枸橼酸克罗米酚治疗少弱精子症不育578例临床报告

本研究对少弱精子症患者５７８例采用每日口有克罗米酚５０ｍｇ作治疗观察，并以精液参数和其它临床资料与上述患者相当的志愿者３０例，服安慰剂作为对照，每３个月为一疗程，用药前后检查精液及ＦＳＨ，ＬＨ，Ｔ并于每一疗程后随访。结果服克罗米酚组妊娠２１７例，妊娠率３７．５％精子密度及活动力改善２４２例，改善率４１．９％，对照组妊娠２例，妊娠率６．７％，精子参数改善５例，改善率１６．７％，经统计学处理，两组间妊     

男性精液质量与宫腔内人工受精妊娠率的关系

目的：探讨处理前后的精液特征与宫腔内人工受精（IUI）妊娠率的影响。方法：收集分析819例不育不孕患者共1060个IUI治疗周期,检测记录每个周期精液处理前后的各精液参数。根据妊娠结果分成妊娠组与非妊娠组;根据处理后精子活动总数（PTMS）分成PTMS〈5×10^6,5×10^6～〈10×10^6,10×10^6～〈20×10^6,20×10^6～〈30×10^6,≥30×10^6五组;根据处理前精子密度分为3组：少精子症、弱精子症、正常精子组。分别比较各组间的各精液参数及妊娠率。结果：1060个IUI周期共获得156例妊娠,总周期妊娠率是14．7％,总病例妊娠率是19．0％。妊娠组与非妊娠组相比,各精液参数无明显差别;上述PTMS各组妊娠率依次为2．4％、9．2％、16．4％、16．7％和18．9％,各组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。少精子症、弱精子症、正常精子组妊娠率分别是7．0％、14．3％和18.1％,后两组明显高于第1组（P〈0．05）。结论：当PTMS≥10×10^6以上时,IUI治疗才有可能获得较为理想的妊娠率;少精子症患者IUI妊娠率明显低于弱精子症、正常精子组的患者。     

克罗米芬联合己酮可可碱治疗特发性少、弱精子症的临床研究

目的探讨克罗米芬＋己酮可可碱治疗特发性少、弱精子症的临床效果。方法选取门诊少、弱精子症患者300例,随机分为两组,A组（n=156）口服克罗米芬（50mg,q.d）＋己酮可可碱缓释片（400mg,b.i.d）＋VitE（100mg,t.i.d）;B组（n=144）只服用VitE（100mg,t.i.d）,共3个月,比较两组间各自用药前后的精液参数。进一步将A组患者分成少精子症（n=69）和弱精子症（n=87）2组,比较两者联合药物治疗前后精液各参数。结果（1）联合药物治疗3个月后,A组的精子活率、a级活动精子率、（a＋b）级活动精子率等参数明显增加（P〈0.05）,但精液量、精子密度和活动精子总数无明显差异（P〉0.05）;B组精液各参数没有明显变化。（2）少精子症组联合药物治疗后精子密度、精子活率、活动精子总数明显提高（P〈0.05）;而弱精子症组仅精子活率明显提高（P〈0.05）,精子密度和活动精子总数没有明显变化（P〉0.05）。结论克罗米芬＋已酮可可碱能显著提高特发性少精子症患者的精子密度、精子活率、活动精子总数,以及特发性弱精子症的精子活率。     

用射出精子,附睾精子,睾丸精子显策授精治疗男性不育

目的 回顾分析３种不同来源精子显微授精治疗男性不育４００个周期。方法 分别用射出精子、附睾精子或睾丸精了孙射行卵胞浆内单精了单精了辅助授精（ＩＣＳＩ）治疗各种男性少弱畸形精子症及无精子不育患者。结果 射出精子组２７７个治疗周期,授精率６９．６％,临床妊娠率２８．９％。附睾精子组１０４个ＩＣＳＩ周期,授精率６５．９％。临床妊娠率３７．５％。睾丸精子组１９个ＩＣＳＩ周期,授精率６５．７％。临床妊娠７经     

采用抽吸取精法结合单精子注射治疗无精子症110例临床报告

目的分析采用抽吸取精法（PESA或TESA）获得精子进行单精予注射（ICSI）治疗无精子症的妊娠结局。方法经皮附睾精子抽吸术（PESA）获得附睾精子，经皮睾丸精子抽吸术（TESA）获得睾丸精子，女方进行常规超排卯。两种取精方法获得的精子进行ICSI，比较其受精率、种植率和临床妊娠率。结果110例无精子症患者中有83例（75．5％）经PESA获得精子，26例（23．6％）通过TESA获得精子。PESA和TESA组的受精率、种植率和临床妊娠率分别为72．60％和74．81％，23．89％和21．54％，41．22％和40．35％。两组的受精率、种植率和临床妊娠率比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。在TESA组有1例取精失败而放弃治疗。结论采用抽吸取精方法（PESA或TESA）获得精子进行ICSI是治疗男性无精子症的有效方法。     

睾丸精子行ICSI改善严重畸形精子症患者治疗结局5例报告

目的:探讨利用睾丸精子行卵细胞胞质内单精子注射(ICSI)治疗严重畸形精子症患者(精液或附睾液精子畸形率≥99%)的可行性,改善辅助生殖技术治疗结局。方法:回顾性分析5例严重畸形症精子患者(附睾液精子,n=4;精液精子,n=1)利用不同来源精子行ICSI治疗的临床资料,并比较睾丸精子组与非睾丸精子组(附睾液精子和精液精子)之间受精率、卵裂率、优质胚胎率、妊娠率以及种植率的差异。结果:5例严重畸形精子症患者取精液精子或附睾液精子行ICSI治疗后无1例妊娠,而改用睾丸精子行ICSI治疗后4例成功妊娠。睾丸精子组与非睾丸精子组之间受精率、卵裂率及优质胚胎率均无显著差异(P>0.05),而睾丸精子组妊娠率和种植率均显著高于非睾丸精子组(P<0.01)。结论:对应用附睾精子或精液精子行ICSI治疗失败的严重畸形精子症患者改用睾丸精子治疗可有效改善其治疗结局。     

精液细胞学与睾丸活检及针吸细胞学的相关性研究

为了寻找无创伤性判断睾丸生精功能及精道梗阻的检查方法，对６５例无精症患者随机分为两组：第一组６１例无精子症患者，进行精液细胞学与睾丸针吸细胞学检查；第二组１５例正常生育男性及４例无精子症患者，进行睾丸活检与精液细胞学检查。结果：第一组５３例（占８７％），精液中检出生精细胞，检出病例二者的生精细胞发育水平总符合率９１％，经χ２检验两者呈显著相关（Ｐ＜０．００５）；８例（占１３％）精液细胞学检查未见生精细胞的病例，考虑梗阻性无精子症，其中７例经精液生化指标证实，５例睾丸针吸细胞检查见精子。第二组两种方法所反映的生精细胞发育水平完全一致。说明精液细胞学检查既能很好反映睾丸生精状况，又能反映精道梗阻情况，是一种比较理想的判断睾丸生精功能及精道梗阻的无创伤性检查方法。     

小剂量雄激素治疗少弱精子症的临床研究

目的观察小剂量雄激素治疗男性少弱精子症的疗效。方法从1999年10月至2004年3月间,对378例男性不育患者中的少弱精子症人群,随机分2组治疗,A组(n=189)采用硫酸锌片50mg每日3次,维生素E胶丸100mg每日2次；B组(n=189)在A组治疗药物的基础上加用安特尔40mg,每日2次；疗程2个半月。结果A组87例、B组137例完成随访且进行复查,B组血睾酮提高、精液检查参数改善、配偶妊娠率均明显高于A组,差异有显著性意义(P＜0．01)。结论小剂量雄激素补充治疗可显著改善少弱精子症患者的精液量、精子密度、活动力及存活率,提高果糖浓度,从而提高患者配偶的妊娠率。     

少精子症患者精液沉淀物乳酸脱氢酶同工酶凝胶电泳分析

本文运用乳酸脱氢酶同工酶聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析法，分析比较了少精子症、弱精子症、精液正常者的精液沉淀物乳酸脱氢酶同工酶百分比活性。结果显示：少精子症患者的ＬＤＨ－Ｃ４同工酶百分比活性４６％显著低于精液正常者的７１％（Ｐ＜０．０１）及弱精子症患者的６７％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；相对的，少精子症的ＬＤＨ５同工酶百分比活性１６％显著高于精液正常者的４．８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和弱精子症的６．３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。本文认为少精子症者精液沉淀物ＬＤＨＣ４活性降低与其精液中的各类细胞诸如未成熟的精子细胞、白细胞及一些微生物的相对增加有关     

左旋肉碱加五子衍宗丸治疗少弱精子症

目的:比较左旋肉碱加五子衍宗丸、单用左旋肉碱及五子衍宗丸治疗少弱精子症的临床效果。方法:将少弱精子症患者90例随机分为3组,A组口服左旋肉碱加五子衍宗丸和维生素E治疗,B组口服左旋肉碱加维生素E治疗,C组口服五子衍宗丸和维生素E治疗,共3个月。于治疗前和治疗结束后进行计算机辅助分析精液样本,并随访其配偶妊娠率。结果:3组患者精液各项参数均有不同程度的改善,A组与B、C两组比较,精液各项参数有统计学意义(P0.05),且A组妊娠率高于B、C两组(P0.05)。结论:应用左旋肉碱加五子衍宗丸能显著改善少弱精子症患者的精液质量,是治疗男性不育症的一种有效的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.