success and versatility that continues to expand its applicability and popularity.     

Redo hypospadias repair: experience at a tertiary care children's hospital

Objective

Treatment of patients with failed hypospadias repairs can be challenging. Our study aimed to determine the best type of redo repair depending on the location and size of the urethral meatus, the status of the urethral plate and genital skin, the severity of residual chordee and the amount of scar tissue.

Methods

The Institutional Review Board approved our retrospective chart review of patients who had a redo hypospadias repair at our institution over the past 6 years. We recorded the type and number of previous repair(s), the type and number of redo procedure(s),as well as the complications and functional outcomes.

Results

There were 28 patients, aged 1–12 (mean 3.8) years, with failed hypospadias repairs. The initial severity of the hypospadias were as follows: perineal (1), penoscrotal (9), proximal shaft (1), mid-shaft (9), distal shaft (4), coronal (3) and mega-meatus (1). Of all the patients, 24 had 1 repair, 3 had 2 repairs and 1 had 3 repairs. The initial repairs comprised 11 tubularized island flaps (TIFs), 8 Snodgrass tubularized incised plate (TIP) techniques, 5 Mathieu repairs, 1 Meatal Advancement and GlanuloPlasty Incorporated (MAGPI) technique, 1 Pyramid, 1 Arap technique and 1 Thiersch-Duplay repair. Twenty-one of 28 patients had 1 redo operation, 5 had 2 redo operations, 1 had 3 redo operations and 1 had 4 redo operations, for a total of 38 redo operations. Of these, 26 were TIP techniques (68.4%), 3 were Mathieu (7.9%), 3 were TIF repairs (7.9%), 2 were onlay island flaps (5.3%) and 4 were buccal mucosal grafts (10.5%). Follow-up was 1–5 years (mean 3.5 yr). The final locations of urethral meatus included glans (18), corona (6), mid-shaft (3) and penoscrotal (1). Complications after redo surgery comprised 4 urethrocutaneous fistulae, 2 meatal stenoses, 1 urethral stricture and 3 dehiscences. Sixteen patients were followed with yearly uroflow with a Q-mean (mean uroflow) range of 3–14 mL/s (mean 8.1 mL/s).

Conclusion

The majority of hypospadias failures can be salvaged with one operation. The TIP repair is our procedure of choice in most cases. In the setting of a poor urethral plate, TIF or buccal mucosa may be necessary. Complications are not infrequent in redo procedures.In current practice, hypospadias repairs are performed as outpatient procedures with high success rates. Despite the use of optical magnification, fine suture material and modern techniques, we still encounter the occasional failure that requires reoperation. Secondary operations can be challenging because of scarring and the paucity of penile skin. We review our experience with redo hypospadias operations at the Children''s Hospital of Eastern Ontario.     

Complete repair of bladder exstrophy: management of resultant hypospadias

PURPOSE: In our hands complete primary repair (CPR) of bladder exstrophy results in hypospadias in two-thirds of boys. To our knowledge hypospadias repair following CPR of bladder exstrophy has not been reported previously. We report our experience with hypospadias repair following CPR of bladder exstrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 22 boys with bladder exstrophy underwent CPR using Mitchell's technique between November 1998 and January 2002. The procedure resulted in hypospadias in 15 boys (68%). The site of the meatus was distal penile in 5 patients, mid penile in 3 and proximal penile in 7. Hypospadias repair was performed in all 15 boys. The 5 patients with distal penile hypospadias underwent repair consisting of Thiersch-Duplay urethroplasty with dorsal incision in 3 and tubularized vertical island flap with glanular tunnel in 2. All patients with mid (3) or proximal (7) penile hypospadias underwent Mustarde repair with glanular tunnel. RESULTS: Followup ranged from 6 to 18 months (median 13). The Thiersch-Duplay procedure with dorsal incision resulted in fistula/stenosis in 2 of 3 boys. None of the remaining 12 boys with tubularized penile flap urethroplasty (tubularized vertical island flap or Mustarde) with glanular tunneling had development of fistula or stenosis. Complete degloving of the penis and penile skin redistribution were not necessary with the Mustarde technique. CONCLUSIONS: Thiersch-Duplay urethroplasty with dorsal incision does not seem to be a good option for hypospadias repair following CPR of bladder exstrophy. The use of penile skin as a tubularized flap with glanular tunneling seems to yield excellent functional/cosmetic results.     

Staged urethroplasty in the management of complex anterior urethral stricture disease

Staged buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty has emerged as a reliable procedure for difficult anterior urethral strictures not amenable to one-stage graft or flap reconstruction. It has primarily been used for strictures and/or fistulae occurring after previous surgery for hypospadias or those related to lichen sclerosus (LS). Success rates in these patient populations have improved when compared to earlier techniques. However, prior studies have demonstrated a number of patients requiring more than two procedures to complete the reconstruction, as well as some who have been content with their voiding pattern after the first operation and therefore elected to forego second stage tubularization. In this setting, we have reviewed the surgical technique and summarized previously published work. There may be an opportunity to complete more of these repairs in two operations using additional oral mucosa at the time of tubularization.     

A new algorithm for primary hypospadias repair based on tip urethroplasty

Background/Purpose: Decision making in hypospadias repair potentially can be simplified by tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty. The authors report management and outcomes in a consecutive series of primary hypospadias repairs in which the intent was to perform TIP.Methods: Records of 106 consecutive boys undergoing hypospadias repair by 1 surgeon were reviewed. Position of the meatus, degree and management of curvature, technical details of the urethroplasty, and postoperative complications were recorded.Results: Curvature was noted in 24 (23%) of patients, but could be corrected with preservation of the urethral plate in all but 3. In another boy, the incised plate was thought “unhealthy” for tubularization. The remaining 102 underwent TIP, of whom, 75 had distal and 27 had proximal hypospadias. Complications, primarily fistulas, occurred in 14 (13%) of these patients. The other 4 boys underwent staged repairs that utilized TIP for the glanular urethra at the second operation.Conclusions: The authors found decision making was no longer determined by meatal location as in the past, but by severity of curvature and appearance of the incised urethral plate. Because severe curvature requiring plate transection or an “unhealthy” incised plate are uncommonly encountered, TIP repair can be performed for most hypospadias operations.     

Tubularized incised-plate urethroplasty for secondary hypospadias surgery

PURPOSE: Reoperation for failed hypospadias has been considered to be seriously bothersome because abundant penile skin does not tend to remain for urethroplasty or for penile shaft skin coverage. In this study, the tubularization of incised urethral plate was employed for those who had no excessive penile skin after failure of hypospadias repair. METHODS: Five patients with hypospadias underwent tubularized incised-plate urethroplasty as salvage surgery. The surgical techniques necessary for the performance of the reoperation were not different from those for the primary repair. The urethral plate was incised sufficiently deeply in its midline from the tip of the glans to the regressed meatus. The incised urethral plate was tubularized without tension over a catheter of an appropriate size. RESULTS: Four of those who underwent secondary tubularized incised-plate urethroplasty were successfully repaired without complications. A urethrocutaneous fistula occurred at the corona in the remaining patient. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of preputial skin in reoperative cases makes tubularized incised-plate urethroplasty the ideal option, although the series was small and postoperative duration is still short. In addition, this procedure can give excellent functional and cosmetic results even in patients who require revisional hypospadias surgery.