Recurrence of a giant cell tumor of the hand after 42 years: case report

Giant cell tumors of bone in the hand are rare. We present a case of a recurrent giant cell tumor in the metacarpal 42 years after intralesional excision and autogenous bone grafting. The possibility of recurrent disease should be considered in the evaluation of any patient presenting with new onset of pain at the site of a previously addressed giant cell tumor. Management of these recurrent lesions should include wide excision with digit salvaging procedures or ray amputation owing to the high rates of treatment failures seen with marginal excision.     

Giant cell tumor of soft tissues: A case report of extra-articular diffuse-type giant cell tumor of the quadriceps

IntroductionGiant cell tumors of soft tissue (GCTs) are a relatively rare entity. It is a distinct but uncommon group of neoplasms morphologically identical to osseous giant cell tumor. The diffuse type of extra-articular GCT arising within muscle is a rare benign soft tissue tumor with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation.Presentation of caseThis article reports a rare case of a 44-year-old woman with a mass arising from her right thigh. MRI showed only a few areas of low T2 signal in a mass that was hyper intense to muscle. Histopathology of this lesion located within the right quadriceps muscle revealed admixture of multinucleated giant cell with mononuclear cells. This patient was treated by surgical resection and followed up for recurrence.DiscussionDiffuse-type GCTs are commonly located in the periarticular soft tissues, but on rare occasions these lesions can be purely intramuscular or subcutaneous and can be challenging to diagnose. Characteristic findings include gradient echo secondary to hemosiderin deposition, and the low signal on T2.ConclusionBecause extra-articular diffuse-type GCTs are rare, the differential diagnosis is challenging. The clinical outcomes of diffuse-type GCTs are unclear because of their rarity. Benign clinical course is expected if the lesion is excised adequately.     

Giant pilomatrixoma looks like a malignant soft tissue tumor: a case report

Pilomatrixoma is a skin appendage tumor, which is manifested as a firm, solitary lesion. It usually measures 0.5–3.0 cm in diameter and is typically found in young people. A 31-year-old woman presented with a giant tumor of the upper dorsal region. On preoperative examination, the tumor seemed to be a malignant soft tissue tumor. It was totally excised, and the resultant defect was repaired with a latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. On pathological examination, the tumor was confined to the subcutaneous layer and was composed of basophilic and shadow cells. Signs of atypia in basophilic cells present in the tumor were minimal. The tumor was consequently diagnosed as benign pilomatrixoma. The number of reported cases of pilomatrixoma larger than 10 cm in diameter is very small. This case is therefore presented as a rare case of pilomatrixoma.This article was presented at the 47th Scientific Meeting of the Japan Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, April 2004, Tokyo, Japan.     

Hip joint remodeling in an adult following excision of a giant cell tumor involving the acetabulum: a case report and literature review

We describe a 47-year-old man with a giant cell tumor of bone involving the acetabulum treated with curettage and bone grafting which resulted in good remodeling of the hip joint. The patient had a 15 × 18-cm² mass lesion extending from the right ischium to the acetabulum. Treatment included curettage, phenol, and ethanol application as an adjuvant, and cancellous bone allografting was performed on the subchondral area of the acetabulum. The posterior column of the acetabulum was disappeared by tumor invasion. Despite central migration of the femoral head, adequate hip joint repair was achieved without surgery 5.5 years postoperatively and with no tumor recurrence. The patient could walk without pain or ambulation aids; hip range of motion was 100° for flexion, 0° for extension, 30° for abduction, 45° for external rotation, and 10° for internal rotation, and the functional result was 93.3% in the Enneking scoring system. We performed intralesional curettage with phenol and ethanol adjuvant therapy for pelvic giant cell tumor without tumor recurrence, and good repair of a hip joint adaptation can be achieved even in an adult patient.     

Giant cell tumor of the sternum: a case report

We report a rare case of giant cell tumor (GCT) of the sternum in a 55-year-old man. He presented with a bony mass in the body of the sternum that had been slowly growing over 6 months. The patient was treated by surgical curettage and cementation. Histological study showed typical GCT findings with cytogenetic abnormalities of many telomeric associations of chromosomes, predominantly the 19q arm.     

Granular cell tumor of the male breast: Report of a case

We treated a 35-year-old male with a granular cell tumor in the right breast. Physical examination revealed a solid, flattened, round 3.2 × 2.5-cm mass with an irregular surface, covering skin fixation and right axillary lymphadenopathy. Mammography revealed a well-demarcated high-density mass with a minimal starburst appearance. Ultrasonography revealed a hypoechoic, nonhomogeneous mass with an acoustic shadow. Several enlarged lymph nodes in the right axilla were removed at the time of breast tumor excision. Histologically, the tumor featured nests of round or polygonal cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules and small round nuclei, and the enlarged lymph nodes in the right axilla exhibited no metastasis. Immunohistochemically, there was positive staining for S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, and vimentin. The tumor also stained for macrophage CD-68, α₁-antichymotrypsin, and myoglobin. These immunohistochemical findings suggested the tumor cells to be undifferentiated mesenchymal cells which demonstrated the properties of neurogenic cells and histiocytes. Received: December 14, 1998 / Accepted: November 11, 1999     

指骨内原发性腱鞘巨细胞瘤四例报告

指骨原发性骨内腱鞘巨细胞瘤较罕见，本院曾收治４例，作一报道。其临床特征是患指指骨增粗，有隐痛感．Ｘ线片显示指骨皮质骨膨胀性变而，极似指骨内生软骨瘤。组织学特征是组织细胞性基质细胞增殖，胞浆里网状空泡样改变，并有散在的多核巨细胞存在。诊断时需与骨巨细胞瘤相鉴别．４例均行病灶刮除加酒精灭活植骨治疗，术后随访平均１３个月．功能恢复良好．未见复发．指骨内原发性腱鞘巨细胞瘤主要诊断依据必须结合病理改变及Ｘ线片表现，才能和其他有关肿瘤相鉴别．     

Squamous cell carcinoma arising in the giant cutaneous horns accompanied with renal cell carcinoma

An 85-year-old man who presented with two giant cutaneous horns on his lower lip underwent an explorative laparotomy because of a left renal tumor and gall bladder stones. The cutaneous horns on the lower lip were excised at the same session. Histology revealed a renal cell carcinoma and minimally invasive squamous cell carcinoma at the base of the giant cutaneous horns. We present this case showing the simultaneous occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma at the base of a giant lower lip cutaneous horn and a renal cell carcinoma of the L kidney.     

脊柱骨巨细胞瘤的手术治疗策略

目的:探讨脊柱骨巨细胞瘤合理的手术治疗策略.方法:回顾性分析1998年7月至2007年6月我科收治的41例良性脊柱骨巨细胞瘤患者的临床资料,男21例,女20例,平均年龄31岁,初次手术27例,外院治疗后复发14例.患者均有不同程度疼痛症状.病变累及颈椎3例,胸惟25例,腰椎13例 14例患者术前行动脉造影,同时栓塞肿瘤节段血管.18例肿瘤只累及椎体的患者采用经前路肿瘤切除椎管减压术,前路植自体骨或人工椎体重建切除的椎体,并应用钢板螺钉固定;16例病灶同时累及椎体及附件的患者采用前后联合入路,术中先行椎管后路减压,切除附件内肿物,并应用椎弓根钉行内固定术,后行前路椎体肿瘤切除手术;4例患者一般情况较好,肿瘤只破坏1～2个脊椎、没有明显的软组织肿块,行一期后路全脊椎切除术;3例椎体部分受累的患者行后路次全脊椎切除术,随访观察治疗效果结果:行节段动脉栓塞组14例.平均出血约3100ml;未栓塞组27例,平均出血量约4500ml.2例复发的患者最终未能彻底切除肿瘤,术后行放疗,分刖随访35及29个月,荷瘤生存.其余39例患者中,36例(92.3%)术后疼痛得到明显缓解;术后平均随访52.9个月,16例复发(41.0%).初治的27例患者9例复发(33.3%).其中单纯前路手术11例,复发6例;前后路联合手术12例,复发3例;全脊椎切除术4例,未见复发.12例外院复发病例7例再次复发(57.1%),其中2例因肿瘤发展,全身衰竭死亡.21例随访3年以上,其中13例末见复发,所有病例均未见内固定松动、移位或折断.结论:对于脊柱骨巨细胞瘤,首次冶疗选择较为彻底的手术方案是降低复发率的关键.     

Multicentric giant cell tumor of the upper extremities: 16 years of ongoing disease

Multicentric giant cell tumor is rare and accounts for less than 1% of all giant cell tumors of bone. We describe a case in which all the lesions occurred in the upper extremities. The 13-year-old boy's first tumor was in the left index metacarpal. Over 16 years, giant cell tumors occurred in 8 sites: right distal radius, left lunate, left middle metacarpal, left distal radius, right ring finger proximal phalanx, right radial head, left distal humerus, and left proximal humerus. Intralesional curettage of the lesions located in the hand and carpals was associated with a high incidence of local recurrence, whereas lesions in the proximal radius and in the humerus have not recurred.     

Osteoclast-like giant cell tumor of the liver: A rare neoplasm with an aggressive clinical course

Osteoclast-like giant cell tumors (OCGTs) usually involve the bone and rarely affect the alimentary tract. Within the gastrointestinal tract the liver has been one of the most infrequently reported locations for this neoplasm to occur. In this article we report the occurrence of an OCGT arising in the liver of a 61-year-old woman. The patient presented with abdominal pain and a rapidly enlarging hepatic mass. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated a multilocular solid lesion in the right lobe of the liver. A small extrahepatic lobulation at the lateral aspect of the lesion with penetration of the capsule was visible. Local extension into adjacent organs was not evident. Positron emission tomography (PET) did not indicate a tumor in the pancreas or elsewhere in the body. The tumor was removed by performing a formal right hepatic lobectomy. Histologic and immunohistochemical examinations revealed an OCGT. Within 3 months of the hemihepatectomy, widespread intraabdominal and pulmonary metastasis developed and the patient succumbed to her illness shortly thereafter. This report contributes further evidence to the aggressive biological behavior with regard to this rare neoplasm. The absence of metastatic disease indicated when using magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography does not seem to change the overall dismal prognosis of this tumor.     

Imaging of giant cell tumor of bone

Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a benign but locally aggressive and destructive lesion generally occurring in skeletally mature individuals. Typically involving the epiphysiometaphyseal region of long bones, the most common sites include the distal femur, proximal tibia and distal radius. On radiographs, GCT demonstrates a lytic lesion centered in the epiphysis but involving the metaphysis and extending at least in part to the adjacent articular cortex. Most are eccentric, but become symmetric and centrally located with growth. Most cases show circumscribed borders or so-called geographical destruction with no periosteal reaction unless a pathological fracture is present. There is no mineralized tumor matrix. Giant cell tumor can produce wide-ranging appearances depending on site, complications such as hemorrhage or pathological fracture and after surgical intervention. This review demonstrates a spectrum of these features and describes the imaging characteristics of GCT in conventional radiographs, computerized tomography scans, magnetic resonance imaging, bone scans, positron emission tomography scans and angiography.     

Computer-assisted anterior spinal surgery for a case of recurrent giant cell tumor

 A computer-assisted image guidance system has recently been used for posterior spinal surgery. We applied this system to anterior revision surgery of the cervicothoracic junction for a patient with recurrent thoracic spinal giant cell tumor. Anterior computer-assisted spinal surgery was achieved by attaching reference markers to threaded pins inserted into a vertebral body. The locations of anatomic structures in the surgical field of this patient were difficult to identify because of previous surgery. Both accurate resection of the tumor and anterior fusion with iliac bone autograft between C6 and T3 were successfully performed using a computer-assisted image guidance system. This system is useful for anterior spinal surgery because it enables a surgeon to perform safe and accurate surgery. Received: May 28, 2001 / Accepted: January 8, 2002     

Esophageal granular cell tumor covered by intramucosal squamous cell carcinoma: Report of a case

We report a case of a granular cell tumor (GCT) covered by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the esophagus. A 69-year-old Japanese man was admitted to our hospital for treatment of superficial esophageal cancer detected by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopic examination revealed a shallow ulcer in the esophagus, 28-32 cm from the incisor teeth. The pathological findings of a biopsy of the lesion were moderately differentiated SCC. Thus, we performed partial esophagectomy with two-field (thoraco-abdominal) lymph node dissection. Microscopic examination of the surgical specimen revealed intraepithelial SCC with minimal invasion, and a GCT, 3 x 1 mm in size, in the submucosa just beneath the SCC. Cytoplasmic granules in the GCT were positive for periodic acid-Schiff. Immunohistochemically, the GCT was strongly positive for S-100 protein. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of a GCT covered by SCC in the esophagus.     

脊柱骨巨细胞瘤术后复发的预后因素

 目的 探讨影响活动脊柱骨巨细胞瘤（giant cell tumor of bone, GCTB）术后复发的预后因素。方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2010年11月治疗85例活动脊柱GCTB患者资料,男27例,女58例;年龄11.0～65.0岁,平均（33.0±11.7）岁（中位数 33.0岁）。其中60例为初次诊断为活动脊柱GCTB患者,25例为由外院转来的活动脊柱GCTB复发患者。术前患者神经功能Frankel分级：A～C级33例,D～E级52例;Jaffe分级：Ⅰ级70例,Ⅱ～Ⅲ级15例。本组患者依据Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini（WBB）分期和Enneking分期制定手术方案,其中EnnekingⅡ期27例,Enneking Ⅲ期58例。使用生存分析法确定影响活动脊柱GCTB的独立预后因素。患者术后无复发生存时间（recurrence free survival, RFS）通过Kaplan-Meier法比较,确定潜在预后因素。将P＜0.1的临床因素纳入多因素分析确定独立预后因素。结果 85例患者均获得随访,随访时间为2～163个月,平均54.7个月（中位数46.0个月）。28例患者术后首次出现复发,复发时间为2.0～82.0个月,平均19.8个月（中位数13.0个月）。单因素分析显示接受全椎节切除术的患者2年、3年和总体复发生存时间均显著提高;使用双磷酸盐治疗患者2年、3年及总体复发生存时间均显著优于未使用双磷酸盐治疗患者;年龄＞40岁的患者术后复发生存时间显著低于年龄≤ 40岁的患者。多因素分析显示手术切除方式、术后双磷酸盐治疗及年龄≤ 40岁是影响活动脊柱GCTB术后复发的独立预后因素。结论 通过采用en bloc和分块切除的方式进行全椎节切除,同时应用双磷酸盐长期治疗活动脊柱GCTB,可显著降低术后复发率;年龄≤ 40岁的患者预后较好。     

Iatrogenic giant cell tumor at bone graft harvesting site

30 year old female patient with giant cell tumor of the distal tibia initially treated at a peripheral nononcological center by curettage and autologous bone grafting from the ipsilateral iliac crest reported to us with local recurrence and an implantation giant cell tumor at the graft harvesting site which required extensive surgeries at both sites. The risk of iatrogenic direct implantation of tumor, often attributable to inadequate surgical planning or poor surgical techniques, and the steps to prevent such complication is reported here.     

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor in the foot and ankle

BackgroundTenosynovial giant cell tumor (TSGCT) originates from the synovial cells of the tendon sheath and is the most common soft tissue tumor of the foot and ankle. Due to the lack of clinical data about TSGCT in the foot and ankle, this study was performed with the aim of investigating the clinical characteristics, and surgical outcomes that might predict the likelihood of recurrence.MethodsClinical data, obtained from the pathology records and the clinic files, along with the tumor subtype, local recurrence, and patient functional status among 26 cases of TSGCT were evaluated with the mean 73 months follow-up period.ResultsThere were 26 patients including 16 males and 10 females with a mean age of 40 years, who underwent surgery. There were 15 localised TSGCT and 11 diffuse TSGCT. The diffuse TSGCT was more likely to be in the hindfoot dorsum (54,5%, 6/11). The localised TSGCT was mostly located in the forefoot (80%, 12/15). The recurrence rate in the diffuse TSGCT was 27,3% (3/11). In the localised TSGCT, recurrence was seen in 6,6% of patients (1/15). The mean AOFAS score was 79.ConclusionDiffuse TSGCT is more likely to occur in the hindfoot and localised TSGCT is more common in the forefoot. Excision with clear margins is an effective treatment for TSGCT, with good oncological and clinical outcomes. But the orthopaedic surgeons should consider the equilibrium between surgical margins and the functional status of the patient.     

Distal radioulnar joint prosthesis for the treatment of giant cell tumor of the distal ulna: a case report and literature review

Giant cell tumor (GCT) of the distal end of the ulna is an uncommon site for primary bone tumors. When it occurs, en-bloc resection of the distal part of the ulna with or without reconstruction stabilization of the ulnar stump is the recommended treatment. We present a case of a 56-year-old man with a GCT of the distal ulna treated successfully with an en-bloc resection of the distal ulna with reconstruction using radioulnar joint prosthesis. Although the experience with this type of treatment is limited, implantation of a metallic prosthesis to replace the distal part of the ulna can also be considered as a salvage procedure for the treatment of this difficult pathology.     

骨盆骨巨细胞瘤临床治疗的系统文献综述

 目的 分析骨盆骨巨细胞瘤（giant cell tumor, GCT）的好发年龄、发病部位、不同治疗方式的复发率及并发症。方法 在医学常用外文数据库检索“giant cell tumor,pelvis”,在医学常用中文数据库检索“骨巨细胞瘤,骨盆”,时间选取1949至2012年,所有被检索的文献及参考文献均被用于分析,经文题、摘要、全文内容二次筛选,共筛选出38篇文献,将所涉及的骨盆GCT患者作为研究对象,删除重复报告的病例;收集每例入选患者的发病年龄、发病部位、手术方式、随访时间、并发症、复发率及死亡率等。采用系统分析的方法对数据进行分项研究。结果 筛选出的38篇文献中共165例骨盆GCT患者纳入研究进行系统分析,发病年龄14~73岁,平均33.2岁,高发年龄21~40岁;男、女比例为1∶1.7。发病部位：髂骨区（A区）48例,髋臼区（B区）60例,耻、坐骨区（C区）31例。随访时间1.5~35年,平均9.5年。27例（32.5%,27/83）患者出现治疗并发症,以病灶外整块切除方式进行治疗的患者（13/28）发生率最高;常见并发症为切口内感染、切口延迟愈合。9例（45.0%,9/20）接受单纯病灶放疗的患者术后复发,24例（33.3%,24/72）接受病灶内手术的患者术后复发,5例（35.7%,5/14）接受病灶内手术联合放疗或冷疗的患者术后复发,1例（2.0%,1/51）接受病灶外手术的患者术后复发,总复发率为24.6%（39/158）,死亡率为3.2%（5/158）。结论 骨盆GCT临床少见,常累及髋臼区（B区）,高发年龄为21~40岁,病灶外整块切除术后并发症最为常见,但术后复发率最低,骨盆GCT总体复发率较高,死亡率较低。