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目的提高对以消化道症状为首发表现的儿童系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的认识,以加强早期诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析北京儿童医院消化病房2002年1月至2010年12月年收治的4例以消化道症状为首发表现的SLE患儿临床表现、影像学资料、相关实验室检查及治疗结果。结果 (1)男女比为1∶1,学龄期发病率高;(2)血液系统和补体多表现异常;(3)最大特点是消化道和膀胱泌尿系统内脏平滑肌同时受累,特征性表现为肠道炎症性浸润或假性肠梗阻、腹腔积液(浆膜炎),同时伴尿蛋白阳性、肾盂输尿管扩张,内壁粗糙、增厚,且为内脏损害的首发表现,其他系统受累表现轻;(4)自身抗体阳性检出率高;(5)所有患儿对激素及免疫抑制剂反应良好。结论以消化道症状为首发症状的SLE较少见,因症状不典型多容易漏诊和误诊。因此,以消化道症状起病且为主要表现而就诊患儿,如检查发现同时伴有输尿管扩张、尿蛋白等泌尿系改变者,应高度警惕SLE的可能,应及时行自身抗体、补体检查,以利早期诊治SLE,改善预后。     

儿童起病的混合性结缔组织病1例报告并文献复习

目的探讨儿童起病的混合性结缔组织病(MCTD)的临床特点及治疗方法,提高对该病的认识水平。方法以1例首发为雷诺现象的MCTD为例,对儿童起病MCTD的诊断和治疗进行分析概述。结果MCTD具多种结缔组织病临床特点重叠表现,儿童以雷诺现象起病者较成人少见,其首发症状变化多样,缺乏特异性表现,雷诺现象可持续在MCTD整个病程中,并与疾病演变相关,高滴度抗核糖核蛋白(抗U1RNP)抗体阳性是诊断MCTD必备条件之一。MCTD的预后个体差异很大,根据病程、受累脏器程度及进展速度选择个体化治疗方案。结论应重视儿童起病MCTD的早期诊断,及时治疗,减少误诊,加强随访。     

儿童系统性红斑狼疮并发假性肠梗阻8例临床研究

目的 探讨儿童系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)并假性肠梗阻(IPO)的临床特点及诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析中国医学科学院北京协和医院2010年1 月至2018年12月收治的16岁以下8例SLE并IPO患儿的临床资料,总结其发病特点、诊治方案和预后.结果 共8例纳入研究,其中男2例,女6例,发病年龄(13.6±1.7)岁(11～...     

抗核小体抗体在儿童系统性红斑狼疮中的诊断意义

目的 了解儿童系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)临床特点,探讨抗核小体抗体(anti-nucleosome antibodies,AnuA)与SLE临床特点的关系.方法 回顾性分析2011年4月至2017年4月在江西省儿童医院住院确诊的SLE患儿病历资料.结果 58例SLE患儿中,29例AnuA阳性与29例AnuA阴性SLE患儿比较,两组间水肿、贫血、肾功能、狼疮性肾炎的病理活动性指数、慢性指数、抗dsDNA抗体阳性率、抗组蛋白抗体阳性率、抗心磷脂抗体阳性率和补体C4下降程度等指标差异均有统计学意义.AnuA阳性SLE患儿肾脏损害程度更重,且病理损害活动度更高,抗dsDNA抗体阳性率、抗组蛋白抗体阳性率、抗心磷脂抗体阳性率更高,补体C4下降程度和贫血程度更重.结论 AnuA对SLE的诊断具有一定指导意义,并可作为SLE患儿进行肾活检的参考指标之一.     

儿童系统性红斑狼疮的消化系统表现及急重症分析

目的 分析系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患儿消化系统受累的临床表现,尤其是急重症表现,以提高儿科临床医师对SLE消化系统表现,尤其是急重症的认识.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年3月在北京协和医院明确诊断为SLE,且诊断年龄在16岁以下共计119例患儿的临床资料,对SLE消化系统受累临床资料进行分析.SLE诊断均符合1997年美国风湿病协会关于SLE的诊断标准,并无硬皮病和重叠综合征的临床表现.结果 SLE消化系统受累病例共24例,发生率为20.2％,平均年龄(13.5±2.0)岁(6～15岁).男∶女为1.0∶2.4,分别占同时期诊断SLE同性别患儿的26.9％和18.3％.其中有4例患儿消化系统表现为SLE的首发症状(4/24例,16.6％).SLE患儿消化系统受累最常见的表现为腹痛(13/24例,54.2％),其次为恶心呕吐(11/24例,45.8％)、腹胀(4/24例,16.6％)、腹泻(3/24例,12.5％).另有8例无明显症状,辅助检查发现肝功能异常,但无病毒感染等其他导致肝功能异常的证据.消化系统急重症表现病例共9例,6例为假性肠梗阻(2例同时合并双肾盂、输尿管扩张);1例诊断为腹膜炎,行手术剖腹探查;1例表现为蛋白丢失性肠病;1例为急性胰腺炎.所有病例经足量激素及环磷酰胺治疗后病情好转.消化系统受累的SLE患儿合并肾盂输尿管扩张的比例高,清蛋白水平差异有统计学意义,而在是否有红细胞沉降率增快、肾脏、血液系统、中枢神经系统受累差异无统计学意义.结论 目前对儿童SLE消化系统受累认识不足,低估了SLE消化系统受累的概率及严重程度.部分患儿可以消化系统受累为首发症状,假性肠梗阻、蛋白丢失性肠病、急性胰腺炎是较为少见,但需提高认识的SLE累及消化系统重症表现.及早诊断,联合肾上腺皮质激素和环磷酰胺治疗对于消化系统急重症治疗非常重要.     

Graves病合并系统性红斑狼疮1例分析

目的探讨儿童Graves病合并系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的临床特点及诊断。方法回顾性分析1例Graves病合并SLE患儿的临床资料。结果 13岁女孩,以发热、抽搐为首发症状,经甲状腺功能、头颅磁共振、自身免疫性抗体、肾脏及甲状腺穿刺检查后诊断为SLE合并肾炎、Graves病、脑梗死、脑白质脱髓鞘。结论长期发热、抽搐患儿除了常见疾病外应考虑到自身免疫性疾病,确诊自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的患儿应查自身抗体排除SLE。     

儿童原发性干燥综合征的临床特点

目的 探讨儿童发病的原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjogren’s Sydrome,pSS)临床特点,了解其与成人发病的pSS之间的差异。方法 回顾性分析我院门诊及住院诊治的pSS 421例,其中儿童发病者21例,成人发病者400例。结果 儿童组男2例,女19例,成人组男35例,女365例,两组间男女比例相似;成人发病者首发症状表现多样化,常见口眼干燥、关节疼痛、腮腺肿大、肾小管酸中毒等,儿童发病者首发症状以肾小管酸中毒、反复腮腺肿大、皮肤损害多见,未见肺部及神经系统明显受累;在整个发病过程中,儿童pSS肾小管酸中毒(52.4％)、皮疹紫癜(47.6％)均高于成人,而成人pSS的眼干燥(61.0％)和肺部病变(25.2%)则高于儿童(P均<0.01);实验室检查方面,儿童pSS类风湿因子(rheumatoid factor,RF)及γ球蛋白阳性率为100%,均高于成人pSS(p相似文献   

儿童系统性红斑狼疮细胞膜DNA抗体间接免疫荧光检测研究

目的 间接免疫荧光法检测抗细胞膜DNA抗体(抗mDNA抗体),探讨抗mDNA抗体对儿童系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的诊断价值.并与儿童SLE诊断的金指标抗dsDNA抗体和抗Sm抗体进行比较.方法 选取44例SLE患儿,30例非SLE自身免疫性疾病患儿作为对照组(包括幼年类风湿关节炎9例、幼年脊柱关节病13例、幼年皮肌炎4例、幼年干燥综合征2例、幼年血管炎2例).分别以早幼粒白血病细胞系HL60细胞和马疫锥虫为底物,用间接免疫荧光法检测抗mDNA抗体及抗dsDNA抗体;联合应用免疫双扩散法和免疫印迹法检测抗Sm抗体.结果 44例SLE患儿中34例抗mDNA抗体阳性,30例疾病对照组中抗mDNA抗体阳性者6例.抗mDNA抗体对儿童SLE诊断的敏感度和特异度分别为77.27%和80.00%,阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为85.00%和70.59%.抗mDNA抗体、抗dsDNA抗体和抗Sm抗体对儿童SLE诊断的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.786、0.716和0.557,以抗mDNA抗体最高.在抗dsDNA抗体和抗Sm抗体阴性的儿童SLE患者中抗mDNA抗体的阳性率分别为68.00%(17/25)、79.49%(31/39).结论 抗mDNA抗体是一种诊断儿童SLE新的自身抗体,具有较高的敏感度和特异度,有助于抗dsDNA抗体和抗Sm抗体阴性的儿童SLE的诊断,检测方便,技术成熟,有一定的临床应用价值.     

儿童系统性红斑狼疮合并抗磷脂综合征及脑血栓1 例报告并文献复习

目的探讨儿童系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)合并抗磷脂综合征(APS)及脑血栓的临床特点。方法回顾1例SLE合并APS及脑血栓患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果患儿,男,12岁。病初反复发热、神志不清、面颊部皮疹,有贫血及血小板减少,抗核抗体(ANA)及抗心磷脂抗体(aCL)阳性,磁共振成像示脑部多发梗死灶。明确诊断为SLE合并APS及脑血栓。使用甲基泼尼松龙、环磷酰胺、华法林、美罗培南、阿昔洛韦等治疗,同时给予丙种球蛋白静滴。结论SLE合并APS及脑血栓患儿病情较重,早期正确诊断、合理治疗可有效改善预后。     

汕头地区10年间儿童风湿病临床分析

目的　了解汕头地区儿童风湿病 (JRD)的流行情况及临床特点 ,提高诊断治疗水平。方法　收集1991～ 2 0 0 0年 10年间诊治的病历完整的JRD临床资料 ,进行回顾分析。结果　 10年间共诊治JRD 380例 ,以过敏性紫癜 (HSP)、儿童强直性脊柱炎 (JAS)、风湿热 (RF)、幼年特发性关节炎 (JIA)、儿童系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE)和皮肤粘膜淋巴结综合征 (MCLS)较为多见 ;HSP和SLE病例数有上升趋势 ,而RF则呈下降趋势。抗核抗体(ANA)、抗双链DNA抗体 (dsDNA)对SLE的诊断有较高特异性 ;而抗链球菌溶血素O抗体 (ASO)、类风湿因子可在多种疾病出现。JAS、JIA和SLE确诊时平均病程长达 1～ 8年。结论　HSP、JAS、RF、JIA、SLE和MCLS为汕头地区常见JRD。 10年来JRD病谱处于变化之中。儿童类风湿性关节炎 (JRA)一词应予摒弃。JAS、JIA和SLE等疾病尚未得到儿科临床医生的充分重视 ,应提高认识 ,加强早期诊断研究。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.