Differences in left ventricular diastolic dysfunction between eccentric and concentric left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients with preserved systolic function

Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) may be eccentric or concentric (2 × LV posterior wall thickness relative to LV end-diastolic dimension ≤ 0.42 or > 0.42, respectively). The LV diastolic function between age-matched hypertensive patients with eccentric and concentric LVH was compared in the present study. Echocardiography was used to measure LV mass index (LV mass/body surface area; LVMI) as an index of LVH. LV diastolic function was assessed by measurements of peak early transmitral flow velocity (E)/peak late transmitral flow velocity (A) (the E/A ratio), peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e') and the E/e' ratio. Although LVMI, E/A and e' did not differ between the two groups, E/e' was significantly higher (worse) in patients with concentric LVH (13.4 ± 5.4) than in those with eccentric LVH (11.1 ± 3.6). Among hypertensive patients with LVH, those with concentric LVH may, therefore, have more severe LV diastolic dysfunction than those with eccentric LVH even if their LVMIs, which reflect the degree of LVH, are similar.     

Left ventricular hypertrophy in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients not taking antihypertensive treatment

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent risk factor for myocardial ischaemia, cardiac arrhythmia, sudden death, and heart failure, all common findings in patients with type 2 diabetes. AIM: To determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, LVH in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients not taking antihypertensive treatment. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: From 1994 to 1998, M-mode echocardiography was performed by one experienced examiner in 262 consecutive, normoalbuminuric Caucasian type 2 diabetic patients, all with blood pressure <160/95 mmHg and not taking antihypertensive medication. Mean +/- SD age was 54 +/- 10 years, 109 were women, and median known duration of diabetes was 4 (range 1-28) years. Body mass index (BMI) was 28 +/- 5 kg/m(2), and blood pressure 134 +/- 13/79 +/- 8 mmHg, all means +/- SD. Median urinary albumin excretion rate was 9 (range 2-30) mg/24 h. RESULTS: The prevalence of LVH indexed to height(2.7) was 43% (95%CI 38-50%), and was similar in men and women. BMI, HbA(1c) and log urinary albumin excretion were significantly associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in a logistic regression model, whereas sex, age, known duration of diabetes and blood pressure were not. Similar results were obtained for left ventricular mass index. DISCUSSION: LVH was frequent in our normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients not taking antihypertensive treatment. Several potentially modifiable risk factors, such as raised BMI, poor glycaemic control and elevated urinary albumin excretion rate, were associated with LVH.     

Investigative Concerns in Demonstrating Reduced Risk From Reversing Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

BACKGROUND: To demonstrate reduced risk from reversing left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in hypertension, one must show that it is independent of blood pressure reduction. METHODS AND RESULTS: A feasibility study was conducted with 15 patients. The study employed 48-hour Holter recording, exercise treadmill (for ST-segment changes) and, as necessary, thallium scintigraphy and coronary angiography. All patients were treated for 3 months with quinapril (10 mg) and demonstrated decreased mean arterial pressure (125 +/- 3.1 vs 103 +/- 1.9 mmHg; P <.01) and left ventricular mass index (125 +/- 6.4 vs 104 +/- 4.9; P <.02) with preserved left ventricular function. There were no significant changes in these patients with moderate LVH in the incidence of arrhythmias; however, 4 of the 15 patients developed ST-segment changes prior to LVH reversal, and these changes did not recur in 3 patients following reversal of LVH or when pressure was allowed to rise. CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic changes, rather than development of arrhythmias, may be of greater value in demonstrating risk reduction with LVH reversal. Moreover, these preliminary data suggest pitfalls in demonstrating risk reduction after LVH reversal, indicating that more sensitive and adequate techniques are necessary to show risk reduction from LVH.     

组织多普勒显像技术评价西尼地平对高血压左室舒张功能的影响

目的借组织多普勒显像(TDI)技术评价西尼地平对高血压患者左室舒张功能的影响。方法37例高血压患者分为非左室肥厚(NLVH)组及左室肥厚(LVH)组,给予西尼地平治疗8周,治疗前、后用TDI技术测量收缩期运动速度(Sa)、舒张早期运动速度(Ea)、舒张晚期运动速度(Aa)及Ea/Aa,并与血流多普勒指标E波速度(E)、A波速度(A)、E/A进行比较,观察降压效果及对左室舒张功能的影响。结果(1)高血压LVH组较NLVH组Ea降低(P<0.01),Ea/Aa降低(P<0.05);而E、E/A等指标两组间差异无统计学意义;(2)西尼地平治疗8周后收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)均较治疗前下降(P<0.001),HR与治疗前比较无统计学意义;(3)治疗后E波减速时间(EDT)较治疗前降低(P<0.05),治疗后E、E/A、Ea均较治疗前升高(P<0.01),Ea/Aa较治疗前升高(P<0.001),等容舒张期(IVRT)较治疗前降低(P<0.001)。治疗后A、Sa、Aa与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义。结论TDI技术在评价左室舒张功能方面较二尖瓣血流频谱更准确;西尼地平对轻中度高血压患者具有良好的降压作用,不引起反射性心率加快,且能改善患者左室舒张功能。     

家族史对原发性高血压患者左室形态及功能的影响

目的：观察家族史对原发性高血压患者左心形态及功能的影响。方法：选择高血压患者189例,其中有家族史92例,无家族史97例,血压正常者100例。分别测量左室舒张末期内径（LVIDed）、室间隔厚度（LVST）、左室后壁厚度（LPWT）,并计算左室重量指数（LVMI）、相对室壁厚度（RWT）,测量射血分数（EF）、短轴缩短率（FS）。应用组织多普勒测量二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度e（cm/s）及心房收缩期峰值速度a（cm/s）,计算e/a的值。再根据LVMI、RWT划分高血压患者左室几何构型,对各几何构型中有家族史及无家族史者的左心形态及功能变化进行分析。结果：有家族史者不同构型的LVIDed、LVST、LPWT均大于无家族史者。有家族史组舒张功能明显降低,在向心性肥厚型中较为显著。有家族史组收缩功能下降,在离心性肥厚性中较为明显。结论：家族史对原发性高血压患者左心形态、功能具有一定影响,在向心性肥厚及离心性肥厚型中表现明显。     

左房压力波传递时间评价高血压患者左室舒张功能

目的　用左房压力波传递时间评价不同构型高血压患者的左室舒张功能。方法　对103例高血压患者进行M型、二维和脉冲多普勒超声检查,根据左室重量及相对室壁厚度分成四种不同构型,比较四组间AAr间期。结果　在103例原发性高血压患者中,检出正常构型者49例,占4757%;向心性重构者30例,占2913;向心性肥厚者9例,占874%;偏心性肥厚者15例,占1456%。四组间偏心性肥厚AAr间期最短,依次为向心性肥厚、向心性重构、正常构型,呈单向变化,各组间有差异(P<005)。结论　不同左室构型的高血压患者AAr间期有所差别,并提示偏心性肥厚、向心性肥厚的左室舒张功能受损最为严重。     

The association of peritoneal transport properties with 24-hour blood pressure levels in CAPD patients.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the effects of peritoneal transport characteristics on blood pressure (BP) parameters, measured by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), and on the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and prospective design. SETTING: Tertiary-care center. PATIENTS: 25 CAPD patients (11 male, 14 female; mean age 47 +/- 14 years) were included. Mean time on CAPD was 22.9 +/- 18 months and all patients had been dialyzed for more than 6 months. The patients were divided into high, high-average, low-average, and low transport groups according to peritoneal equilibration test results. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daytime and nighttime systolic and diastolic BP and left ventricular mass index among the different peritoneal transport groups; changes in BP parameters before and after increase in ultrafiltration. RESULTS: On 24-hour ABPM records, 13 patients (52%) were found to be hypertensive. Both mean systolic and diastolic BP were significantly increased in high-transporter groups compared to low transporters in both daytime and nighttime BP parameters. Left ventricular mass index was higher in high transporters compared to low transporters, without reaching statistical significance: 160 +/- 23 vs 119 +/- 41 g/m2, p > 0.05. Following increase in ultrafiltration, mean systolic (145 +/- 13 vs 128 +/- 5 mmHg, p < 0.001) and diastolic (96 +/- 10 vs 81 +/- 3 mmHg, p < 0.001) BP decreased, and BP levels returned to normotensive levels in 6 (46%) of the 13 hypertensive patients, requiring discontinuation of antihypertensive drugs. CONCLUSION: Improvement in volume status resulted in a decrease in both daytime and nighttime BP. Differences in peritoneal transport properties were associated with the development of hypertension and LVH.     

氯沙坦钾与卡托普利对高血压左心室肥厚逆转作用的比较

目的：研究科素亚逆转高血压患者左室肥厚的作用。方法：分别对39名高血压病人用科素亚及35名高血压病人用卡托普利治疗6个月。观察治疗前后的血压及室间隔厚度（IVS）,左心室后壁厚度（PWT）,左心室心肌重量（LVM0,左心室重量指数（LVMI）等指标的变化。结果：两组经治疗后血压及IVS,PWT,LVM,LVMI等指标均有明显的改善。结论：科素亚与卡托普利一样有逆转高血压患者左室肥厚作用。     

高血压不同左室构型左室舒张功能的超声心动图研究

目的联合应用二维、M-型超声心动图与脉冲多普勒技术评价高血压左心室不同构型的舒张功能。方法采用M-型和二维超声技术测量高血压患者左室几何构型，测量各组左房功能指标及二尖瓣、肺静脉血流频谱。结果与对照组相比，高血压各组左室舒张功能均有不同程度损害，向心性肥厚及离心性肥厚组受损最严重。高血压早期即可出现舒张功能异常，表现为正常构型组舒张功能的异常改变。左房灌注分数(LAT)是比二尖瓣及肺静脉血流频谱更加可靠地反映早期左室舒张功能异常的指标。结论左室舒张功能异常特别是左房灌注分数(LAT)的异常，可以早期体现左室重构超声心动图变化。     

高血压左室肥厚患者心室舒张功能的核素造影检测

【目的】比较高血压病有无左室肥厚患者核素心室造影左室功能的特点。【方法】对经超声心动图确诊的２４例高血压病伴左室肥厚（ＬＶＨ）患者及２０例无左室肥厚患者进行放射性核素心室造影检测,并与正常人对照。【结果】无左室肥厚患者左室舒张功能只有轻度减退,仅表现为１／３充盈分数（１／３ＦＦ）减低,而左室肥厚患者左室舒张功能明显减退,表现为高峰充盈率（ＰＦＲ）与１／３ＦＦ减低。高峰充盈时间（ＴＰＦ）延长;且随着左室肥厚的加重,舒张功能进一步减退。【结论】左室重量指数与ＰＦＲ,１／３ＦＦ呈负相关,而与ＴＰＦ呈正相关。     

原发性高血压病患者超声心动图左室构型与动态血压关系的探讨

目的探讨高血压病患者超声心动图左室构型与动态血压的关系。方法用彩色多普勒超声心动图对２１２例原发性高血压患者的左室构型进行了研究，并对全部患者进行了２４小时动态血压监测（ＡＢＰＭ）。结果左室正常构型６６例，向心性重构４９例，向心性肥厚５５例，离心性肥厚４２例。向心型肥厚及离心性肥厚其ＡＢＰＭ２４小时平均血压、血压负荷及血压昼夜节律消失者明显高于左室正常构型（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论高血压病患者２４小时血压水平、血压负荷与血压昼夜节律状况可反映左室构型发生和发展，而左室肥厚的有无又与左室舒张、收缩功能的改变具有密切关系。     

组织多普勒评价室壁肥厚与左室局部及整体舒张功能的关系

目的　应用脉冲组织多普勒( TDI)技术分析左室肥厚( L VH)患者局部室壁厚度、室壁不对称性与左室局部及整体舒张功能间的相关关系。方法　左室肥厚患者4 2例,包括肥厚型心肌病( HCM) 1 6例和高血压性心脏病( HHD)左室肥厚2 6例;正常对照( NC) 2 0例。二维超声测量并计算左室8个节段室壁厚度( r WT)、总厚度( t WT)及室壁不对称指数( CVw) ;TDI测量8个心肌节段的舒张期运动速度比( r E/ A)和等容舒张时间( r IVRT) ;另外分别应用TDI和脉冲波多普勒测量二尖瓣环和二尖瓣口的舒张期参数m E/ A、m IVRT和PVE/ PVE,IVRT作为整体舒张功能指标。结果　( 1 ) L VH者室壁总厚度及其不对称指数、局部等容舒张时间及其舒张不同步性均高于NC组;( 2 )室壁肥厚的程度及其不对称性与左室整体舒张功能相关( r值的绝对值0 .1 8～0 .4 1 ,P<0 .0 5 ) ;( 3 )局部r WT与r E/ A、r IVRT相关( r值- 0 .4 6 ,0 .4 1 ,P<0 .0 5 )。结论　肥厚型心肌病和高血压性心肌肥厚患者的局部室壁肥厚程度与左室局部舒张功能减低及等容舒张期延长有关;左室壁不对称性肥厚通过影响左室局部心肌早期舒张的速度和同步性间接导致左室整体早期充盈异常;TDI技术用于非创伤性评价左室局部及整体舒张功能有一定价值     

Effects of amlodipine and fosinopril on heart rate variability and left ventricular mass in mild-to-moderate essential hypertension

The differences between long-acting dihydropyridines and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors with regard to their long-term effects on 24-h heart rate variability (HRV) and left ventricular (LV) mass are less clear in mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. We studied the long-term effects of amlodipine and fosinopril on 24-h HRV and LV mass in mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. In this study, 27 patients with never treated mild-to-moderate essential hypertension were randomised to receive either amlodipine or fosinopril once daily as monotherapy. At baseline and at the end of the third and sixth months, each of the patients underwent 24-h HRV and ambulatory systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure analysis. LV mass index was calculated from echocardiographic examination at baseline and at the end of the sixth month. In amlodipine group (n = 14), 24-h SBP/DBP (mmHg) decreased from 144 +/- 8/94 +/- 4 to 128 +/- 6/83 +/- 3 at the end of the third month and to 125 +/- 5/81 +/- 2 at the end of the sixth month (p < 0.0001). In fosinopril group (n = 13), the respective changes were 143 +/- 9/97 +/- 7, 132 +/- 6/87 +/- 5 and 127 +/- 6/82 +/- 3 (p < 0.0001). At the end of the sixth month, LV mass index (g/m(2)) decreased from 122 +/- 26 to 105 +/- 21 in amlodipine group (p < 0.0001) and from 118 +/- 23 to 101 +/- 14 in fosinopril group (p < 0.0001). There were no significant changes in HRV parameters in both the groups. It was concluded that both drugs caused significant decrease in SBP and DBP, and LV mass in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension did not have significant long-term effects of either amlodipine or fosinopril on 24-h HRV parameters reflecting sympathetic or parasympathetic activity in these patients.     

Contribution of plasma matrix metalloproteinases to development of left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive subjects

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the regulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the myocardium and thus the pathogenesis of vascular and cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, we investigated contribution of plasma matrix metalloproteinases to development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive subjects. Hypertensive patients with (n = 27) and without LVH (n = 23) were included. All participants underwent a complete transthoracic echocardiographic examination, including recordings of the mitral annular early, late, systolic and diastolic velocities by Doppler imaging. Plasma concentrations of MMP-3 and MMP-9 were determined by the one-step sandwich enzyme immunoassay method. Plasma MMP-3 and MMP-9 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with LVH than those without LVH (2.4 +/- 1.2 vs 1.5 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, p = 0.006 and 5.2 +/- 2.8 vs 3.3 +/- 1.7 ng/ml, p = 0.003, respectively). MMP-3 and MMP-9 levels were also correlated with left ventricular posterior wall thickness and Doppler indices of diastolic dysfunction. Our findings have suggested that increased MMP levels may contribute to LVH and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Therefore, treatment of hypertension with MMP lowering drugs, such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, may have favorable effects on LVH and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.     

高血压患者血压变异性与左心室肥厚的关系

【目的】探讨原发性高血压患者血压变异性与左心室肥厚的关系。【方法】60例原发性高血压患者分别进行超声心动图和动态血压监测,根据左心室重量指数（LVMI）分为左心室肥厚（LVH）组和无LVH组,分析比较两组间的血压均值和血压变异性。【结果】LVH组24 h平均收缩压（24hSBP）、24 h平均舒张压（24hDBP）及白昼收缩压（dSBP）与夜间收缩压（nSBP）、白昼舒张压（dDBP）均显著高于无LVH组,且差异显著（ P ＜0．05）;LVH组血压变异性各指标除白昼舒张压标准差（dDSD）外,均比无LVH组增大,差异显著（ P ＜0．05）。【结论】原发性高血压患者LVH的发生和血压变异性密切相关,血压变异性增高对左心室肥厚风险有一定预测价值。     

Effects of arterial compliance on geometry of the left ventricle in patients with pre-dialysis chronic renal failure]

AIM: To examine relationships between left ventricular geometry and general arterial compliance (GAC) in patients with predialysis chronic renal failure (CRF). 102 patients with predialysis CRF unrelated to diabetes mellitus (males 46, females 56, mean age 49.1 +/- 18.3 years). CRF was caused by chronic glomerulonephritis and essential hypertension (77.4%). 92 (90.2%) patients were hypertensive. Serum creatinin was 432.1 +/- 165.3 mcmol/l. GAC was defined as stroke volume/pulse arterial pressure. Echocardiography determined the index of the left ventricular myocardial mass (ILVMM), relative thickness of the left ventricular wall (RTW). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was diagnosed in 86 (84.3%) patients. In 64 patients it was concentric and in 22 patients--excentric). Multivariance regression analysis showed that systolic arterial pressure and anemia have a direct independent effect on ILVMM (p = 0.004). Independent inverse relationship was between GAC and RTW. Patients with concentric LVH had GAC lower than those with excentric LVH (p = 0.003). Reduction of GAC is an independent factor influencing the development of concentric LVH in patients with predialysis CRF.     

Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and control of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR): oxprenolol versus hydrochlorothiazide

The control of hypertension with antihypertensive agents, in the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) can result in regression of established cardiac hypertrophy. This study compared the effects of therapy with oxprenolol (Ox) and with hydrochlorothiazide (Htz) for (1) regression of established left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and (2) blood pressure control. Three groups of SHR and 3 comparable groups of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, matched for age, sex and body wt, were treated with tap water (Gp I), 60-200 mg hydrochlorothiazide kg-1 day-1 (Gp II) and 15-500 mg oxprenolol kg-1 day-1 (Gp III) for 13 weeks. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP mmHg), left ventricular wt/body wt ratio (LVwt/Bwt mg g-1) and left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT mm) were recorded. Oxprenolol lowered both systolic (mean +/- S.E. mmHg, 130 +/- 7 vs 189 +/- 8; P less than 0.01) and diastolic blood pressures (mean +/- S.E. mmHg, 104 +/- 6 vs 159 +/- 6; P less than 0.001) and caused regression of left ventricular hypertrophy (mean +/- S.E. mg g-1, 2.91 +/- 0.06 vs 3.10 +/- 0.09; P less than 0.05). In contrast, hydrochlorothiazide did not control blood pressure (mean +/- S.E. mmHg, 183 +/- 5 vs 189 +/- 6 and 152 +/- 5 vs 156 +/- 6), but it did cause regression of left ventricular hypertrophy (mean +/- S.E. mg g-1, 2.67 +/- 0.03 vs 3.10 +/- 0.09; P less than 0.01). Left ventricular wall thickness, measured in the mid-ventricular region, was significantly reduced only by hydrochlorothiazide (mean +/- S.E. mm, 2.76 +/- 0.06 vs 3.21 +/- 0.01; P less than 0.05). These results suggest that regression of left ventricular hypertrophy can occur with or without control of hypertension in the SHR.     

杓型,非杓型高血压患者左室肥厚类型及几何形态间关系的研究

本文应用２４小时动态血压监测（２４ｈＡＢＰＭ）和ＵＣＧ检测６０例健康者，２５０例高血压患者，对杓型、非杓型高血压患者左室肥厚类型及几何形态间关系进行研究。结果表明：６０例健康者左心室重量和几何形态正常。高血压组中正常几何形态（３１．２％）和向心性重构（１７％）主要见于杓型高血压者，向心性肥厚（１７．８％）和离心性肥厚（３４％）主要见于非杓型高血压者。结果提示：能够影响心室腔大小或每搏量的诸因素（如血容量，静脉回流，后负荷，舒张和收缩功能）与左室形态的调控有关。     

比索洛尔对高血压病患者左室收缩与舒张功能的影响

目的　观察比索洛尔的降压效果及其对高血压病患者左心功能的影响。方法　对 3 6例初诊轻、中度高血压病患者进行 4周的比索洛尔治疗 ,应用超声心动图观察左室收缩及舒张功能的变化。结果　比索洛尔治疗前后诊室收缩压和舒张压的下降幅度分别为 16.2 3mmHg和 7.65mmHg ;降低血压的同时心房收缩期充盈峰值流速及其与舒张早期充盈峰值流速之比值明显降低 (P <0 .0 5及P <0 .0 1)。结论　比索洛尔在有效降压的同时能够显著改善高血压病患者的左室舒张功能。     

应变率显像评价不同构型高血压患者左室舒张功能及收缩后缩短

目的探讨心脏应变率显像（SRI）技术评价不同构型高血压患者左室舒张功能价值及收缩后缩短（PSS）现象。方法原发性高血压非左室心肌肥厚（NLVH）组30例,左室心肌肥厚（LVH）组30例,对照组30例,分别获得左室6个壁基底部、中间部和心尖部舒张早期应变率（SReb、SRem、SRea）,统计3组左室壁出现的PSS的节段数,并记录PSS值。结果NLVH组SReb、SRem、SRea均低于对照组（P〈0.01）。LVH组的SReb、SRem、SRea均低于NLVH组（P〈0.05）。LVH组的PSS出现比率及PSS绝对值均高于NLVH组（P〈0.05）。结论SRI技术为定量、准确评价不同构型高血压左室局部心肌舒张功能提供了新的方法,LVH组病理性PSS的出现提示局部心肌节段存在相对心肌缺血。