病毒性肝炎患者Ⅰ型前胶原羧基端肽及表皮生长因子评价

通过观察各型病毒性肝炎及肝硬化患者血清Ⅰ型前胶原羧基端肽(PICP)及表皮生长因子(EGF)水平,以评价其在肝纤维化中的临床意义.本文采用放射免疫分析方法测定了134例病毒性肝炎患者和30名正常人(对照组)的血清PICP及ECF水平.结果表明急性肝炎组两指标与对照组相比无显著差异(P＞0.05),而慢性肝炎轻中型组、慢性肝炎重型组及肝硬化组两指标与对照组相比,均有显著性差异(P＜0.05-0.01),其中慢性肝炎重型组两指标水平最高.以上结果说明,测定血清PICP及EGF水平可以反映肝纤维化程度及慢性肝病的活动度,是临床上判断肝病进展及预后的一项参考指标.     

肝病患者血清表皮生长因子、转化生长因子-α含量变化的探讨

目的探讨肝病患者血清表皮生长因子(EGF)、转化生长因子-α(TGF-α)含量变化的意义.方法应用放射免疫分析法检测212例各类肝病患者和88例正常对照组的血清EGF和TGF-a的含量.结果与对照组相比,原发性肝癌组、肝硬化组的EGF、TGF-α水平显著升高(p<0.01).急性肝炎组和慢性重型肝炎组的血清TGF-α也明显增高,而慢性轻型肝炎组的血清中EGF、TGF-α含量与对照组比较差异无显著性意义(p>0.05 ).急、慢性肝炎组的血清中TGF-α含量与血清中总胆红素和谷丙转氨酶的含量变化呈正相关.肝硬化组中TGF和EGF均与A/G比值相关.结论提示EGF和TGF-α的活性与肝脏疾病中的炎症损伤、修复再生、纤维化和肿瘤增殖的形成起重要作用.     

肝病患者血清表皮生长因子、转化生长因子—α含量变化的探讨

目的探讨肝病患者血清表皮生长因子(EGF)、转化生长因子-α(TGF-α)含量变化的意义.方法应用放射免疫分析法检测212例各类肝病患者和88例正常对照组的血清EGF和TGF-a的含量.结果与对照组相比,原发性肝癌组、肝硬化组的EGF、TGF-α水平显著升高(p<0.01).急性肝炎组和慢性重型肝炎组的血清TGF-α也明显增高,而慢性轻型肝炎组的血清中EGF、TGF-α含量与对照组比较差异无显著性意义(p>0.05).急、慢性肝炎组的血清中TGF-α含量与血清中总胆红素和谷丙转氨酶的含量变化呈正相关.肝硬化组中TGF和EGF均与A/G比值相关.结论提示EGF和TGF-α的活性与肝脏疾病中的炎症损伤、修复再生、纤维化和肿瘤增殖的形成起重要作用.     

病毒性肝炎患者血清脂多糖结合蛋白检测及其意义

目的观察慢性肝炎、重型肝炎患者血清脂多糖结合蛋白(Lipopolysaccharidebindingprotein,LBP)的变化.方法用酶联免疫吸附法检测16例慢性肝炎患者,15例肝炎肝硬化患者,12例重型肝炎和17例健康对照者血清中LBP水平.结果慢性肝炎组患者血清LBP含量35166.25μg/L,显著高于健康对照组18590.00μg/L,而慢性肝炎组与重型肝炎组比较,慢性肝炎>肝炎肝硬化>重型肝炎,各组间差异显著,血清LBP含量与血浆PTA水平呈正相关(r=0.3958,P<0.01),而与血清ALTTBiL水平无明显相关性(r分别为0.1645和0.1894,P值均>0.05).结论血清LBP可能作为了解肝脏代偿能力指标之一.     

慢性肝病患者血清TPO水平与肝纤维化指标关系的探讨

目的:探讨慢性肝病患者血清中血小板生成素(TPO)水平与肝纤维化指标的关系.方法:ELISA测定正常人及肝病患者的TPO水平,肝纤维化指标用放射免疫分析.结果:TPO水平在慢性肝炎为(120.41±39.73)pg/ml轻、中、重组,肝硬化为(125.84±44.40)pg/ml与正常人(143.62±47.97)pg/ml比较均无显著性差异(P＞0.05);肝硬化组(18例)的ⅣC与TPO水平有显著相关性(r=0.517,P＜0.05),其余各组HA、LN、PCⅢ、ⅣC与TPO均无相关性(P＞0.05).结论:慢性肝病患者血清TPO水平与疾病的严重程度无关,而肝硬化患者TPO水平与肝纤维化程度有一定的关系.     

安络化纤丸联合硒酵母片治疗肝炎肝硬化的疗效观察

目的 观察安络化纤丸联合硒酵母片治疗肝炎肝硬化的临床疗效及对血清肝纤维化指标的影响.方法 随机将50例慢性肝炎患者分为安络化纤丸联合硒酵母片治疗组和一般保肝治疗组,对比分析治疗前和治疗6个月时血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、白蛋白、透明质酸、Ⅲ型前胶原和层粘连蛋白水平的变化.结果 治疗后两组患者的症状、体征、肝功能检查及肝纤维化指标均有不同程度好转,治疗组安络化纤丸联合硒酵母片治疗组在降低丙氨酸氨基转移酶和血清肝纤维化指标等方面均优于一般保肝治疗组.结论安络化纤丸联合硒酵母片具有较好的抗肝纤维化作用.     

慢性肝病患者血清PCⅢ水平与肝纤维化程度的关系

目的:探讨慢性肝病患者血清Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)水平与肝纤维化病变程度的相关性及进程的分级判定作用.方法:采用放射免疫分析(RIA)与自动生化仪化学法测定70例正常对照(仅测定PCⅢ水平)、32例慢性中度乙肝、27例慢性重度乙肝、27例肝炎肝硬化、39例原发性肝癌血清中PCⅢ的含量和肝功能相关酶,如丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性以及其他常规肝功能项目,如总胆红素(STB)、直接胆红素(SDB)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、总胆汁酸(TBA),分析不同组别的血清PCⅢ水平与肝纤维化程度的相关性及与其他检测项目的关系.结果:①血清PCⅢ水平依次为:慢性重度乙肝组(n=27,501.17±191.09)＞肝炎肝硬化组(n=27,334.52±139.14)＞正常对照组(n=32,298.02±151.02)＞原发性肝癌组(n=39,281.42±143.48)＞正常对照组(n=70,122.56±92.94);②慢性重度乙肝组血清PCⅢ水平与STB和SDB正相关(均P＜0.05),与ALP显著正相关(P＜0.01);③肝炎肝硬化组PCⅢ与STB、SDB、TBA及ALP显著正相关(均P＜0.01);④慢性中度乙肝组血清PCⅢ水平与AST及ALP显著正相关(均P＜0.01);⑤原发性肝癌组的血清PCⅢ与STB、SDB、TBA、AST及ALP显著正相关(均P＜0.01).结论:血清PCⅢ水平可反映肝纤维化的活跃状态,而非肝纤维化的最终病变程度.     

利拉鲁肽联合胰岛素泵对2 型糖尿病合并肝硬化患者血糖代谢及肝纤维化的影响

目的 观察利拉鲁肽联合胰岛素泵强化治疗对2型糖尿病合并肝硬化患者血糖代谢及肝纤维化的影响。方法 选择2017年1月~2018年6月山东医学高等专科学校附属医院收治的2型糖尿病合并肝硬化患者80例按随机数字表法分为对照组和实验组,每组40例。对照组给予单纯胰岛素泵控制血糖,实验组给予利拉鲁肽联合胰岛素泵强化治疗。观察两组患者治疗前后血清c肽、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素敏感性指数、肝纤维化指标层黏连蛋白、透明质酸、Ⅲ型前胶原、Ⅳ型胶原变化。结果 治疗后,两组患者血清c肽水平、胰岛素敏感性指数均较治疗前升高,糖化血红蛋白较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,实验组血清c肽水平、胰岛素敏感性指数较对照组高,糖化血红蛋白较对照组低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。治疗后,两组患者肝纤维化指标层黏连蛋白、透明质酸、Ⅲ型前胶原、Ⅳ型胶原均较治疗前降低,实验组肝纤维化指标层黏连蛋白、透明质酸、Ⅲ型前胶原、Ⅳ型胶原均较对照组低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 2型糖尿病合并肝硬化患者治疗中,利拉鲁肽联合胰岛素泵强化治疗可以更加有效的控制血糖,改善胰岛素抵抗,降低肝脏纤维化水平,进而改善肝脏微环境,降低肝脏应激反应,促进肝脏纤维化的缓解。     

肝炎肝纤维化患者的血脂分析

目的:探讨肝炎肝纤维化患者的肝纤维化指标,并进行血脂分析.方法:用放射免疫分析测定肝炎肝纤维化患者的血清透明质酸(HA)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、Ⅳ胶原(Ⅳ-C)、层黏蛋白(LN).采用全自动生化分析仪测定其三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TCH)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、载脂蛋白A1(apoA1)、载脂蛋白B(apoB)及50例正常人血清指标.所有病例均作肝穿刺病理检查.结果:肝炎肝纤维化患者的血清脂质水平随着肝组织肝纤维化程度的升高而逐渐降低,较重肝组织肝纤维化期(S4)患者与对照组比较有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01),较轻肝组织肝纤维化期(S1、S2、S3)患者与对照组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:随着肝组织肝纤维化指标的升高血清脂质水平降低,肝纤维化患者病情加重,反之减轻,预后也较好,这对判断肝炎严重性和预后情况有一定价值.     

肝纤维化指标的检测及临床意义

目的 研究血清纤维化指标透明质酸（HA）、IV型胶原（Ⅳ-c）、Ⅲ型前胶原肽（PCⅢ）、层粘连蛋白（LN）水平与肝纤维化指标的关系.方法 对确诊的慢性乙型肝炎及肝硬化患者124例和健康人18例,测定血清纤维化指标水平,33例患者进行肝穿行肝组织炎症及肝纤维化分期.血清纤维化指标行统计学分析.结果 血清中HA与CIV水平在慢性肝炎各相平行,而LN与PCⅢ在慢性肝炎病理分期相同时结果一致,在G4期时PCⅢ结果与正常对照相近.四项指标与对照组比较有明显升高.结论 血清纤维化指标与肝纤维化有一定的相关性,这些指标与临床结合对肝纤维化有一定的价值.LN与PCⅢ在慢性肝炎患者分期G_4前与纤维化程度相一致,联合多项指标检测可在一定程度上提高肝纤维化诊断.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.