桡神经损伤的治疗效果

目的 观察桡神经损伤后行神经松解，缝合和移植术的疗效。方法 46例桡神经损伤根据损伤类型。采用神经内，外松解术，直接缝合，神经移植治疗。结果 术后随访1年至10年，21例桡神经松解术中，17例的伸腕，伸拇，伸指肌力为M3-M5，虎口区感觉为S4。19例神经直接缝合者14例。伸腕、伸拇，伸指肌力为M3-M5；16例虎口区感觉为S4。6例神经移植者5例伸腕、伸拇，伸指肌力为M3-M5。虎口区感觉达S4。结论 桡神经损伤早期根据其损伤类型进行合适的手术方法均能取得满意的疗效。     

上臂段桡神经损伤的显微外科治疗

目的报道应用显微外科技术治疗桡神经损伤的临床效果。方法根据神经损伤类型，应用显微外科技术实施神经内、外松解术、直接缝合、神经移植治疗共64例。结果术后随访1．5年。15例桡神经松解术中，有13例的伸腕、伸拇、伸指肌力为M3～M5，虎口区感觉为S4，优良率86．7％。46例神经直接缝合中，有38例伸腕、伸拇、伸指肌力为M3-M5，41例虎口区感觉为S4，优良率82．6％。3例神经移植中，有1例伸腕、伸拇、伸指肌力为M3-M5，1例虎口区感觉S4，优良率33．3％。结论对桡神经损伤早期根据其损伤类型应用合适的显微外科治疗能取得满意的效果。     

桡神经解剖变异并深支臂段二处卡压一例

患者 男,38岁.因左伸腕、伸拇、伸指功能障碍6个月而来院就诊,拟诊为左桡神经深支卡压综合征收住入院.临床检查:左上臂外侧至左肘关节前外侧均有压痛;肱桡肌肌力M2,桡侧腕长、短伸肌M2,尺侧腕伸肌M2,拇长伸肌M2,指总伸肌M2;左上臂下端外侧Tinel征阳性;左虎口区皮肤感觉正常;屈指肌力正常.左肘关节X线片未见异常,神经电生理检查示左侧桡神经损伤.     

严重自体压迫性桡神经损伤的疗效分析

目的 评价严重自体压迫性上臂桡神经损伤的手术疗效.方法 对2005年3月至2009年8月收治的8例自体压迫性桡神经损伤患者进行回顾性总结.8例中有5例是由于醉酒后致腕指下垂畸形,3例由外伤昏迷所致.发病距手术时间为2～6个月,平均3.6个月.手术探查发现上臂桡神经主干及深支上有受压病变,5例出现腊肠样改变,其中3例有2处呈腊肠样改变.3例行神经外膜松解术；5例将病变段神经切除,其中2例直接缝合,3例取腓肠神经移植修复.结果 术后随访9个月至3年,6例伸腕、伸指、伸拇肌力恢复至M3～M4,2例效果较差.根据中华医学会手外科学会上肢功能评定试用标准评定:优4例,良2例,可2例.结论 严重自体压迫性桡神经损伤手术治疗大部分患者可取得良好的疗效.     

不可逆桡神经损伤的手功能重建

目的评估不可逆桡神经损伤后肌腱移位重建伸腕、伸拇及伸指功能的效果。方法1987年1月～2005年2月，用Riordan肌腱移位术治疗不可逆桡神经损伤25例。其中桡神经主干损伤19例，桡神经深支损伤6例；均伴伸拇及伸指功能障碍，肌力0～1级，前臂肌萎缩。肌腱移位术距神经损伤或修复时间为4个月～8年。结果术后23例经3～60个月随访，根据陈德松等制定的桡神经损伤后肌腱移位术疗效判定标准，优10例，良9例，手功能恢复基本满意；可2例，差2例，其中1例为移位肌腱张力不足，3例为移位肌腱粘连所致。结论Riordan肌腱移位术可作为不可逆桡神经损伤功能重建的首选方法。     

健侧颈7神经根移位同时修复两条神经的初步临床疗效

目的探讨用健侧颈，神经根移位同时修复2条上肢神经的临床效果。方法设计2种移位修复的方法。(1)合干法：健侧颈，前后股→尺神经→尺神经近端分2股分别和正中神经、桡神经(或肌皮神经)缝合，共5例。(2)分干法：健侧颈前后股→尺神经、腓肠神经→正中神经、桡神经(或肌皮神经)，共3例。结果合干法4例术后随访12～19个月，1例尚在随访中。正中神经运动：2例已恢复屈腕、屈指，肌力M3。2例屈腕肌力为M1。正中神经感觉：3例为S2，1例为S0。桡神经运动：2例伸腕、伸指肌力为M2。1例伸肘肌力为M2，1例伸腕肌力为M1。桡神经感觉：1例为S2，1例为S1，2例为S0。分干法1例术后随访15个月，已恢复屈腕、屈指，肌力为M3。正中神经感觉为是。肌皮神经：屈肘肌力为M3。另2例术后时间短尚在随访中。结论健侧颈，神经根移位同时修复上肢2条主要神经的新术式，初步应用结果证实是可行的、有效的。     

右骨间背神经自发性断裂1例

１病例资料骨间背神经损伤在临床上比较多见，多由外伤、卡压等引起。而骨间背神经自发性断裂比较少见，我院于2002年5月收治1例，现报告如下。患者，男性，43岁，因右手伸拇、伸指功能障碍4个月来诊。该患于4个月前因被动牵拉右前臂，致前臂中上1/3部背侧疼痛，3日后伸指、伸拇不能，疼痛消失。查体：右手伸拇、伸掌指关节不能，虎口区感觉正常，前臂背侧肌肉轻度萎缩，伸腕功能尚可，伴有桡偏，肘部活动正常。肌电图示：示指固有伸肌、指总伸肌、尺侧伸腕肌无动作电位，桡侧伸腕肌动作电位混合相。手术方式：臂丛神经阻滞麻醉下，于上臂中…     

桡神经损伤后伸腕、伸指、伸拇功能重建21例报告

前臂下 1/ 3段骨折中桡神经的损伤十分常见 ,损伤后早期探查桡神经一期可行神经松解术、神经端侧吻合术或神经移植修复术。手术中神经损伤严重 ,或是上述几种方法效果不显著的 ,可二期行肌腱转移伸腕、伸指、伸拇功能重建修复术[1] 。我院 1999年共行桡神经损伤后伸腕、伸指、伸拇功能重建术 2 1例 ,手术后随访 1～ 2年 ,功能恢复好 ,现报道如下。1　资料与方法1 1　一般资料本组 2 1例 ,男 15例 ,女 6例 ,年龄 18～ 6 7岁 ,平均37 8岁。致伤原因 :交通事故伤 10例 ,摔伤 5例 ,暴力打击伤 4例 ,挤压伤 2例。二次手术时间平均距离第一次手术 …     

腓肠神经移植修复桡神经深支缺损的疗效分析

目的 探讨腓肠神经移植修复桡神经深支缺损的手术技巧及临床疗效. 方法 2002年5月至2011年6月,对26例陈旧性桡神经深支损伤患者二期修复,行腓肠神经移植术.神经缺损长度为1.2～5.5 cm.缺损在其近侧、不涉及分支者,根据其粗细将切取神经裁为2～3段并固定在一起,将几股神经的两端0.5～0.8cm相邻外膜切除后,再把两端保留的相邻外膜缝合,形成一个共同外膜,移植于缺损处；缺损涉及分支者,则将几股神经近端外膜修整缝合后与损伤神经近端缝合,远端几股分别与分支吻合. 结果 术后创口均一期愈合.26例患者均获随访,随访时间14～ 39个月,平均24.5个月.末次随访时,2例完全恢复,拇长伸肌肌力5级；20例大部分恢复,拇长伸肌肌力4级；3例部分恢复,拇长伸肌肌力3级；1例疗效较差,拇长伸肌肌力2级. 结论 应用腓肠神经移植二期修复桡神经深支缺损,可取得较好的临床疗效.     

桡神经自发性断裂一例

患者　男 ,3 7岁。因左上肢伸腕、伸指受限 1 5个月就诊。自诉 1 5个月前在搅拌水泥时 ,其左上肢突发剧痛、麻木 ,腕关节及手指不能背伸。经当地医院诊治无效后住我院治疗。查体示 :左上肢三垂征阳征 ,伸腕、伸指、伸拇及肱挠肌肌力 0级 ,虎口区皮肤浅感觉减弱 ,左上臂中下 1/ 3桡神经走行区有压痛 ,Ｔｉｎｅｌ’ｓ征阳性。肌电图提示 :左桡神经损伤。于 1995年 10月 2 7日在臂丛麻醉下行桡神经探察术。术中见三角肌止点以下的桡神经有约 1ｃｍ长的明显环状凹陷 ,神经外膜连续 ,而束膜及轴突中断。切断神经断端至正常断面后 ,用 7 0无创缝线…     

An analysis of results after selective tendon transfers through the interosseous membrane to provide selective finger and thumb extension in chronic irreparable radial nerve lesions

PURPOSE: We present the results of a modified tendon transfer for the restoration of wrist and finger extension in irreparable radial nerve lesions. METHODS: Restoration of wrist extension, finger extension, thumb extension, and thumb abduction was done in 29 patients (20 males and 9 females; age range: 10-58 years) with isolated, irreparable radial nerve palsy. We used a modified tendon transfer technique using the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) 3 (to extensor indicis proprius [EIP] and extensor pollicis longus [EPL]) and FDS 4 (to extensor digitorum communis 2-4 [EDC]) as donors for the reconstruction of selective finger and thumb extension (all patients) and pronator teres (PT) for wrist extension (25 patients). Thumb abduction was achieved by transferring the palmaris longus (PL) tendon to the abductor pollicis longus (APL) (all patients). RESULTS: Results show that near-normal wrist extension was achieved in 22 of 25 patients with extension strength of M4+. In the other 3 patients, wrist extension strength did not exceed M3 (1 patient) or M4 (2 patients). Extension of long fingers with a completely extended wrist joint was achieved in 12 of 29 patients. In the remaining 17 patients, full-range finger extension was possible only with the wrist in neutral. The advantage of the selective tendon transfer (FDS 3 to EIP and EPL and FDS 4 to EDC 2-4) resulted in selective extension of the index finger and thumb, as well as other digits, in all patients. Thumb abduction and rotation was achieved in all. CONCLUSIONS: Tendon transfers are indicated in longstanding, irreparable, isolated radial nerve lesions. Selective tendon transfer of FDS 3 to EIP and EPL and FDS 4 to EDC through the interosseous membrane results in reliable selective extension of these digits. The sacrifice of FDS 3 and 4 to reconstruct finger extension results in bowing of the donor digits. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic III.     

全长膈神经移位恢复伸腕指功能的解剖学研究和临床应用

目的 在应用显微解剖学方法对上臂段桡神经深支部位进行研究的基础上,探讨将全长膈神经移位到上臂段桡神经深支部分以恢复伸腕、指功能的手术疗效.方法 对16具32侧尸体标本应用显微解剖学的方法,研究桡神经深、浅支在上臂段的特点及背阔肌的肌腱止点处桡神经深支在主干中的部位;在临床上开展2例经胸将全长膈神经移位到背阏肌止点处桡神经深支部分的手术,并评价其疗效.结果 通过显微解剖学研究发现上臂段桡神经前臂支内均可看见2个大的神经束组,在背阔肌的肌腱止点处桡神经深支主要位于前臂支的内侧神经束组中.1例术后1年10个月随访,肩外展80°,屈肘90°,伸肘0°,伸腕、指到位,屈腕10°,屈指尚不能;伸腕肌力达到M4,伸指肌力达到M3.另1例术后2年随访,肩外展40°,屈肘30°,伸肘0°,伸腕到位,伸指轻限,屈腕、指尚不能;伸腕肌力M,,伸指肌力达到M3-.结论 将全长膈神经移位到背阔肌的肌腱止点处桡神经前臂支的内侧神经束组可能是恢复全臂丛根性撕脱伤患者伸腕、指功能的有效方法.     

Application of free temporoparietal fascial flap for recurrent neural adhesion of superficial radial nerve—A case report

Because of its anatomical location, the superficial radial nerve is vulnerable to trauma as well as injury during various surgical procedures. Once the nerve adheres to surrounding scar tissue, radiating pain often occurs due to nerve traction caused by loss of smooth gliding. Since it has been reported that the success rate with neurolysis only is lower, additional preventive procedures for recurrent neural readhesion are recommended. In the current report, we describe our experience performing neurolysis followed by nerve coverage using a free temporoparietal fascial flap for recurrent neural adhesion of the superficial radial nerve. A 45‐year‐old male complained of motion pain of the left wrist and thumb joints caused by recurrent neural adhesion of the superficial radial nerve after a chain saw trauma and following multiple reconstructive procedures. The radiating pain completely disappeared after neurolysis performed by a previous surgeon; however, it recurred 4 weeks later. Four months after the previous neurolysis the patient underwent external neurolysis and covering of the nerve with a free temporoparietal fascial flap to prevent neural readhesion because local soft tissue could not be used due to the massive scar tissues on the forearm. One year after the secondary neurolysis, the symptoms of radiating pain during wrist and thumb motion were drastically improved. A free adipofascial flap such as a temporoparietal flap may be an option for prevention of neural readhesion after neurolysis of the superficial radial nerve in cases where a local flap cannot be used on the forearm. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:489–493, 2015.     

尺神经损伤402例报告

目的 介绍尺神经损伤的治疗方法和疗效。方法 ４０２例尺神经损伤，上臂４４例，肘部６１例，前臂１３８例，腕部１３４例，掌部２５例，完全断伤３１２例，部分断伤２２例，神经粘连６８例，行神经松解术７２例，神经直接缝合２８６例，束组束膜缝合３１例，神经移植１３例，结果 按顾玉东的低位神经功能评定标准评定，优１１７例，占２９．１％，良１３４例，占３３．３％，可１０５例，占２６．１％，差４６例，占１１．５％，     

桡神经损伤的修复与功能重建

目的 探讨桡神经损伤后的修复方法与效果。方法 对1990年-2000年收治的50例因各种原因所致的桡神经损伤患者的治疗方法与效果进行总结,其中刀伤18例,玻璃割伤4例,肱骨中下段骨折16例,肱骨髁间骨折4例,于是错骨折6例,肘关节开放性脱位1例,桡骨小头粉碎性骨折1例,50例中,完全断裂28例,不完全断裂3例,卡压10例,挫伤5例,不可逆损伤4例,均于伤后1小时-6个月内作神经探查,行神经吻合31例,神经松解10例,肌腱移位4例,自行恢复5例。结果 50例均获得3个月-10年随访,按Highet运动分级法评定,优：M4以上,良：M3,可：M2,差：M1或M0。50例中优良46例,占92%,可4例。结论 对桡神经损伤者确诊后应尽快手术探查,行神经吻合,松解,可获得满意效果。对不可逆损伤在6个月以上,应行肌腱移位重建伸腕,伸拇及伸指功能。     

Palliative tendon transfer for reanimation of the wrist and finger extension lag. Report of 14 transfers for radial nerve palsies and ten transfers for brachial plexus lesions

This retrospective study is based on 23 males and one female, of an average age of 36.2 years that presented to us between 1982 and 2000 with an average follow up of 61 months, with fully established paralysis of wrist and fingers extension. Fourteen patients had isolated radial nerve palsy, while ten patients had brachial plexus lesions. 1) The tendon transfer for radial nerve palsy was: PT to ECRB, FCU to ED + EPL and PL to APL + EPB; 2) for brachial plexus injury, the tendon transfer was: PT (n = 4) or FDS III or IV (n = 5) to ECRB, FCU (n = 8) or FDS IV (n = 1) to ED + EPL, PL to APL + EPB and wrist arthrodesis with transfer of FDS IV to ED + EPL and PL to APL + EPB. The results were evaluated according to the degree of wrist movement, MP extension of long fingers, opening of first commissure, thumb opposition, grip power and the subjective evaluation of results. Concerning the radial nerve palsy: results are excellent in nine cases and good in one case. An active extension of the wrist of 38 degrees was obtained as well as MP extension of 0 degree with the wrist straightened. Thumb oppositioned was conserved (Kapandji = 8.2), opening of the first commissure 40 degrees and grip power was 20 kg. Concerning the brachial plexus lesions: results are excellent in five cases and good in the other five. An active wrist extension of 32 degrees was obtained, as well as MP extension deficit of 16 degrees with wrist straightened. Opposition was concerned (Kapandji = 7.2), opening of first commissure of 38 degrees and grip power of 13 kg. The functional results are satisfactory, but the analytic study shows some effect of tenodesis of MP extension.     

Posterior interosseous nerve palsies

One hundred seventy patients with radial nerve disorders were reviewed at the Louisiana State University Medical Center over a 15-year period. Of these, 32 had involvement of the posterior interosseous nerve exclusively. Findings included weak wrist extension with a radial drift, inability to extend the fingers, paralysis of thumb extension, and weak thumb abduction. Causes included entrapment at the arcade of Froshe (14 patients), laceration (6 patients), fracture (6 patients), compression or contusion (3 patients), and loss associated with tumor (3 patients). The ratio of men to women was 2:1, and the right arm was involved twice as often as the left. Preoperative evaluation included physical examination, electrophysiological testing (electromyogram/nerve conduction velocity), and roentgenograms of the elbow and forearm. Of the 30 patients (2 patients had bilateral lesions), 26 underwent operation. In the operative series, all 28 nerves had a function of Grade 3 or more of a possible 5 after 4 years of follow-up. Seventeen had achieved Grade 4/5, and 7 had obtained Grade 5/5. At operation, 23 nerves were found to be in continuity. Fourteen lesions of nerves in continuity were associated with entrapment and, not unexpectedly, transmitted a nerve action potential with slowed conduction and low amplitude across the lesion. Four nerves in continuity that had lesions caused by injury had nerve action potentials and were treated by neurolysis, and another 4 had no nerve action potentials and were treated by graft or suture repair. Five injured nerves were not in continuity. Two could be repaired by end-to-end suture, and 3 required graft repair. A large ganglion cyst involving the posterior interosseous nerve was also resected.     

儿童桡神经损伤78例分析

目的讨论儿童桡神经损伤的临床特点和治疗方法。方法对７８例儿童桡神经损伤的临床资料进行总结和分析。伤因：６６例为上肢骨折或脱位时合并神经损伤，其中肱骨下段骨折７例，肱骨髁上骨折３７例，孟氏骨折或单纯桡骨头脱位１８例，尺骨和／或桡骨骨折４例。１２例为单纯神经损伤。采用手法复位、石膏固定或牵引１８例，神经松解术３８例，神经吻合术２０例，肌腱转移功能重建术２例。结果４２例随访２个月～２６年，平均４年２个月。用Ｈｉｇｈｅｔ运动评定法评定，疗效为优者３４例，优良率达８１％。伤后３个月内治疗者优良率占９６．５％，明显优于伤后６个月处理者的５０％。结论儿童上肢骨折脱位易合并桡神经损伤，对开放性骨折合并桡神经损伤者应尽快手术治疗。闭合性损伤在保守治疗１～３个月后功能无恢复时应考虑手术治疗