猪食管神经支配的神经化学研究——一氧化氮类及肽类成分在平滑肌中的分布(英文)

采用免疫荧光组织化学技术及迷走神经切断术,探讨猪食管一氧化氮类及肽类神经支配的神经化学特性。在光学显微镜下可观察到肌间神经丛及粘膜下神经丛中有部分神经元呈nNOS、VIP、GAL、NPY、PACAP、L-ENK、SP、5-HT及CB免疫阳性,但未见CGRP及SOM阳性神经元。nNOS及CB免疫阳性产物主要分布于不同的神经元胞体内。将PGP9.5作为神经元胞体的标记物,并采用免疫荧光免疫组织化学双重染色方法,分别观察了PGP9.5与nNOS、VIP、SP的双标情况。结果如下:(1)nNOS免疫阳性神经元约占PGP9.5标记神经元总数的63%,而VIP免疫阳性神经元约占36%,SP免疫阳性神经元约占28%;(2)神经节内神经元的平均数量呈现吻尾方向的递增趋势,且食管腹段神经丛内神经节数量明显高于食管其他部位;(3)食管肌层内VIP/GAL/NPY免疫阳性纤维分布最广,其中部分阳性纤维同时呈nNOS或PACAP免疫阳性;SP和/或L-ENK免疫阳性纤维在粘膜肌层的分布明显多于平滑肌层。CGRP阳性纤维非常少见,这一点不同于对其他动物的观察结果;(4)经一侧迷走神经切断后,肌间神经丛内PACAP及5-HT免疫阳性纤维明显减少,提示这些纤维可能来源于迷走神经;而平滑肌中VIP/GAL/NPY和/或nNOS免疫阳性纤维数量未发现明显变化,可能为内源性来源。     

豚鼠胆囊及胆道的神经支配

胆硷能和肾上腺能神经在胆囊及胆道的分布存在众说纷纭、互相矛盾的实验报告结果。作者用组织化学方法,清楚地证明在豚鼠胆囊及胆道壁内存在三个神经丛:粘膜丛,神经节丛和血管外周神经丛。胆硷能和肾上腺素能神经存在于三个神经丛内。全铺片显示神经节丛是由小而形状不规则的神经节连接以长而纤细的神经束组成网状,     

催产素受体在雌性山羊肠系膜后神经节的分布

目的:研究雌性山羊肠系膜后神经节的神经元是否具备接受催产素(OT)调节的条件,探讨是否可以通过其节后纤维这一途径实现催产素参与生殖器官活动的调节.方法:采用免疫组织化学SP法研究雌性成年山羊肠系膜后神经节中催产素受体(OTR)的分布特点.结果:OTR在雌性山羊肠系膜后神经节的神经元、支持细胞、神经纤维及血管内皮细胞均有不同程度的阳性染色.神经元中OTR强阳性产物主要分布于胞质,多数呈棕褐色,为强阳性,少部分呈黄褐色,为中等阳性;神经纤维、血管内皮细胞和支持细胞等其他结构呈淡黄色,为弱阳性;核仁呈空泡状,着色极浅或不着色,为阴性.图像分析表明神经元胞体的相对表达量与其他非神经结构相比差异有统计学意义.结论:肠系膜后神经节的神经元具备接受催产素作用的条件,提示肠系膜后神经节的交感节后神经元可能是催产素对生殖系统的内分泌调节和经肠系膜后神经节的神经调节两种途径相互协调作用的节点.     

新生儿输精管和精囊的神经分布

用组化等方法,对20例新生儿输精管和精囊的植物神经分布作了系统的观察,两器官同时受肾上腺素能和胆碱能神经支配,其节后神经元的胞体均位于输精管终末端、精囊和膀胱之间的结缔组织中。肾上腺素能纤维分布至输精管环肌层外侧半以外各层;胆碱能纤维束穿过纵肌,在环肌层形成神经丛。精囊内肾上腺素能纤维在整个肌层中均匀地分布,而胆碱能纤维则分布至环肌层和粘膜下层。本文比较了两种纤维成分在受检器官中的分布特点,并通过与成人实验结果的比较,对新生儿输精管神经支配的生后发育进行了讨论。     

豚鼠胃肠道粘膜下神经丛的形态差异

使用NADH黄递酶组化法和自制的测试方格描绘法探讨胃肠道各段粘膜下神经丛的形态差异.结果发现,胃粘膜下神经丛神经节很少,主要存在于胃底和幽门窦.三段小肠粘膜下神经丛形态基本类似,神经网格较小较密,神经节较多较小.大肠各段的粘膜下神经丛呈现明显的差异.盲肠粘膜下神经丛的网格是胃肠道中最大最稀的.升结肠粘膜下神经丛神经节最大,节间束最粗,并出现神经节与神经节直接相连现象.此外,在小肠和盲肠,可见粘膜下神经丛与血管伴行现象.     

大鼠翼腭神经节、耳神经节神经元一氧化氮合酶与神经肽Y的共存

目的：为进一步阐明一氧化氮(NO)与神经肽Y(NPY)在翼腭神经节、耳神经节支配机制中的作用提供形态学资料。方法：用尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸-黄递酶(NADPH-d)组织化学方法与免疫组织化学方法结合技术观察翼腭神经节、耳神经节中一氧化氮合酶(NOS)与NPY阳性神经元分布及共存关系。结果：翼腭神经节、耳神经节中有NOS、NPY单标神经元和NOS-NPY双标神经元，以双标神经元最多，NPY单标神经元最少。3种神经元在神经节中无区域特异性的散在分布。两神经节中，各种神经元分布特点相似。结论：NO可能对翼腭神经节、耳神经节节后神经纤维末梢NPY的释放起重要作用。     

血管平滑肌生理研究进展——Ⅱ 血管平滑肌的神经体液调节

血管平滑肌主要接受交感缩血管神经纤维支配,从脊髓交感节前神经元发出的纤维在交感节中与节后神经元发生突触联系,由此发出节后肾上腺素能纤维至血管平滑肌。但部分动物的骨骼肌血管也接受直接来自中枢的交感胆碱能舒血管神经的支配。少数器官的血管并接受副交感神经的胆碱能舒血管纤维支配。近年还发现嘌呤能、肽能和胺能神经纤维电支配某些     

阿片μ受体与SP,CGRP和SOM在大鼠三叉神经节和背根神经节内 …

本研究应用免疫荧光及免疫荧光双重染色技术，观察了大鼠三叉神经节和背根神经节内阿片μ受体免疫反应阳性神经抑的分布及其与ＳＰ，ＣＧＲＰ和ＳＯＭ阳性神经元是是否存在共存关系，结果显示：（１）三叉神经节和背极神经节内的阿片μ受体免疫反应阳性神经元多为中心小型细胞，其免疫反应阳性产物不仅于胞膜表面也出现于胞浆内，ＳＰ和ＳＯＭ免疫反应阳性反应神经亦为中小型细胞，但以小细胞为主，而ＣＧＲＰ免疫反应阳性神经元有一     

卵泡刺激素受体在山羊颈胸神经节的分布

目的探讨卵泡刺激素(FSH)是否影响心肺功能活动的自主神经调节。方法取雄性和雌性成年山羊的颈胸神经节各5对,经免疫组织化学SP法染色后,观察FSH受体在山羊颈胸神经节的分布特点。结果在颈胸神经节内,FSH受体免疫阳性产物主要存在于神经元的细胞质和细胞膜,为强阳性或中等阳性染色,而细胞核呈空泡状,不着色。此外,在神经节内的支持细胞、过路纤维、施万细胞以及血管内皮细胞中FSH受体呈弱阳性染色,有少量分布。图像分析表明,该神经节内神经元胞体的FSH受体相对表达量极显著高于其他非神经元胞体结构(P0.01)。结论颈胸神经节中神经元细胞是FSH作用的主要靶细胞,提示FSH可能通过影响该神经节的神经元活动,从而影响其发出的交感节后神经而调节心肺功能活动。     

游离锌离子在小鼠颈上神经节的分布

目的研究游离锌离子在小鼠交感节后神经元中的分布。方法应用ZnSe金属自显影技术和透射电镜检测硒酸钠注射1.5和24 hr后小鼠颈上神经节内的游离锌离子。结果注射硒酸钠1.5 hr后的小鼠颈上神经节中几乎所有的神经元均有锌阳性反应产物分布,透射电镜下观察锌离子主要分布于神经元细胞核周围的高尔基复合体和小泡状结构内。注射硒酸钠24 hr后有锌阳性反应的神经元约为10%,提示锌离子在交感节后神经轴突内进行轴突运输。结论小鼠颈上神经节神经元胞体内含有丰富的游离锌离子,游离锌离子在轴突内进行轴突运输。     

Innervation of the rat harderian gland by adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibres

The innervation of the rat Harderian gland was studied using histochemical methods for catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Selective denervations were performed to investigate the neural connections of this gland with various ganglia. Light microscopically the AChE-positive nerves seemed to run as thick bundles in the intertubular connective tissue. These bundles sent finer branches around the acini. The blood vessels, localized in the connective tissue septa, were surrounded by a dense plexus of AChE-containing fibres. By electron microscopy, the AChE-positive fibres were seen to terminate near the myoepithelial cells surrounding secretory cells. These fibres were also observed in contact with the blood vessels and occasionally close to the secretory cells. Fluorescent adrenergic nerves surrounded the blood vessels. Some fibres were also observed in the interlobular tissue. All the AChE-containing nerves degenerated after cutting the zygomatic nerve. On the other hand, removal of the ciliary ganglion or the superior cervical ganglion, or stereotactic coagulation of the ophthalmic nerve did not affect these nerves. The fluorescent adrenergic fibres disappeared following both removal of the superior cervical ganglion and coagulation of the ophthalmic nerve. These fibres were intact after removal of the ciliary ganglion.     

山羊迷走神经感觉纤维的来源——HRP法研究

为了探讨山羊迷走神经感觉纤维的来源,本文将HRP注入颈迷走神经干后,在结状节出现大量密集的标记细胞,颈静脉节中也有较多的细胞被标记,但其密度和数量远不如结状节。在颈1—8和胸1—3的背根节中出现一定数量的标记细胞。此外,少量的标记细胞见于迷走神经干的纤维束中,这些标记细胞的形态与结状节的基本相同。     

肾脏的交感神经支配

采用大体解剖学方法和肾内注射HRP逆行标记神经元的方法,研究了猫肾脏的交感神经支配。发现了下述的待点。1.猫左、右侧腹腔神经节相互融合,呈半环状包绕在肠系膜上(前)动脉的起始处,于其融合部,各发出左、右肾支。肠系膜上神经节与右侧腹腔神经节融合。2.肾交感神经节后神经元,分别位于腹腔神轻节,同侧主动脉肾神经节和T_(12)～L~4节段的交感干神经节内,並具有局部定位分布的关系。3.肾交感神经节后纤维主要来自腹腔神经节(82.08％),其次是主动脉肾神经节(12.76％),交感干神经节最少(5.16％)。4.肾交感神经节后神经元,多呈圆形或椭圆形,交感干神经节中有少量呈梭形。5.支配肾周腹膜的交感神经节后神经元与肾交感神经节后神经元存在部位、数量和在各种神经节内分布形式均不相同。     

Distribution of the cells of primary afferent fibers to the cat auricle in relation to the innervated region.

The origin and peripheral distribution of the primary afferent fibers to the cat auricle were studied by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. Following HRP injection into the whole region of the auricle, HRP-labeled cells were found ipsilaterally in the trigeminal ganglion, geniculate ganglion, superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and in the C1 to C4 spinal ganglia. In addition to the ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves, labeled cells were also observed in the facial nerve trunk and in the dorso-lateral portion of the superior cervical ganglion. In the case of HRP injection into the central region of the auricle, labeled cells were principally observed in the ganglia of cranial nerves and to a lesser degree in the spinal ganglia. On the contrary, in the case of HRP injection into the peripheral region of the auricle, labeled cells were principally observed in the spinal ganglia, although some were seen in the ganglia of cranial nerves. This study suggests that the cutaneous innervation of the auricle is supplied by both the cranial and spinal nerves, and that the central region of the auricle is strongly innervated by the cranial nerves and the peripheral region of the auricle is strongly innervated by the spinal nerves.     

家兔主要大脑动脉胆碱能神经与蝶腭神经节、耳神经节的关系

应用神经节切除术和胆碱酯酸级化法，对19只新西兰家兔大脑前、中、后动脉的胆碱能神经的形态学变化进行了比较观察，目的在于探明主要的大脑动脉胆碱能神经与蝶腭神经节、耳神经节的关系．根据两组动物实验（①非手术组：不切除神经节，只对大脑前、中、后动脉进行胆碱酯酶染色，作为正常对照之用；②手术组：按五组不同组合方式，分别切除神经书，然后进行胆碱酯酶染色，观察不同方式的切除手术后的胆碱能神经的变化）的结果证明：非手术组的各主要大脑动脉壁上均存在丰富的棕红色胆碱能神经纤维，主干及分支都清晰可见，神经纤维密度呈（+++）．手术组各种方式的切除神经节的结果，表现为出现胆碱酯酶聚积现象和神经纤维的分布密度降低（++、+），未发现神经纤维消失．本研究的结果又提示，家兔一侧的主要大脑动脉胆碱能神经的节后神经元可能与双侧的蝶腭神经节和耳神经节有关。     

Neuropeptide Y co-exists with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholine in parasympathetic cerebrovascular nerves originating in the sphenopalatine, otic, and internal carotid ganglia of the rat

Neuropeptide Y co-exists with noradrenaline in the majority of the sympathetic nerves supplying cerebral blood vessels. However, after sympathectomy in the rat the number of cerebrovascular neuropeptide Y nerve fibers are only reduced in number despite a complete disappearance of the adrenergic markers. The origin of these non-sympathetic neuropeptide Y fibers was studied by nerve transections and retrograde axonal tracing utilizing True Blue. Three days after bilateral superior cervical sympathectomy, the number of neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers decreased to about 40% of that in non-treated animals. One week after True Blue application on the proximal portion of the middle cerebral artery, the tracer accumulated in neurons of the sphenopalatine, otic, and internal carotid ganglia. Of these cells 80%, 95% and 5%, respectively, were neuropeptide Y-positive. Some of the True Blue/neuropeptide Y-positive cells displayed immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and some were positive for choline acetyltransferase. Two weeks after bilateral removal of the sphenopalatine ganglion or transection of postganglionic fibers from the ganglion reaching the pial vessels through the ethmoidal foramen, together with subsequent sympathectomy, no neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers could be observed on the anterior cerebral and internal ethmoidal artery or the distal portion of the middle cerebral artery, whereas a few nerve fibers remained on the proximal portion of the middle cerebral artery, internal carotid artery, and the rostral portion of the basilar artery. In conclusion, neuropeptide Y in cerebrovascular nerves is co-stored not only with noradrenaline in sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion, but also with acetylcholine (reflected in the presence of choline acetyltransferase) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in parasympathetic nerves originating in the sphenopalatine, otic, and internal carotid ganglia.     

Peptide containing nerves in the ureter of the guinea-pig and cat

We report the presence of two regulatory peptides, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), in the ureter and their localisation by both light- and electron-microscopy to autonomic nerves. VIP- and substance P-like immunoreactive nerves showed, in general, a similar anatomical distribution in the various layers of the ureter. Immunoreactive nerves were observed running along the smooth muscle coat, parallel to muscle bundles, around blood vessels and in the submucosa, particularly beneath the epithelium. In addition, scattered VIP-like immunoreactive ganglion cells and nerve fibres were seen in adventitial ganglia around the most distal part of the ureter and ureter-bladder junction in the cat. The guinea-pig ureter contained principally substance P-like immunoreactivity, whereas the cat ureter possessed mainly VIP-like material.The distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves was compared with those containing peptides. Peptide-containing nerves had a more extensive distribution than adrenergic ones, which were mainly associated with blood vessels; however, cholinergic nerves were often localised in the same areas as those possessing peptides. Conventional electron microscopy revealed that separate p-type (peptidergic) and cholinergic nerve terminals were frequently present in the same nerve bundles, although in the cat ureter some 50% of the p-type profiles contained a mixed population of vesicles, characteristic of both cholinergic and p-type nerves. VIP- and substance P-like immunoreactivity were also localised at the ultrastructural level by means of a gold-labelled goat-antirabbit serum.     

Gross anatomical study of the sympathetic cardiac nerves in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus)

The sympathetic cardiac nerves originating from the cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) were examined using macroscopic and whole‐mount immunohistochemical methods. Based on the results, the nerves were macroscopically classified into the following three groups: nerves innervating the cervical sympathetic ganglia mainly to the arterial porta of the heart; nerves supplying the stellate and thoracic sympathetic ganglia at the level of T2–T5 or T6 for both the arterial and venous portae of the heart; and nerves innervating the thoracic sympathetic ganglia at the level of T4–T9 to the esophagus and lung and then the heart via the blood vessels within the mediastinal pleura. These findings in the house musk shrew suggest a possible primitive morphological pattern of the cervical and thoracic sympathetic nervous system that may be related to those in other mammals, including humans. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

家兔后根节中不同周围感受野的初级传入神经无的分型和分布——HRP法

本文分别测量了家兔后根节中HRP标记的来自腓肠皮神经、小腿三头肌肌支和膀胱壁的初级传入神经元胞体的直径,并用尼氏染色标本作了对照观察。根据所测神经元胞体直径分布图形,将后根节细胞分为小型、中小型、中型、大型和特大型等5型。前二型在构造上属于小暗(B)细胞;后三型属于大亮(A)细胞。皮神经注入例的初级传入神经元,小型和中小型细胞高达78.06％;肌支注入例,中型、大型和特大型的标记细胞增至48.67％。而膀胱壁随副交感神经传入至骶尾后根节的标记细胞各型分布与皮神经者相似;随交感神经传入腰段后根节者则与肌支者接近。本文讨论了后根节细胞的分型及各型细胞与所发出纤维粗细的关系。并结合中枢内的分布讨论了各型细胞的性质。