Relationship between gastric mucosal hemodynamics and gastric motility

Continuous measurement of gastric mucosal hemodynamics (the index of mucosal hemoglobin concentration, the index of oxygen saturation and blood flow) in rats showed oscillatory changes. The mechanism of the oscillations was investigated using a probe specially designed for simultaneous measurement of hemodynamics and intragastric pressure. A hemodynamics-measuring probe for either reflectance spectrophotometry or laser-Doppler flowmetry was tied to a pressure microtransducer, inserted through an incision in the forestomach, and brought into gentle contact with the corpus mucosa. Synchronous oscillatory changes (4-6 cycles/min) in hemodynamics and motility were observed in the resting state (mean blood pressure: 120 mmHg). During moderate hemorrhagic hypotension (mean: 81 mmHg), oscillations in the hemodynamics increased in both amplitude and frequency, while motility remained constant. Oscillations in the hemodynamics were also affected by fluctuations in blood pressure and by topical application of norepinephrine to the corpus serosa. In water-immersion restraint rats, changes in the oscillations in the hemodynamics and motility were virtually synchronous; frequency decreased and amplitude increased. These findings suggest that oscillatory changes in gastric mucosal hemodynamics are regulated not only by gastric motility but also by arteriolar vasomotion of the gastric wall.     

Effect of hepatic collateral hemodynamics on gastric mucosal blood flow in patients with liver cirrhosis

The dependence of the gastric mucosal change in liver cirrhosis on the extrahepatic collaterals is still unknown. Therefore we studied the influence of these collateral hemodynamics on gastric mucosal blood flow and gastric mucosal lesions. The subjects were 23 cirrhotic patients and were divided into two groups by the findings of percutaneous transhepatic portography. The first group consisted of 14 cases whose extrahepatic collaterals were via esophageal varices (group I). The second group included 9 cases having collaterals other than esophageal varices (group II). Multiple red spots were observed in 13 of 14 cases in group I, and two of nine cases in group II. Gastric mucosal blood flow was 2.0±0.9 volts (mean±sd) in group I, 4.0±1.2 in group II. A statistically significant difference was observed between groups I and II. Gastric mucosal blood flow was not significantly correlated with portal venous pressure in group I. It is concluded that, in liver cirrhosis, gastric mucosal blood flow is changeable according to the types of the extrahepatic collaterals.     

Delayed gastric emptying in patients with liver cirrhosis

Using a scintigraphic technique, we investigated gastric emptying of a semisolid meal in 20 patients with liver cirrhosis and in 10 control subjects and correlated gastric emptying with gastrointestinal symptoms and with autonomic nervous function as determined by R-R interval variation on the electrocardiogram. All subjects lacked endoscopic abnormalities that might explain their gastrointestinal symptoms. None had alcoholic liver disease, diabetes, or other diseases known to affect gastric emptying. The half-time for gastric emptying was significantly prolonged in the cirrhotic patients (51.3±16.6 minutes) as compared with control subjects (29.9±8.4) (P<0.01). There was a significant correlation between the gastrointestinal symptom score and the half-time for gastric emptying (r=0.46,P<0.05) in the cirrhotic patients. However, the decreases in R-R interval variation and gastric emptying were not significantly correlated. These observations indicate that delayed gastric emptying is frequently present in patients with liver cirrhosis and may produce their gastrointestinal symptoms.     

肝硬化门脉血流动力学与一氧化氮、内皮素

探讨肝硬化患者门脉血液动力学与血中 ＮＯ、ＥＴ的相互关系。４８例肝硬化门脉高压患者（代偿期 １８例,失代偿期３０例）及３２例正常人作为研究对象,应用双功多普勒测定门、脾静脉血流量（ＰＶＢＦ＆ＳＶＢＦ）,同步测定血中ＮＯ,ＥＴ的水平,分析ＰＶＢＦ、ＳＶＢＦ与ＮＯ、ＥＴ的相关性。门脉系统高血流动力学改变存在于肝硬化门脉高压发病的始终,其形成原因可能在于体内扩血管活性物质ＮＯ的生成增多,及机体对ＥＴ等缩血管物质的敏感性下降,对临床治疗有指导意义。     

肝硬化患者血栓前状态分子标志物对门静脉血栓形成的监测意义

目的探讨肝硬化患者及肝硬化合并门静脉血栓患者血栓前状态分子标志物的变化。方法将32例河南省濮阳市油田总医院2011年-2013年住院的肝硬化合并门静脉血栓的患者设为血栓组(PVT组),40例肝硬化非门静脉血栓的患者设为非血栓组(非PVT组),采用ELISA法检测血小板颗粒膜蛋白-140(GMP-140)、血管性假性血友病因子(v WF:Ag)、血栓调节蛋白(TM)、D二聚体(DD)的含量并进行分析。计量资料组间比较采用t检验。结果 PVT组GMP-140、TM、v WF:Ag、DD含量分别为(20.68±1.49)μg/L、(47.24±1.36)μg/L、(194.32±7.68)%、(0.86±0.12)mg/L,均明显高于非PVT组(13.05±0.97)μg/L、(34.05±5.03)μg/L、(136.21±3.68)%、(0.42±0.08)mg/L,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.01),PVT组伴中重度食管静脉曲张患者血浆GMP-140、TM、v WF:Ag、DD水平分别为(19.68±1.29)μg/L、(45.24±1.26)μg/L、(196.32±6.68)%、(0.79±0.12)mg/L,显著高于轻度食管静脉曲张患者(12.05±1.07)μg/L、(35.05±4.83)μg/L、(141.21±3.45)%、(0.36±0.08)mg/L,差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.01);PVT组伴消化道出血患者血浆GMP-140、TM、v WF:Ag、DD水平分别为(18.98±1.18)μg/L、(46.78±1.35)μg/L、(197.32±6.39)%、(0.81±0.14)mg/L显著高于无出血患者(11.98±1.12)μg/L、(36.02±4.78)μg/L、(138.21±4.12)%、(0.35±0.12)mg/L,差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.01)。结论血栓前状态分子标志物水平可能对肝硬化门静脉血栓形成有监测作用。     

重视肝硬化患者门静脉压力的检测——从研究工具到临床应用

肝硬化是各种致病因素长期作用于肝脏引起肝细胞损伤、纤维化和结节再生的结果.肝硬化逐渐进展所产生的并发症如食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血、肝性脑病、肝肾综合征、肝细胞癌等才是造成患者死亡的主要原因.了解肝硬化的自然病史以及寻找预测其预后的指标对于检测肝硬化进展、预防其并发症的发生有重要意义.用Child - Pugh分数评估肝硬化严重度,从而预测Child -Pugh A、B、C级患者的预后;用终末期肝硬化MELD或MELD- Na等评分系统预测终末期肝硬化预后并对肝移植器官分配需求做出判断已得到大家的公认.肝活检及企图替代肝活检的多种无创检测手段对肝纤维化的诊断有一定作用,但它们均不能对慢性肝病进展到肝硬化及其并发症进行预测.     

肝硬化后门静脉血栓形成的临床特点研究

目的研究肝硬化(liver cirrhosis,LC)后门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)形成的临床特点。方法对9678例LC患者进行回顾性分析,采用腹部B超/腹部增强CT及腹部增强MRI检查门脉主干或左右分支,筛选出LC伴PVT形成者(PVT组),同时将LC后无PVT患者纳为对照组,比较2组的Child-Pugh分级、门静脉及脾静脉宽度、脾脏面积及厚度、腹水、上消化道出血、肝性脑病和肝肾综合征等并发症。结果 LC患者中有396例(4.09%)PVT形成。PVT组中LC的病因主要有乙型肝炎、酒精性及丙型肝炎LC,PVT主要分布在门静脉主干、门静脉右支、肠系膜上静脉、门静脉左支和脾静脉。按Child-Pugh进行分级,PVT组与对照组比较,肝损伤较重(P<0.01)。PVT组合并腹水、上消化道出血、肝性脑病及肝肾综合征等并发症的发病率均较对照组高(P<0.01)。PVT组门静脉和脾静脉宽度分别为(1.50±0.23)cm和(1.25±0.34)cm,对照组为(1.38±0.23)cm和(1.06±0.29)cm。PVT组脾脏面积为(97.48±32.90)cm2,脾脏厚度为(6.09±1.21)cm;对照组分别为(81.19±29.10)cm2和(5.26±0.99)cm。PVT组门静脉及脾静脉宽度和脾脏厚度均大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PVT组有侧支循环开放的患者占96.21%,对照组为78.25%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 LC后PVT形成对LC患者的临床转归有重要影响。     

自体骨髓间充质干细胞对肝硬化患者门静脉高压血流动力学的影响

目的观察白体骨髓间充质干细胞对乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿患者门静脉血流动力学的影响。方法将2011年02月-2012年01月收治的乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿住院患者46例配对分为两组。治疗组23例,对照组23例。两组患者在性别、年龄、诊断、生化及影像学指标方面差异无统计学意义。所有患者在签定知情同意书后进行治疗。对照组仅给予抗病毒及护肝利尿支持等治疗。治疗组抽取自体骨髓200ml,体外分离纯化骨髓间充质干细胞在体外诱导培养后制成10ml细胞悬液,经肝动脉注入肝脏,分别在治疗后第8、12周观察患者的门静脉血流动力学指标的变化。组内比较采用配对t检验,组间比较采用成组t检验。结果经骨髓间充质干细胞治疗8周和12周,治疗组门静脉内径（DPV）和脾静脉内径（DSV）下降,DPV在8周和12周分别为（13．26±1．3l）和（12．83±1．38）mm,与治疗前比较,t值为2．290和3．421,P〈0．05和P〈0．01;DSV在8周和12周分别为（8．39±1．38）和（8．02±1．24）mm,与治疗前比较,t值为2．079和2．787,P〈0．05和P〈0．01。与同期对照组比较,DPV在8周和12周t值为2．382和2．602,P值均〈0．05;DSV在8周和12周t值为3．236和4．185,P值均〈0．01,差异均有统计学意义。门静脉最大血流速度（PVX）增快,8周和12周分别为（20．72±4．63）和（20．58±3．46）cm／s,与治疗前比较,t值为2．833和3．198,P值均〈0．01,差异有统计学意义。与同期对照组（17．12±4．78）和（17．20±3．87）cm／s比较,差异有统计学意义（t值为2．530和3．123,P〈0．05和P〈0．01）。结论自体骨髓间充质干细胞可以明显改善乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿患者的门静脉血流动力学指标。     

Relationship between liver cirrhosis and arteriosclerosis: Evaluation by pulse wave velocity, carotid arterial echotomography and autonomic nervous activity

Background: It has been reported that patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) rarely suffer complications from arteriosclerotic disorders such as coronary artery disease. However, recent studies have reported that the measurement of pulse wave velocity (PWV) facilitates objective evaluation of the severity of arteriosclerosis, suggesting a relationship between LC and arteriosclerosis. Objective: In the present study, we evaluated the relationship among the PWV, augmentation index (AI), and stage of LC from the perspective of urine levels of NO metabolites (NO₂ and NO₃) and autonomic nervous function. Methods: Forty elderly LC patients who were 65 years or older (LC group) were classified into the following three groups based on the Child’s classification of LC: LC‐A group (15 patients with Child A); LC‐B group (15 patients with Child B); and LC‐C group (10 patients with Child C). The results from these LC subgroups were compared to those of 25 healthy volunteers (N group). The PWV and AI were measured using a blood pressure and pulse wave monitoring device. Furthermore, we measured the urine levels of NO₂ and NO₃ and autonomic nervous activity and evaluated these by the measurements and by spectrum analysis of heart rate variability. In addition, the intima media thickness (IMT) in the carotid artery was measured by common carotid artery echotomography in each group. Results: The IMT increased with the stage of LC. Both the HF powers significantly decreased and LF : HF ratio increased in the LC group as the Child stage of LC advanced. The AI and PWV were significantly higher in the LC‐A and LC‐B groups than in the N group. However, PWV and AI of the LC‐C group were measured to a low value because the urine levels of NO₂ and NO₃ were significantly increased as the Child stage of LC advanced, and arteriosclerotic diagnosis seems to tend to be reduced in LC‐C patients. Conclusions: The increase in PWV and AI of LC‐A and LC‐B might suggest a relationship between advances of LC and arteriosclerosis. However, the hyperdynamic state in LC from the results of heart rate variability analysis, which is induced by NO production with the progression of the stage of LC, might have influenced the PWV and AI.     

奥曲肽对肝硬化门脉血流动力学的影响

目的 通过观察不同剂量生长抑素衍生物奥曲肽对肝硬化门脉高压性食管静脉曲张患者门静脉系统血流动力学变化的影响,同时与作用肯定的β受体阻滞剂心得安比较,尝试证实奥曲肽在预防肝硬化食管静脉曲张再出血维持治疗中的作用。方法 2001年1～12月期间,30例肝炎后肝硬化并食管静脉中～重度曲张的住院患者,随机分为3组：A组10例,心得安10～20mg、每日3次口服,7d。B组10例,奥曲肽0．05mg、每12h皮下注射,3d。C组10例,奥曲肽0．1mg、每12h皮下注射,3d。运用彩色多普勒血管超声技术探测上述3组患者给药前、后门静脉(PV),脾静脉(SV)及肠系膜上静脉(SMV)的血管内径及最大流速,并计算各静脉的平均流速和推导其血流量。结果 3组用药前后对血管直径均无影响;心得安组可降低PV的流速及流量,但对SV和SMV的流速及流量均无影响;不同剂量奥曲肽组均可分别降低PV、SV和SMV的流速及流量。此外,对PV流量的改变,奥曲肽0．1mg组优于心得安组,但奥曲肽0．05mg组与心得安组无差异;对SV及SMV流量的改变,不同剂量奥曲肽组均优于心得安组。结论 奥曲肽对预防门脉高压性食管静脉曲张再出血具有潜在的维持治疗作用。     

Partial splenic embolization in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: Effects on portal hemodynamics

Partial splenic embolization (PSE) was performed on patients with liver cirrhosis to control hypersplenism and gastroesophageal varices. In this study, we evaluated the effects of PSE on the portal hemodynamics and hepatic function of 17 cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The mean splenic volume and the peak platelet count increased significantly and the splenic vein pressure decreased significantly after PSE. However, the portal blood flow did not change. Changes in the 15-min retention rate of indocyanine green and the arterial ketone body ratio were not significant, but the redox tolerance index increased from 0.24 ± 0.28 × 10^?2 to 0.59 ± 0.35 × 10^?2. These results suggest that PSE may reduce perioperative risks in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who are candidates for hepatic resection.     

血浆肾上腺髓质素与肝硬化门静脉高压的相关性研究

目的观察肝硬化患者血浆肾上腺髓质素（ADM）的浓度变化,并探讨其与肝硬化门静脉高压的关系。方法选择98例肝硬化患者,并设健康对照。应用放射免疫法检测血浆ADM,同期应用彩色多普勒超声对门静脉系统进行动态观察,以综合判断门静脉高压情况。结果肝硬化患者血浆ADM明显高于健康对照,且随Child-Pugh分级增加而升高（P〈0.05）;肝硬化腹水患者血浆ADM明显高于肝硬化无腹水患者（P〈0.05）。肝硬化患者随血浆ADM升高,门静脉内径（PVD）、脾静脉内径（SVD）增加,门静脉血流速度（PVV）、脾静脉血流速度（SVV）降低,门静脉血流量（PVFV）、脾静脉血流量（SVFV）增加（P均〈0.05）。随着Child-Pugh分级增加,PVD、SVD增加,PVV、SVV降低,PVFV、SVFV增加（P均〈0.05）。结论血浆ADM与肝脏病变程度及肝硬化门静脉高压密切相关,在门脉高压形成过程中可能起重要作用。     

Relationship between degree of portal hypertension and liver histologic lesions in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis

The relationship between the degree of portal hypertension and histologic liver lesions was studied in a group of 84 patients with histologically proven alcoholic cirrhosis. The degree of portal hypertension was evaluated by the gradient between wedged and free hepatic venous pressures. Five histologic lesions were quantified: liver cell necrosis, Mallory bodies, neutrophilic infiltrate, fibrosis, and fatty infiltration. The gradient between wedged and free hepatic venous pressures was significantly correlated with the degree of liver cell necrosis and the degree of neutrophilic infiltrate. The stepwise regression analysis showed that only liver cell necrosis has a significant and independent correlation for the degree of portal hypertension. The value for the gradient between wedged and free hepatic venous pressures was significantly higher in patients with (N=48) than in those without (N=36) acute alcoholic hepatitis (19.4±0.8 and 16.5±0.7 mmHg, respectively). Thus, histologic liver lesions observed in acute alcoholic hepatitis may play a role in the risk of complications of portal hypertension in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.     

肝硬化门静脉血栓形成的危险因素

门静脉血栓(PVT)在肝硬化患者中较常见,合并PVT的静脉曲张更容易出血,止血失败率及再出血率更高,对于肝移植患者,其预后更差。目前PVT形成的相关危险因素较多,如肝功能严重程度、非选择性β受体阻滞剂的使用、门静脉血流速度等。重点对肝硬化PVT形成的危险因素进行综述,以进一步了解PVT形成的相关机制和PVT的危险程度。     

Effects of a gastric mucosal protecting agent in rats with liver cirrhosis

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a 0.1% ethionine-added choline-deficient diet for 8 weeks to induce liver cirrhosis. At the same time 100 mg/kg/day teprenone was administered orally in order to evaluate its effects on the liver and gastric mucosal blood flow. Blood flow increased not only in gastric mucosa but also in liver tissues in the teprenone group. Serum transaminase levels and histopathologic findings of the liver also improved. These findings suggest that teprenone alleviates hepatocellular injuries. This effect may be partly attributable to cytoprotective effects of the catenoid isoprenoid moiety of teprenone on liver cells.     

肝硬化门静脉高压性胃病的胃镜表现及相关因素分析

目的探讨门静脉高压性胃病(PHG)胃镜下胃黏膜特征及其与食管胃静脉曲张、溃疡病及肝硬化并发症之间的关系。方法回顾性分析2012年8月-2018年6月陆军军医大学大坪医院867例肝硬化患者临床资料,统计其胃镜下食管胃静脉曲张、PHG、溃疡病发生的情况,收集肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎、肝性脑病、原发性肝癌的数据资料。计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验,相关性分析采用Spearman相关性检验。结果肝硬化患者PHG发生率高达66.2%(574/867),轻度PHG胃黏膜改变以红点灶(68.6%)和蛇皮征(56.8%)为主,而重度PHG以弥漫红斑为主(76.5%)。PHG在不同程度的食管静脉曲张中发生率差异显著(χ2=304.712,P<0.05),并且随着食管静脉曲张加重,PHG程度亦越来越重(r=0.515,P<0.05)。不同程度胃静脉曲张的患者PHG发生率差异有统计学意义(χ2=81.004,P<0.05),且PHG程度与胃静脉曲张程度相关(r=0.292,P<0.05)。不同部位静脉曲张患者PHG的发生率差异显著(χ2=41.361,P<0.05),当患者仅出现胃静脉曲张时,PHG发生率(34.8%)最低,且均为轻度;而食管和胃均出现静脉曲张时,PHG发生率(85.6%)最高。未合并PHG患者中有71例(24.2%)因呕血和(或)黑便就诊住院,而574例PHG患者中有316例(55.1%)因此而住院,二者差异显著(χ2=74.562,P<0.05)。结论不同PHG严重程度的患者胃黏膜特征差异显著,PHG的发生和严重程度与食管胃静脉曲张程度密切相关,且是肝硬化消化道出血重要原因,应积极治疗和预防PHG以降低消化道出血风险和相关并发症。     

肝硬化患者体表胃电图参数与肝功能损害程度的相关性研究

探讨肝硬化患者体表胃电图参数变化与肝功能及检验指标间的关系。对63例肝硬化患者和20例健康志愿者进行体表胃电图记录和化验检查。将健康对照组、Child-pugh分级A级、B级、C级四级受试者进行两两比较,主频和胃电节律紊乱百分比均有显著差异;胃电节律紊乱百分比与肝功能检验指标进行相关性分析,发现白蛋白和血小板计数与胃电节律紊乱百分比存在直线负相关关系(r分别为-0.723和-0.704)。1.肝硬化患者存在明显胃电节律紊乱,并随肝功能损害程度加重而加重;2.白蛋白和血小板计数与肝硬化患者胃电节律紊乱关系密切,可用于判断肝硬化患者胃动力障碍情况。