65岁以上老年患者心脏瓣膜手术中的体外循环管理

目的总结65岁以上老年人心脏瓣膜置换术的体外循环管理方法。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2008年12月老年人心脏瓣膜置换术232例患者的临床资料,着重分析体外循环方法和手术方法。全部患者采用气管插管、静吸复合麻醉,中度血液稀释、中度低温、中高流量,冷含血停跳液进行心肌保护,全部应用超滤器。结果体外循环时间（87.2±32.7）min;主动脉阻断时间（58.3±27.5）min。转流中平均动脉压维持在60～90mm Hg（1mm Hg=0.133kPa）,超滤量为800～8300mL,心脏自动复跳率86%,本组早期死亡10例（4.3%）。结论体外循环中加强心肌保护;控制血液稀释度,使用血液超滤技术维持机体内环境的稳定;有效的组织灌注以及良好的保护等综合性措施,有助于脑、肾、肺等重要脏器的保护,有利于提高老年患者心脏瓣膜置换术中体外循环的质量,并确保手术安全。     

小儿体外循环2238例分析

目的：总结和分析体外循环有关参数对小儿心脏直视手术安全性的影响。方法：用ＳＰＳＳ统计程序对手术年龄、血液稀释、体外循环和主动脉阻断时间、平均动脉压、灌注流量、心脏复跳及手术死亡情况进行统计学处理，根据不同条件分别进行比较和分析。结果：手术年龄降低和血液稀释加深并未引起死亡率上升；体外循环和主动脉阻断具有相对的安全时限；在保证相对足够流量时，循环中的低血压不影响心脏复苏和手术预后；年龄、降温深度和主动脉阻断时间与心脏复跳有关；手术死亡的主要原因是低心输出量综合征。结论：血液稀释至血红蛋白７０ｇ／Ｌ、降温至２４～３０℃、适当选用４０～２００ｍｌ·ｋｇ－１／ｍｉｎ的灌注流量及冷晶体停搏液顺灌心肌保护法，可安全应用于体外循环时间１１０分和主动脉阻断时间８０分内的心脏直视手术。     

儿童心脏瓣膜置换术的体外循环管理

目的 总结15岁以下儿童心脏瓣膜置换术中体外循环的特点，探讨最佳的体外循环方法。方法 回顾性分析2006年01月- 2016年01月上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院15岁以下61例行瓣膜置换患者临床资料。其中男39例，女性22例，年龄1-15岁。病因中先天性瓣膜发育异常36例，感染性心内膜炎9例，先天性心脏病术后13例，瓣膜成形术后3例；所有手术均使用进口中空纤维膜式氧合器。浅或中低温中高流量灌注。采用4:1冷氧合血灌注进行心肌保护。全组病人术中使用常规超滤，部分患儿术后使用改良超滤。结果 患者CPB时间（115.5±57.1） min，主动脉阻断时间（65.5±39.4） min。术中灌注压30-60mmHg，转流过程平稳，尿量满意，心脏自动复跳率96%，全部顺利脱机。全组院内死亡1例（1.6%），术后出现并发症6例(9.8% )。结论 儿童瓣膜置换手术的体外循环，合理的预充和血液稀释，良好的心肌保护，充分的组织灌注；超滤技术的应用等是降低儿童瓣膜手术后并发症，提高体外循环质量的重要方法。     

65岁以上老年患者心脏瓣膜手术中的体外循环管理

【目的】 总结65岁以上老年人心脏瓣膜置换术的体外循环管理方法。【方法】 2006年1月至2008年12月,开展了232例老年人心脏瓣膜置换术,其中男133例,女99例,年龄65～78岁(69.6±9.2)岁;体重39～81Kg（51±8.2）Kg。手术方式包括二尖瓣置换术(MVR)73例,主动脉瓣置换术(AVR)51例,三尖瓣置换( TVR)3例,二尖瓣及主动脉双瓣置换术(DVR)93例,再次二尖瓣置换术(Re-MVR)7例,再次主动脉瓣置换术(Re-AVR)3例,主动脉带瓣人造血管置换2例,同期行二尖瓣整形(MVP)21例,三尖瓣整形( TVP)66例,冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)12例。全部采用气管插管、静吸复合麻醉,中度血液稀释、中度低温、中高流量,冷含血停跳液进行心肌保护,全部应用超滤器。【结果】：体外循环时间46～315min(87.2±32.7)min;主动脉阻断时间25～168min(58.3±27.5)min。转流中平均动脉压维持在6O～90mm Hg,超滤量为800～8300ml,心脏自动复跳率86％,本组早期死亡10例(4.3％)。【结论】 体外循环中加强心肌保护;控制血液稀释度,使用血液超滤技术维持机体内环境的稳定;有效的组织灌注以及良好的保护等综合性措施,有助于脑、肾、肺等重要脏器的保护,有利于提高老年患者心脏瓣膜置换术中体外循环的质量,并确保手术安全     

老年心脏瓣膜病患者心脏手术过程中的体外循环管理

目的探讨老年心脏瓣膜病患者心脏手术体外循环安全及有效的管理方法。方法 2009年1月至2012年8月在体外循环下对148例60岁以上老年患者行心脏瓣膜手术,体外循环预充总量1 600～1 800 ml,维持红细胞压积(HCT)24%～30%,晶胶比0.5～0.61。全部患者均用Dideco EVO或Terumo-18膜肺,体外循环采用常温或中浅低温高流量灌注方法,4∶1冷氧合血灌注进行心肌保护。术中监测血液稀释度、平均动脉压、电解质和血糖等变化,定时进行血气分析,调节酸碱平衡,给予常规超滤与零平衡超滤,记录尿量。结果体外循环时间为31～176 min,平均(94.1±32.5)min;升主动脉阻断时间为24～130 min,平均(65.9±27.2)min;辅助时间7～75 min,平均(23.2±13.1)min;自动复跳率79%,145例血流动力学平稳,顺利停机;3例经二次辅助循环10～20 min顺利停机。4例患者在ECC停机后置入主动脉内球囊反搏泵(IABP)。术后死亡5例,死亡率为3.4%,其中4例死于严重低心排,1例死于感染后多器官衰竭。结论良好的膜式氧合器,合理的血液稀释,有效的组织灌注以及对各脏器的保护等综合性措施相结合,有利于提高老年心脏瓣膜病患者心脏手术中体外循环的质量,确保术中安全,减少术后并发症的发生。     

251例心脏手术体外循环临床分析

目的：总结251例心脏直视手术体外循环(CPB)管理体会。方法：常规CPB方法，大部份病例采用中度低温、中度血液稀释。结果：251例CPB总时间13-588分钟，升主动脉阻断8-193分钟，死亡8例。结论：选择优质的CPB设备，合理的血液稀释，根据手术中情况，以高、中、低流量交替灌注，并做好心肌保护，复跳后平稳过渡停止CPB等是成功的关键。     

重症心脏瓣膜置换术的体外循环管理

目的探讨重症瓣膜疾病瓣膜置换术的体外循环方法及效果。方法均采用中低温26℃～31℃体外循环方法。选用膜式氧合器,大剂量胶体预充,冷或温氧合血持续灌注。结果本组体外循环时间为45～223min,心肌阻断时间为21～151min,心脏自动复跳率为85%,死亡2例,约占4%,余康复出院,随访生活质量满意。结论良好的体外循环管理可提高重症心脏瓣膜疾病救治率。     

婴儿法洛四联症体外循环管理探讨

目的 探讨婴儿法洛四联症体外循环(CPB)管理方法。方法 回顾我院自1997年7月开展婴儿法洛四联症心脏手术至2001年9月共28例的CPB情况,包括血液稀释、灌注方式、心脑肺保护等。结果 CPB时间50～406min,平均(112±66)min,主动脉阻断时间31～94min,平均(55±16)min。主动脉开放后28例心脏均自动复跳,自动复跳率100％。26例在多巴胺、肾上腺素支持下撤离CPB,2例经长时间辅助不能脱离CPB。12例采用深低温低流量CPB。CPB中尿量0～450mL,平均(69±25)mL。7例采用超滤的患儿超出液体120～500mL,平均(247±105)mL。停机及术毕HCT分别为0.27和0.33。术后主要并发症为低心排综合征(9)、神经系统损伤(5)、呼衰(3)。结论 婴儿TOF手术的CPB管理是手术成功的一个重要的方面,我们认为:应采用适中的血液稀释和胶体液预充、选择与外科手术相配合的灌注方式、注重术中心脑肺保护。     

14例原位心脏移植体外循环管理及供心保护措施

目的:总结14例同种异体原位心脏移植的体外循环管理经验。方法:体外循环采用中度低温、轻度血液稀释和高流量灌注法,有效的保护了心、肺及肾等重要脏器。供心保护:经主动脉根部灌注4℃改良St.Thomas液500 mL使供心快速停搏,取下后用4℃UW液1000 mL灌注,并置于UW液中低温保存。结果:热缺血时间(5.7±1.6)min,冷缺血时间(183.2±57.2)min,体外循环时间(148.4±80.1)min,其中12例患者主动脉开放后自动复跳,2例电除颤后复跳。术后14例患者顺利脱离体外循环机,围手术期病死率为零。康复出院11例,后期死亡3例。结论:有效的心肌保护措施,完善体外循环管理,良好重要脏器保护是成功脱离体外循环的关键。     

9例犬供心超长时间保存后行原位心脏移植体外循环的管理

目的总结9例犬供心超长时间保存后行原位心脏移植的体外循环管理经验。方法供体心脏以冷UW液（3例）或自制保存液（6例）灌注停跳、摘取心脏后保存24 h;在全麻下以标准法或双腔静脉法术式行犬原位心脏植入,体外循环均采用浅低温中流量、中度血液稀释法,以移植心脱离体外循环后,血流动力学稳定（窦性心律、心率≥90次/m in、平均动脉压≥90 mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）4 h为手术成功。结果全组体外循环过程顺利,体外循环总时间（180±30）min,升主动脉阻断时间为（130±20）min,后并行时间（60±10）min,供心热缺血时间030 s、冷缺血时间（24±0.5）h。主动脉开放后,3例移植心自动复跳,4例移植心电击复跳,移植心复跳受者手术均成功。死亡2例为实验早期手术操作技巧不当所致。结论除良好的供心保护外,良好的体外循环管理亦是犬心脏移植成功的关键。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.