Fiberoptic ductoscopy combined with cytology testing in the patients of spontaneous nipple discharge

Fiberoptic ductoscopy system (FDS) offers a safe alternative to ductography in diagnosing intraductal lesions and serves as a guide for subsequent surgery in women with nipple discharge. In this article, we reported the outcomes of FDS combined with cytology testing for diagnosis of spontaneous nipple discharge. From 1997 to 2005, 1,048 women (1,093 breasts total) in the outpatient department underwent successful diagnostic FDS. Discharge was unilateral (86.8%), single ductal (93.4%), and serous (57.9%) or bloody (36.0%). Among 437 (40.0%) of the FDS-positive breasts, we revealed 49 (11.2%) breast carcinomas, 228 (52.2%) central papillomas, and 5 (1.1%) cases of atypical ductal hyperplasia. Ten patients with positive cytology testing received microdochectomy in spite of having a negative FDS, which revealed two additional ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS), and four papillomas. About 489 breasts were negative for both FDS and cytology testing and were subjected to follow up. About 77 (15.7%) of the breasts underwent tissue diagnosis within a median follow-up time span of 19 months, and one DCIS was detected. The sensitivity of FDS for detection of malignant lesions was 94.2% and increased to 98.1% when combined with cytology testing. Nevertheless, it was less sensitive (p < 0.01) if we used cytology testing only (58.3%), mammography (48.6%), high-frequency sonography (36.4%), or combination of mammography and sonography (56.8%) to detect these malignant lesions. These data confirmed the value of FDS combined with cytology testing as a diagnostic procedure in women with nipple discharge. G-Y Liu and J-S Lu contributed equally to this work.     

285例乳头溢液临床分析

目的 总结分析乳头溢液的临床意义和病因诊断方法,为临床更合理的治疗提供科学依据。方法 回顾分析1990年1月～2002年8月我科手术治疗的285例乳头溢液病例。结果 285例患者中,乳腺癌55例(19.3％),导管内乳头状瘤130例(45.6％),导管内乳头状瘤病20例(7.0％),导管扩张症36例(12.6％),乳腺增生病33例(11.6％),乳腺导管炎11例(3.9％)。其中乳腺癌、导管内乳头状瘤及导管内乳头状瘤病共205例,占71.9％。结论 乳管内视镜是乳头溢液病因诊断的首选检查。对乳头溢液特别是血性溢液应及时做出病因诊断,以便采取合理的手术治疗。     

乳管镜定位及超声引导下真空辅助空芯针活组织检查治疗乳管内病灶

目的探讨乳管镜定位及超声引导下乳管内病灶真空辅助空芯针活组织检查的可行性。 方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年12月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心行乳管镜检查发现导管内病灶并行手术治疗的75例患者的临床资料,其中,乳管镜定位及超声引导下真空辅助空芯针活组织检查29例(微创手术组),常规开放手术切除病变乳管46例(常规手术组)。对2组患者的手术时间、术后病理结果、切口长度及患者对切口美观性的满意度进行分析。年龄、手术时间及切口长度等指标不符合正态分布,用M(P₂₅～P₇₅)表示,采用2个独立样本的非参数检验。率的比较采用χ²检验。 结果微创手术组手术时间为10.0(8.0～15.0)min,低于常规手术组的36.5(32.0～40.3) min(Z＝－7.267,P<0.001)。微创手术组的病理检出率为100.0%(29/29),高于常规手术组的71.7%(33/46)(χ²＝9.914,P＝0.002)。微创手术组切口长度为0.5(0.5～0.7) cm,常规手术组为2.0(2.0～3.0) cm,差异有统计学意义(Z＝－7.438,P<0.001)。微创手术组患者对切口美观性的满意度为96.6%(28/29),高于常规手术组的76.1%(35/46)(χ²＝4.124,P＝0.042)。所有病例术后中位随访时间27个月(范围：12～47个月)。微创手术组无一例复发,常规手术组有1例半年后接受了二次手术。 结论乳管镜定位及超声引导下的真空辅助空芯针活组织检查治疗乳管内病灶具有微创、手术切口小、美观、手术时间短、准确率高等优点,具有临床可行性。     

乳管镜在乳腺导管内肿瘤诊断及治疗中的应用

目的：评价乳管镜在乳腺导管内肿瘤临床诊治中的作用及应用价值。方法：我科2013年1月－2014年6月经门诊乳管镜诊治乳头溢液患者共1709人次,其中诊断为乳腺导管内肿瘤患者123例,在我科行手术治疗患者105人,回顾性分析其术前诊断、术后病检及治疗过程。结果：123例患者在乳管镜下见乳腺导管内肿瘤样病变,105人行病变导管及所属腺叶部分切除术,术后病检85例确诊为乳腺导管内乳头状瘤,5例确诊为乳腺导管内原位癌,3例确诊为乳腺浸润性导管癌,12例确诊为乳腺囊肿等其他良性病变。结论：乳管镜可早期发现乳腺导管内肿瘤,是诊治及手术定位的重要辅助手段。     

应用纤维乳管镜诊治乳头溢液的临床经验

目的:探讨乳管内视镜诊断治疗乳头溢液疾病的价值。方法:对2006年5月～2007年2月在我院门诊行纤维乳管镜诊治的33例乳头溢液病例进行回顾分析,总结其内镜检查和相关辅助检查结果,并进行随访,对诊断情况和治疗效果进行初步评价。结果:33例乳头溢液患者,纤维乳管镜检查诊断乳管内乳头状瘤16例,乳腺癌3例,乳管炎5例,乳管扩张7例,2例未见异常。诊断符合率乳管内乳头状瘤、乳腺癌分别为62.5%和66.7%,乳管炎和乳管扩张均为100%,总体符合率为71.4%。同样病例超声、钼靶检查阳性发现率较低。结论:纤维乳管镜为乳头溢液患者特异性较高的检查,病理符合率较高,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

A utility of ductography and fiberoptic ductoscopy for patients with nipple discharge

Background. Breast carcinoma and precancer are thought to start in the lining of the milk duct or lobule. While ductography has been advocated as the main procedure in patients with nipple discharge, fiberoptic ductoscopy (FDS) is an emerging technique allowing direct visual access to the ductal system of the breast through nipple orifice exploration. Methods. We applied ductography and FDS to 65 women who had nipple discharge, and compared their utility. Results. Intraductal lesions occurred in the segmental duct and the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth branches in decreasing frequency with ductography and FDS screening. The detection rates of intraductal abnormal lesions by ductography and FDS and the their combination were 89.1 (37 patients), 97.4 (38 patients), and 97.5% (39 patients) respectively. Ductal washings performed during FDS were effective to obtain representative exfoliated ductal cells which could be evaluated (sensitivity 50%, specificity 94.3%, and diagnostic accuracy 89.7%). As a result, we diagnosed 35 cases of benign lesions and four cases of malignant lesions by cytological or/and histological examination. Conclusion. Ductography and fiberoptic ductoscopy are useful procedure in guiding subsequent breast surgery in the treatment of nipple discharge.     

Mammary ductoscopy: current issues and perspectives

Until recently, the mammary duct had not been directly observed in vivo. Starting with the success of Teboul et al., studies of mammary ductoscopy (MD) for nipple discharge have been performed in Japan and other East Asian countries. Ductal lavage screening trials for breast cancer started in the 2000s. Concurrently, the number of English-language articles about MD increased. Sixty-nine English-language and 74 Japanese-language papers published in the last 19 years were reviewed. Important reports and studies were analyzed. MD has undergone significant technological development, and studies of MD have taken place in many countries. As a result, endoscopic images of the mammary duct have developed, and the endoscopic diagnosis for nipple discharge has become possible. MD-guided biopsy and surgery have been studied. Findings of MD are useful for diagnosing intraductal lesions with nipple discharge. As a result, MD has reduced the number and extent of microdochectomies. MD is also helpful in guiding breast-conserving surgery. Many pioneers have tried direct biopsy or interventions under MD, but further developments are necessary for its practical use.     

Mammary ductoscopy: past, present, and future

Mammary ductoscopy (MD) allows direct visual access to the mammary ducts, using fiberoptic microendoscopes inserted through the ductal opening onto the nipple surface. Therefore it has a potential role in the diagnosis and treatment of intraductal breast disease. This article describes the anatomy of the mammary ductal system, the early beginnings of MD, its ongoing evolution, and the need for further development for its future usage in increasing clinical indications. MD is a useful diagnostic adjunct in patients with pathological nipple discharge (PND) and can guide duct excision surgery. However, its potential use in the early detection of breast cancer, in guiding breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for cancer, and in the therapeutic ablation of intraductal disease, as well as in guiding risk-reducing strategies among high-risk women, requires further research and evaluation. The development of a biopsy kit that obtains adequate microbiopsy samples for histological diagnosis under direct visualization will enhance the use of this technique by breast surgeons and radiologists. Future developments also include combining MD with molecular diagnostic markers and optical biopsy systems for the diagnosis of premalignant and early malignant disease, and combining MD with radiofrequency for curative ablation of intraductal lesions.     

Clinical Application of Breast Fiberoptic Ductoscopy in 354 Cases with Abnormal Nipple Discharge

OBJECTIVE To use the breast duct endoscope for studying thepathological characteristics of breast-duct disease with nipple discharge,and offer methods that can improve diagnostic accuracy.METHODS A total of 354 patients with nipple discharge were examinedusing the fiberoptic duct endoscope (FVS-3000M). Ducts and theirbranches were investigated to define and locate the extent of intraductallesions. Core biopsies were taken of suspicious lesions and the findingswere analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS In cases of bloody and serosanguineous nipple discharge,72.3% were papilloma and papillomatosis, 5.2% duct cancer and 22.5%mammary duct ectasia and galactophoritis. In patients with watery nippledischarge, 56.0% were papilloma and papillomatosis, 8.0% were breastcancer and 5 patients without abnormal findings were regarded asnormal.CONCLUSION Fiberoptic duct endoscopy can accurately locate the siteand pathology of nipple discharge allowing the improvement in diagnosisof early breast cancer.     

伴乳头溢液乳腺癌的临床诊断研究

为了探讨≥30岁伴乳头溢液乳腺癌患者的临床诊断方法,回顾性研究163例(164个病灶)≥30岁单纯乳头溢液、乳头溢液合并肿块、乳头溢液合并局限性增厚乳腺癌患者的临床资料,分析患者乳腺X射线(MG)、超声(US)、乳管内视镜(MD)和MG联合US、MG联合MD的检查结果,进行统计学分析。单纯性乳头溢液乳腺癌MG、US和MD的阳性率分别是32.9%、16.5%和69.6%,合并肿块乳腺癌的阳性率分别为48.2%、42.9%和83.9%,合并局限性增厚乳腺癌的阳性率分别为82.8%、37.9%和79.3%。MG联合US在本研究各亚组中的阳性率和MG单独检查相比有提高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),MG联合MD在合并腺体局限性增厚乳腺癌组中的阳性率和MG单独检查相比有提高,差异无统计学意义(P=0.23),但在其他两个亚组中差异有统计学意义,P=0.000。初步研究结果提示,单纯乳头溢液或乳头溢液合并肿块的患者诊断时行MG联合MD检查,可补充US检查,而乳头溢液合并局限性增厚患者行MG检查,可补充MD和US检查。     

乳管内窥镜在诊治非肿瘤性乳头溢液中的应用

目的探讨乳管内窥镜及介入治疗法诊治积乳症、闭塞性乳管炎及导管扩张症。方法选取本院2003年3月至2008年3月乳管镜诊断为乳腺疾病患者7426例,年龄25～74岁,平均36．8岁,全部为女性。根据镜下表现分组：积乳症组（2466例）、闭塞性乳管炎组（2026例）及导管扩张症组（2934例）,3组均给予介入治疗,3～4周为1个疗程。随访3～36个月。结果7426例患者中,总治愈率为62．59％（4648／7426）,总有效率为93．33％（6931／7426）。积乳症组有效率达96．15％,治愈率达72．91％;闭塞性乳管炎组有效率达90．57％,治愈率达53．95%;导管扩张症组有效率达92．88％,治愈率达59．88％。并发症：乳管皲裂25例,细菌感染13例,血肿3例,未发现医源性感染。结论乳管内窥镜对积乳症、闭塞性乳管炎及导管扩张症具有特异性诊断作用。乳管内窥镜介入治疗直接有效。     

纤维乳管镜及液基细胞学检查对病理性乳头溢液的诊断价值

目的:探讨纤维乳管镜(FDS)及液基细胞学检查(TCT)对病理性乳头溢液良恶性病变的诊断价值.方法:回顾分析434例行FDS及TCT检查的病理性乳头溢液病例资料,并将检查资料与术后病理活检结果进行比较分析.结果:全组434倒病例的FDS检查结果分析,其中溢液性质、末梢乳管出血情况、乳管情况的差异对良恶性病变的诊断差异均有统计学意义,P＜0.05.401例乳管内肿瘤占位病例的Logistic回归分析提示,肿瘤的位置(Ⅲ级或以上乳管)和肿瘤形状是评价乳管内肿瘤良恶性性质的主要指标.综合上述FDS图像特征的指标分析,FDS诊断乳头溢液恶性病变的敏感性为74.1％,特异性为75.0％;TCT诊断的敏感性为58.6％,特异性为98.9％;两者联合诊断的敏感性为86.2％,特异性为73.9％;FDS联合TCT检查的ROC曲线下的AUC面积为0.801,优于单独TCT或FDS检查.结论:FDS联合TCT检查有利于进一步提高乳头溢液中恶性病变的检出率,值得在临床推广应用.     

纤维乳管镜检查分级在乳头血性溢液疾病诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨纤维乳管镜检查分级在乳头血性溢液乳腺疾病中应用的可行性。方法对Mokbel’S分级系统略做调整,对617例乳头血性溢液患者的纤维乳管镜检查资料进行分级,评估纤维乳管镜图像特征分级诊断的准确性。以病理检查结果为标准,对纤维乳管镜分级诊断结果进行比较评价,计算出纤维乳管镜图像特征分级诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度。采用ROC曲线对分级诊断进行检测。结果根据调整后的纤维乳管镜分级,617例乳头血性溢液患者中0级0例,1级21例,2级71例（含恶性1例）,3级386例（含恶性9例）,4级43例（含恶性8例）,5级96例（含恶性78例）。纤维乳管镜分级的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为89．6％、89．8％、61．9％、97．9％和89．8％。ROC曲线下面积是0．897,95％可信区间是0．859～0．935。结论纤维乳管镜检查分级可用于乳头血性溢液的乳腺疾病,对早期发现乳腺癌、减少乳腺癌的漏诊具有临床参考价值。     

Value of Fiberoptic Ductoscopy in Diagnosing and Treating Multiporous Nipple Discharge

OBJECTIVE To explore the value of fiberoptic ductoscopy in diagnosing and treating bilateral and polyporous nipple discharge (ND).METHODS Fiberoptic ductoscopy was conducted in 29 patients with bilateral and polyporous ND.After the ductoscopy,the patients with intraductal papilloma (IDP) underwent a surgical procedure,and the others,identified with galactostasis,mammary duct ectasia (MDE) and obstructive galactophoritis (OG),received a ductoscopy-guided interventional therapy. RESULTS Among 29 cases,and with 79 galactophores examined,IDP was found in 11 cases (37.9% of the total cases),or 13.9% of the galactopores examined.IDP was found in 9 of 11 cases with a bloody nipple discharge,while IDP was seen in 2 of the 18 cases with a non-bloody nipple discharge.The excision accuracy achieved 100% in the cases,and postoperative pathological diagnosis accordance rate reached 88.9%. CONCLUSION Fiberoptic ductoscopy has many features such as ability to see the lesion,and accurate preoperative localization,thus eliminating excessive excision of tissue during surgery.For most patients with ND,especially those suffering galactostasis,OG or MDE,washout under fiberoptic ductoscopy and interventional therapy may achieve a thorough cure of the disease.     

纤维乳管镜对乳腺导管内肿瘤的诊断价值

目的：探讨纤维乳管内窥镜（简称“纤维乳管镜”）对乳腺导管内肿瘤的诊断价值。方法：66例单侧单孔血性乳头溢液的患者入院行手术治疗,术前均同时行纤维乳管镜检查及超声检查,回顾性分析其术前检查诊断与病理符合情况。结果：66例血性乳头溢液患者,病理证实乳腺导管内肿瘤59例（其中导管内乳头状瘤47例,导管内乳头状瘤伴上皮非典型增生4例,导管内癌8例）,导管内肿瘤发生率89．39％（59／66）,导管内肿瘤伴非典型增生（癌前病变）及导管内癌发生率18．18％（12／66）;单纯导管扩张症7例,发生率10．61％（7／66）。59例病理所示导管内肿瘤的患者乳管镜检查阳性57例（包括导管内乳头状瘤伴上皮非典型增生4例,导管内癌8例）,阴性2例,导管内肿瘤诊断率96．61％（57／59）。超声检查阳性30例（包括导管内乳头状瘤伴上皮非典型增生1例,导管内癌3例）,阴性29例,导管内肿瘤诊断率50．85％（30／59）,二者比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：血性乳头溢液患者乳腺导管内肿瘤发生率较高,纤维乳管镜检查显著提高乳腺导管内肿瘤（包括导管内癌）的诊断率,对乳腺导管内肿瘤的诊断具有重要价值。     

乳管内窥镜在乳头溢液诊治中的临床应用(附1 000例分析)

背景与目的：乳头溢液是乳腺科门诊常见的症状，而临床上大约有1％的乳腺癌是乳头溢液为首发症状，大量临床摸不到的肿块的乳头溢液患者进行筛检可以早起发现乳腺癌，1997年国内发展新科技一乳腺纤维导管内视镜，用一根外径0．7mm光导镜，自乳头溢液管151插入，用过内视镜成像技术观察并记录乳腺导管内正常及异常病变情况，优势在于不仅诊断敏感性较高（〉90％），而且还行准确定位，用于早期诊断乳腺导管内疾病及早期乳腺癌。本研究评估纤维导管内窥镜在无肿块的乳头溢液诊断及治疗的临床价值。方法：用纤维导管内窥镜对1000例乳腺溢液患者进行检查和治疗。结果：本研究对1000例无肿块乳头溢液患者检查发现早期乳腺癌33例（3．3％），乳头状瘤392例（39．2％），乳头状瘤病20例（2％），导管扩张伴慢性炎症480例（48％），正常导管75例（7．5％），活检吸取肿块8例，3例报告导管内癌，导管慢性炎药物冲洗220例（22％），手术患者453例。经病理证实与导管镜检查符合率90．7％。结论：乳管内窥镜可插入到5级乳腺导管，能早期发现乳腺癌，对部分导管慢性炎症可用药物冲洗治疗，乳管内窥镜定位、定性准确，乳管内窥镜对早期乳腺癌的诊断和治疗具有深远价值。     

乳管镜图像特征在伴乳头溢液乳腺癌中的诊断价值

目的探讨乳管镜图像特征多元参数在伴乳头溢液乳腺癌中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析1159例病理资料完整的伴乳头溢液乳腺病患者的乳管镜资料,通过）（2检验筛选出乳管镜下诊断乳腺癌的相关图像特征,用Logistic回归分析评价它们在伴乳头溢液乳腺癌中的诊断价值。结果乳管镜诊断相关的图像特征包括病变的位置、管腔改变、管壁弹性、管壁表面形态、乳管末稍出血、病变在乳管内的位置、病变形状、病变颜色、病变表面形状、病变数量及病变表面出血等（P〈0．05）,行Logistic回归分析筛选出各乳管镜图像特征的DR值分别为：DR管壁表面形态=3．05,OR乳管末梢出血=2．22,OR病变数量=2．09,0R病变颜色=1．53,OR病变表面形状=1．53,DR病变形状=1．41,OR管壁弹性=0．43。根据OR值对各孚L管镜图像特征在伴乳头溢液乳腺癌中的诊断价值进行排序：管壁表面形态〉乳管末梢出血〉病变数量〉病变颜色=病变表面形状〉病变形状〉管壁弹性。结论乳管镜图像特征对伴乳头溢液乳腺癌的诊断有重要价值。     

乳管镜检查在乳腺神经内分泌癌诊断中的应用价值

背景与目的：乳腺神经内分泌癌是乳腺癌的一种特殊类型,较为罕见,而以乳头溢液为主要表现的乳腺神经内分泌癌更为罕见,目前国内外文献报道不多.本研究通过回顾性分析以乳头溢液为主要表现的乳腺神经内分泌癌的临床资料,探讨乳管镜检查在以乳头溢液为唯一表现的乳线神经内分泌癌诊断中的应用价值.方法：对复旦大学附属肿瘤医院通过乳管镜筛查发现的7例乳腺神经内分泌癌患者的临床表现、乳管镜下特点、病理检查结果以及术前影像学检查进行回顾性分析.结果：7例患者均以乳头单孔血性溢液为首发症状,临床体检肿块不明显,术前超声和乳腺X线检查为阴性,细胞学检查均无恶性证据.7例患者乳管镜下共发现8处病灶（其中1例为双侧）,5处表现单发乳头状新生物,3处表现为多发乳头状新生物.1处新生物周围管壁僵硬,其余7处管壁均光滑.所有病灶均在乳管镜定位下获得明确诊断.结论：乳管镜检查在以乳头溢液为唯一临床表现的乳腺神经内分泌癌的诊断中有重要应用价值.     

纤维乳管镜对乳腺导管内占位性病变的诊断及辅助手术治疗的应用价值

目的评价纤维乳管镜（FDS）对伴有乳头溢液的乳腺导管内占位性病变的诊治的应用价值。方法2005年9月至2009年12月本院采用FDS检查乳头溢液患者523例,发现乳腺导管内占位性病变209例（39．96％）。209例乳腺导管内占位性病变患者中,193例良性病变,均行手术治疗;16例恶性病变（乳头状瘤恶变6例,导管原位癌3例,浸润性导管癌6例,乳腺导管内乳头状瘤伴钙化、乳腺腺病重度非典型增生、局部癌变1例）分别行保留乳房手术5例,单纯乳腺切除术3例,乳腺癌改良根治术4例,乳腺癌改良根治术加假体即时置入术4例;所有手术采用FDS结合扩张探针定位法。所有病例均经病理证实。随访时间5～56个月（中位随访时间25月）。结果193例良性病变患者全部治愈,除2例患者失访外,其余无复发。16例恶性病变患者经治疗后,未发现复发、转移及死亡。结论应用FDS诊断乳腺导管内占位性病变有临床参考价值,辅助手术定位准确,有助于获得满意的手术治疗效果。