蛋白激酶A在转化生长因子β-1刺激增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞增殖中的作用

目的：探讨蛋白激酶Ａ在转化生长因子－β１（ＴＧＦ－β１）刺激增生性瘢痕和正常人皮肤皮纤维细胞（ＨＳ＿ＦＢ和ＮＳ－ＦＢ）增殖中的信号转导作用。方法：利用＾３２Ｐ掺入底物法测定ＨＳ－ＦＢ和ＮＳ－ＦＢ的ＰＫＡ活性;使用直接计数法和ＭＴＴ法测定ＴＧＦ－β１和ｃＡＭＰ、Ｈ７等刺激两种细胞后增殖能力的变化。结果：ＮＳ－ＦＢ被ＴＧＦ－β１刺激后ＰＫＡ的活性短暂升高后很快恢复（３０ｍｉｎ内,但Ｐ〉０．０５）。ＨＳ－ＦＢ则在３０～６０ｍｉｎ降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）,１ｈ后恢复;ＨＳ－ＦＢ的ＰＫＡ活性比ＮＳ－ＦＢ低（但Ｐ〉０．０５）。ＴＧＦ－β１能强烈刺激两种细胞增殖（３０ｍｉｎ后Ｐ〈０．０５）,对ＨＳ－ＦＢ的刺激作用更强（刺激６０ｍｉｎ后Ｐ〈０．０５）。ｃＡＭＰ可抑制两种细胞增殖（６０ｍｉｎ后Ｐ〈０．０５）,Ｈ７有拟ＴＧＦ－β１的刺     

不同配伍芬太尼术后硬膜外病人自控镇痛效应的比较

目的：采用硬膜外病人自控镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）技术，对不同配伍芬太尼术后镇痛效应进行了研究。方法：１００例（ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级）手术病例随机分成三组，Ｆ组（ｎ＝２０）：用０．０００４％芬太尼＋０．１５％丁哌卡因；ＢＦ组（ｎ＝４０）：用Ｆ组药液＋０．０００９％丁丙诺啡；ＭＦ组（ｎ＝４０）：用Ｆ组药液＋０．００５％吗啡；采用双盲法对比观察。结果：术后２４小时三组病人ＶＡＳ评级Ｆ组最高（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＣＥＡ总按数／实进数（Ｄ／Ｄ）比值在０～２范围内的病例数，ＭＦ组≈ＢＦ组＞Ｆ组（Ｐ＜０．０５），提示ＭＦ、ＢＦ组镇痛效果较好。三组病人ＰＣＥＡ期间呼吸、循环无明显变化，恶心、呕吐等并发症较低（２．５％～５．０％），后两组有１０％～１５％病人嗜睡。结论：选择芬太尼和丁哌卡因行ＰＣＥＡ时，复合小剂量吗啡（０．００５％）或丁丙诺啡（０．０００９％）其镇痛效果更好。     

苏芬太尼对气管内插管时血流动力学及血糖、皮质醇、胰岛素的影响

目的：以芬太尼作对照，观察使用苏芬太尼行气管插管时在血流动力学及血糖、血清皮质醇、胰岛素指标的变化。方法：３２例共分为两组，苏芬太尼组（ＳＦ）及芬太尼组（Ｆ）。分别在入室后、用药后、插管５、１５、３０分钟后记录ＳＢＰ、ＤＢＰ、ＭＡＰ，并抽静脉血测血糖、皮质醇及胰岛素浓度。结果：与诱导前相比，ＳＦ组给药至气管插管后的ＳＢＰ、ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ均降低，而Ｆ组的降低幅度不及ＳＦ组，两组相比，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。血糖及血清皮质醇浓度在给药及气管插管后ＳＦ组均降低，Ｆ组则升高，两组有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：在抑制麻醉诱导期的应激反应方面，苏芬太尼优于芬太尼。     

低浓度罗哌卡因和布比卡因分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的 对比低浓度罗哌卡因和布比卡因自控硬膜外分娩镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）的效果。方法 ５２例单胎初产妇随机分为０．１％罗哌卡因－芬太尼组和０．０７５％布比卡因－芬太尼组。采取双盲法进行视觉模拟镇痛评分（ＶＡＳ）和下肢运动神经阻滞评分（ＭＢＳ）。记录产程时间、生产方式、胎儿心率（ＦＨＲ）及新生儿ＳｐＯ２。结果 两组产妇分娩镇痛效果良好且无显著性差别（Ｐ〉０．０５）。罗哌卡因组和布比卡因组中无运动神经阻滞者分     

静吸复合麻醉中不同小剂量芬太尼对脑电边缘频率和双波谱指数的影响

目的 研究静吸复合麻醉中不同小剂量芬太尼对脑电边缘频率（ＳＥＦ）和双小的指数（ＢＩＳ的影响。方法 随机将ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级病人３０例分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组地全麻诱导吸入安氟醚达０．８ＭＡＣ后三组分别静注芬太尼３μｇ．ｋｇ＾０－１、５μｇ．ｋｇ＾－１,于给药后６ｍｉｎ记录每组病人的ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ、ＳＥＦ及ＢＩＳ。结果 三组 内、组间ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ相比均无显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）,ＢＩＳ无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）     

经肺动脉输注三磷酸腺苷治疗小儿心脏术后肺动脉高压

目的探讨经肺动脉输注三磷酸腺苷（ａｄｅｎｏｓｉｎｅｔｒｉｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ，ＡＴＰ）对心脏术后合并肺动脉高压患儿的肺血管扩张效应。方法对１３例确诊为室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压患儿术后早期经肺动脉输入３０～１５０μｇ／ｋｇ．ｍｉｎ的ＡＴＰ，观察用药前后血流动力学参数的变化。结果与用药前相比，低剂量输入（３０～５０μｇ／ｋｇ．ｍｉｎ）ＡＴＰ，在不明显降低平均体动脉压（ＭＢＰ）的前提下，特异性的降低肺动脉压力（Ｐ＜０．０５）及肺血管阻力（ＰＶＲ）（Ｐ＜０．０１）；中－高剂量（１００～１５０μｇ／ｋｇ．ｍｉｎ）的ＡＴＰ，在明显降低平均肺动脉压（ＭＰＡＰ）（Ｐ＜０．０１）的同时，ＭＢＰ亦明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＰＶＲ与体循环阻力（ＳＶＲ）呈现相似的减低趋势。结论利用ＡＴＰ半衰期短的特点，自肺动脉直接输注ＡＴＰ，在一定剂量下可出现选择性的肺血管扩张效应     

芬太尼复合异丙酚全静脉麻醉临床评价

作为ＴＩＶＡ常用药物,芬太尼复合７０％ Ｎ２ Ｏ时 Ｃｐ５０ｉ和 Ｃｐ５０ＢＡＲ分别为３．２６ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１和４．１７ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１。与异丙酚复合时具有明显的协同效应。３ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１芬太尼可使异丙酚Ｃｐ５０ｉ和Ｃｐ５０ｓ分别减少 ８９％和 ４０％。本实验旨在利用上述效应,对芬太尼－异丙酚ＴＩＶＡ进行临床评价研究。 资料与方法 ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级,１８～５９岁行胸及上腹部手术病人４０例,随机分为芬太尼组（Ｆ组, ｎ＝ ２０）和异丙酚组（Ｐ组, ｎ＝２０）。术前３０ｍｉｎ给予安定１０ｍｇ,阿托品 ０．５ｍｇ。麻醉…     

吲哚美辛对梗阻性黄疸患者血流动力学的调节作用

观察６４例梗阻性黄疸患者和３９例单纯胆囊结石（Ｃ组）患者血流动力学变化及吲哚美辛的调节作用。梗阻性黄疸患者分为非吲哚美辛组（Ａ组）和吲哚美辛组（Ｂ组）。结果表明Ａ组每博量、心输出量和心脏指数显著高于Ｃ组（Ｐ＜００１），平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）、周围血管阻力（ＳＶＲ）和门静脉血流速度（ＰＶＢＦ）显著低于Ｃ组（Ｐ＜００１）。Ｂ组术前ＭＡＰ，ＳＶＲ和ＰＶＢＦ显著高于Ａ组（Ｐ＜００１），Ｂ组术后上述指标进一步改善，但与Ｃ组比较仍有显著差异（Ｐ＜００１）。本组结果显示，术前口服吲哚美辛有改善梗阻性黄疸患者循环功能、门脉血流和肝功能作用。     

蒸气吸入伤犬支气管肺泡灌洗后呼吸周期、通气量和血气的变化

目的　探讨蒸气吸入性损伤犬支气管肺泡灌洗（ＢＡＬ） 后呼吸周期、通气量和血气的变化,以期为临床治疗提供实验依据。方法　将纤维支气管镜楔入伤犬三～四级肺叶支气管管口,进行小剂量复方药物ＢＡＬ。结果　ＢＡＬ 后３０,６０,９０ｍｉｎ 的吸气时间（Ｔｉ） 和呼吸周期（Ｔｃ） 均显著低于对照值（Ｐ＜ ０－０５）,呼吸率（ＲＲ）均显著高于对照值（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５ 或Ｐ＜ ０－０１）;ＢＡＬ 后３０ ～６０ｍｉｎ 内,吸气时每分钟通气量（Ｖｉ） 和呼气时每分钟通气量（Ｖｅ） 均显著高于对照值（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１ 或Ｐ＜ ０－０５）,ＢＡＬ后９０ｍｉｎ Ｖｉ 和Ｖｅ 也高于对照值,但差异无显著意义;ＢＡＬ后３０ｍｉｎ ＰａＯ２ 较对照值显著下降（Ｐ＜ ０－０５）,表现为轻度缺氧,ＢＡＬ后６０～９０ｍｉｎ ＰａＯ２ 逐渐回升。与对照值比较,ＢＡＬ后各时相点的呼气时间（Ｔｅ） 、吸气和呼气时比（Ｔｉ／Ｔｅ）、吸气时潮气量（Ｖｔｉ） 、呼气时潮气量（Ｖｔｅ） 、ＰａＣＯ２ 和ｐＨ值均无明显变化。结论　小剂量复方药物ＢＡＬ能够减少呼吸周期,加快呼吸频率,提高每分钟通气量,而使潮气量保持恒定,可能存在呼吸“兴奋”作用,因而具有潜在的临床实用价值     

腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉和病人自控镇痛用于分娩镇痛的可行性

目的 评价腰麻－硬膜外联合麻醉（ＣＳＥＡ）和病人自控硬膜外镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）应用于分娩镇痛的可行性。方法 选择产程进入活跃期的单胎初产妇６０例,蛛网膜下腔注射丁哌卡因２．５ｍｇ＋芬太尼２．５μｇ后３０ｍｉｎ,ＰＣＥＡ输注０．０７５％丁哌卡因与２μｇ／ｍｌ芬太尼的混合液,随机双盲分为三组：Ａ组为单次剂量３ｍｌ,锁定时间１５ｍｉｎ;Ｂ组为单次剂量３ｍｌ,锁定时间１５ｍｉｎ,输注速率６ｍｌ／ｈ;Ｃ组为输注     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.