2-氰基-4′-甲基联苯的制备

用对氯甲苯和镁粉在碘引发下反应得到的格氏试剂和邻氯苯基氰在三甲基碘硅烷催化下缩合，得到沙坦类抗高血压药物的中间体2-氰基-4′-甲基联苯，收率89％。     

2-（4-氯苯氧乙基）-N-（1,2,3,4-四氢吖啶-9-基）乙酰胺对小鼠学习记忆的影响

目的探讨2-（4-氯苯氧乙基）-N-（1,2,3,4-四氢吖啶-9-基）乙酰胺对小鼠学习记忆的改善作用及作用机制。方法采用腹腔注射东莨菪碱造模,应用跳台实验观察化合物对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响,利用生化分析法测定脑组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）和血清中丁酰胆碱酯酶（BuchE）的活性。结果在小鼠跳台实验中,与模型对照组相比,2-（4-氯苯氧乙基）-N-（1,2,3,4-四氢吖啶-9-基）乙酰胺25、15mg/kg组给药后小鼠潜伏期明显延长,5min内错误次数显著减少;脑内AchE活性显著下降,但对血清中BuchE活性无明显影响。结论 2-（4-氯苯氧乙基）-N-（1,2,3,4-四氢吖啶-9-基）乙酰胺对东莨菪碱小鼠有较明显的增强学习和记忆能力,该作用可能与其抑制脑内AchE活性有关。     

4-(4-苯基哌嗪-1-基)-3-O-甲基-D-肌醇的制备及镇咳活性

右旋肌醇甲醚经缩酮制化得3-O-甲基-1，2：5，6-二-O-异亚丙基-D-肌醇，经甲磺酰化、水解、与4-苯基哌嗪缩合制得左羟丙哌嗪类似物4-（4-苯基哌嗪-1-基）-3-O-甲基-D-肌醇，总收率38％。镇咳药效实验表明，目标物对致咳小鼠的镇咳作用明显，但不及左羟丙哌嗪。     

4-[[1-[(4-氟苯基)甲基]-1H-2-苯并咪唑基]氨基]-1-哌啶甲酸乙酯的合成

以邻苯二胺为起始原料，经过缩合、氯代、烷基化和取代反应来合成4-[[1-[（4-氟苯基）甲基]-1H-2-苯并咪唑基]氨基]-1-哌啶甲酸乙酯。该合成方法操作简单，总收率达到30．7％。     

2-（2-氨基-4-噻唑基）-2-（Z）-羟亚胺基乙酸的合成Synthesis of 2-（2-amino-4-thiazolyl）-2-（Z）-hydroxyiminoacetic acid

以乙酰乙酸甲酯为原料，经亚硝化，硫酰氯氯化，环合，水解，精制五步反应制备了2-（2-氨基-4-噻唑基）-2-（Z）-羟亚胺基乙酸，总收率38．8％。本品是合成头孢克肟、头孢他啶、头孢地尼等的重要中间体。     

4-[1-烷基-5-氧代-1H-1,2,4-三唑-4(5H)-基]-苯甲酸的合成

目的制备用于全合成卡泊芬净类环六脂肽抗真菌剂的关键脂肪酸侧链4-[1-烷基5-氧代-1H-1,2,4-三唑4（5H）-基]-苯甲酸（5）。方法以对氨基苯甲酸（1）为起始原料,经氨基苯氧羰酰化、肼解、甲脒环合及N-烃化4步反应制备目标化合物。结果以42．9％～46．2％的总收率成功合成了目标化合物5a～5n,其结构经电喷雾质谱（ESI—MS）和氢谱（^1HNMR）确证;所有目标化合物均为首次报道。结论该合成路线具有操作简便及收率高等优点,适合工业化生产。     

2-氨基-4′-氯-二苯甲酮的合成新法

邻苯二甲酸酐与氯苯进行付-克反应得到羧酸。然后经酰氯化。酰胺化制得2-对氯苯甲酰基苯甲酰胺，最后经霍夫曼降解合成2-氨基-4′-氯-二苯甲酮。反应条件温和。操作简便，收率78.3%。     

(S-2-乙氧基-3-(4-羟基苯基)丙酸乙酯的合成

L-酪氨酸经O-苄基化和重氮化反应制得（S）-2-羟基-3-（4-苄氧苯基）丙酸，再进行O-乙基化及乙酯化得到（S）-2-乙氧基-3-（4-苄氧苯基）丙酸乙酯，续经催化氢化脱苄基得到手性中间体（S）-2-乙氧基-3-（4-羟基苯基）丙酸乙酯，总收率19％，ee值98．5％。     

2-正丁基-4-氯-5-甲酰基咪唑的合成新路线

目的：合成抗高血压药氯沙坦的关键中间体2-正丁基-4-氯-5-甲酰基咪唑。方法：戊腈与甲醇在甲醇钠的作用下加成得到1-甲氧基-1-亚胺戊烷（2）,经取代、环合得到目标化合物2-正丁基-4-氯-5-甲酰基咪唑（1）。结论：本工艺具有试剂易得,反应条件温和,收率高（59.02%）的特点,适合工业化生产。     

2-氰基-4''''-甲基联苯的制备

用对氯甲苯和镁粉在碘引发下反应得到的格氏试剂和邻氯苯基氰在三甲基碘硅烷催化下缩合,得到沙坦类抗高血压药物的中间体2-氰基-4'-甲基联苯,收率89%.     

4-〔4″-(2″,2″,6″,6″-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基)氨基〕-4′-去甲表鬼臼毒素诱导NB4肿瘤细胞凋亡

为了从细胞凋亡角度探讨 4-〔4″- ( 2″,2″,6″,6″-四甲基 - 1″-哌啶氮氧自由基 )氨基〕- 4′-去甲表鬼臼毒素 ( GP7)抗肿瘤作用的机理 ,用活细胞计数法及MTT比色法观察了 GP7对 NB4细胞的生长抑制作用 ;用光学显微镜及电子显微镜观察了凋亡细胞的形态学变化 ;用琼脂糖凝胶电泳观察了 DNA的梯形改变 .结果发现 :GP70 .1 8- 1 8μmol· L-1能显著抑制 NB4细胞的生长增殖 ;GP7可明显诱导NB4细胞凋亡的形态学变化及 DNA梯形带 .凋亡率随处理时间延长而增高 . 9μmol· L-1处理 NB4细胞 48h凋亡率达到最高峰 ,为 45.0± 3.0 ) % .延长处理时间至 72 h,凋亡率降至 ( 2 6.7± 1 .5) % .凋亡率与药物浓度的对数呈正相关 ( r=0 .938,P<0 .0 5) .结果表明 GP7具有诱导 NB4细胞凋亡作用 .     

4-(4-氨基苯基)-3-吗啉酮的合成

用两种方法制得抗凝剂利伐沙班的中间体4-(4-氨基苯基)-3-吗啉酮(1):①溴苯相继与乙醇胺、氯乙酰氯反应得4-苯基吗啉酮,再经硝化、还原生成1,总收率约32%;②溴苯先硝化,再与乙醇胺反应得到2-(4-硝基苯胺基)乙醇,再经氯乙酰氯闭环、还原反应制得1,总收率约47%.     

Inhibitory effect of 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H - imidazole on HCMV DNA replication and permissive infection.

We found that Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of human fibroblasts resulted in a dramatic increase in p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Recently, drug mediated inhibition of p38 has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-viral activity against HIV (Shapiro, L., Heidenreich, K.A., Meintzer, M.D. and Dinarello, C.A., 1998. Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in HIV type 1 production in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95, 7422-7426). Therefore, we examined the effect of a specific p38 kinase inhibitor on HCMV infection. Inhibiting p38 activity in HCMV infected cells by treating cells with 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole; (FHPI), a p38 inhibitor drug, prevented permissive HCMV infection as measured by plaque assay. In the presence of FHPI, HCMV immediate early gene expression was slightly lower at early times of infection, but there was no inhibition of expression of the early gene UL-84, an HCMV protein essential for viral replication. However, FHPI inhibited HCMV DNA replication and late gene expression. The inhibitory effect of FHPI was reversible, as demonstrated by the induction of HCMV replication upon withdrawal of FHPI. Our data describes FHPI as a novel anti-HCMV compound that inhibits synthesis/activation of cellular and/or viral factors required for initiation of HCMV DNA replication.     

The course of CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity is altered in mGSTA4-4 null (-/-) mice

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play a key role in cellular detoxification of environmental toxicants through their conjugation to glutathione (GSH). Recent studies have shown that the alpha-class GSTs also provide protection against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO). GSTA4-4 is a member of a sub group of the alpha-class GSTs. It has been shown to metabolize 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) with high catalytic efficiency through its conjugation to glutathione (GSH) and has been suggested to be a major component of cellular defense against toxic electrophiles such as 4-HNE generated during LPO. Since the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) has been suggested to be due to the generation of free radicals leading to membrane LPO, the present studies were designed to compare hepatotoxicity of CCl(4) in GSTA4-4 null (-/-) and wild type (+/+) mice. The results show that administration of a single dose of CCl(4) (1 ml/kg i.p.) resulted in time dependent hepatotoxicity in both -/- and +/+ mice; the extent of cellular damage by serum enzymes suggests that progression was more rapid in -/- mice, although injury was similar by 24 h. Histopathologic examination showed similar degrees of centrilobular necrosis by 24 h but much greater surrounding degenerative change, including cellular swelling, disarray, and vacuolization, in the liver of -/- mice. As expected -/- mice did not show any expression of mGSTA4-4; after CCl(4) a compensatory increase in the activities of total GST activity was noted at 24 h. Major alterations in other antioxidant enzymes was not observed. 4-HNE levels in the liver of -/- mice were about four-fold higher than in +/+ mice, suggesting a positive correlation between 4-HNE levels and the altered course of CCl(4) hepatotoxicity. These studies suggest that GSTA4-4 is an important component during the early stages (1-6 h) of cellular defense against oxidative stress and LPO although, it is not effective in protecting against the ultimate degree of overall cell injury.     

Antidepressant-like and antinociceptive-like actions of 4-(4'-chlorophenyl)-6-(4''-methylphenyl)-2-hydrazinepyrimidine Mannich base in mice

This study investigated the possible antidepressant and antinociceptive action of CPMPH Mannich base, as well as the involvement of serotonergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic and opioid systems and the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in the antidepressant-like effect of CPMPH in the forced swimming test (FST) in mice. The immobility time in the FST was significantly reduced by CPMPH (0.1-10 mg/kg, i.p.), without accompanying changes in the ambulation in an open-field. CPMPH at high doses (i.p. or s.c. routes) produced a significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing. The antidepressant-like effect of CPMPH (1 mg/kg, i.p.) in the FST was prevented by pre-treatment of mice with methysergide (2 mg/kg, i.p., a non-selective serotonin receptor antagonist), sulpiride (32 mg/kg, i.p., a D2 receptor antagonist) or yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.p., an alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist). In contrast, the antidepressant-like effect of CPMPH was not affected by pre-treatment (i.p.) with naloxone (1 mg/kg, a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist) or L-arginine (750 mg/kg, a nitric oxide precursor). The results demonstrate that CPMPH had an antidepressant-like action that appears to be mediated through its interaction with serotonergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems.