武汉市市售食品中铅污染物摄入量评估

目的了解武汉市各类食品中铅污染水平,根据每标准人日各类食物的摄入量数据,评估武汉市民膳食铅暴露水平。方法采用中国食品污染物监测研究方法 ,制定武汉市食品污染物监测工作方案,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测食品中铅含量,对武汉市2003-2009年食品监测数据进行食品中铅污染的暴露量评估,并根据武汉市居民膳食营养调查中数据进行摄入量评估。结果武汉市食品中铅的平均含量为0.089mg/kg,合格率为94.5%。铅含量较高的前三类食品分别是猪内脏、茶叶和干菌,武汉市城乡居民每标准人重金属铅的日平均摄入量为80.6μg。结论武汉市市售主要食品均存在铅轻微污染,长期食用相对安全。     

Interactions between dietary acrylamide intake and genes for ovarian cancer risk

Some epidemiological studies observed a positive association between dietary acrylamide intake and ovarian cancer risk but the causality needs to be substantiated. By analyzing gene-acrylamide interactions for ovarian cancer risk for the first time, we aimed to contribute to this. The prospective Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer includes 62,573 women, aged 55–69 years. At baseline in 1986, a random subcohort of 2589 women was sampled from the total cohort for a case cohort analysis approach. Dietary acrylamide intake of subcohort members and ovarian cancer cases (n = 252, based on 20.3 years of follow-up) was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. We selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes in acrylamide metabolism and in genes involved in the possible mechanisms of acrylamide-induced carcinogenesis (effects on sex steroid systems, oxidative stress and DNA damage). Genotyping was done on DNA from toenails through Agena’s MassARRAY iPLEX platform. Multiplicative interaction between acrylamide intake and SNPs was assessed with Cox proportional hazards analysis. Among the results for 57 SNPs and 2 gene deletions, there were no statistically significant interactions between acrylamide and gene variants after adjustment for multiple testing. However, there were several nominally statistically significant interactions between acrylamide intake and SNPs in the HSD3B1/B2 gene cluster: (rs4659175 (p interaction = 0.04), rs10923823 (p interaction = 0.06) and its proxy rs7546652 (p interaction = 0.05), rs1047303 (p interaction = 0.005), and rs6428830 (p interaction = 0.05). Although in need of confirmation, results of this study suggest that acrylamide may cause ovarian cancer through effects on sex hormones.     

Assessment of asbestos in drinking water in alexandria, egypt

Over the past several years, the presence of fibrous asbestos particulates has been observed in a number of municipal water supplies throughout the USA, Canada, and several other regions all over the world. The possible health hazards which these fibers present have spurred a great deal of interest in the problems of detection and removal of the submicroscopic particulates in water. Asbestos is a group of fibrous metamorphic silicate minerals that is ubiquitous in the environment as a result of its extensive industrial use and the dissemination of fibers from natural sources. The health hazards associated with inhalation of asbestos in the occupational environment have long been recognized including asbestosis, bronchial carcinoma, malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum, and possibly cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and larynx. It is introduced into water by the dissolution of asbestos-containing minerals and ores, and from industrial effluents, atmospheric pollution and erosion of asbestos-cement (A/C) pipes in the distribution systems of drinking water. In Alexandria, most of the pipes in the distribution systems of drinking water are asbestos-cement (A/C) pipe system. Drinking water samples (1 liter each) were collected in glass containers from different regions in Alexandria and filtered in cellulose filters (mixed cellulose ester type filters of pore size 0.2 mum) within less than 48 hours. Filters were allowed to dry, gold plated and scanned microscopically. Asbestos fibers were detected in all water samples collected from regions having A/C pipe drainage system. No fibers detected in regions, where the pipe distribution system was poly venyl pipe system or changed from A/C pipe to cast iron pipe system. The determination of asbestos fibers in drinking water of Alexandria should have particular concern because of the health hazards that might be associated with their presence.     

咸阳市市区小学生丙烯酰胺膳食摄入量调查分析

目的通过对小学生进行膳食摄入量问卷调查,估计小学生通过食物摄入丙烯酰胺的量,为了解小学生丙烯酰胺膳食暴露水平提供依据。方法采用自行设计的问卷,调查咸阳市623名小学生常吃食物的种类与数量,用气相色谱-质谱法测定常吃的22种高温加工食品中丙烯酰胺的含量,并根据检测结果计算被调查学生丙烯酰胺的摄入量。结果所检测食物中丙烯酰胺的含量范围为7~1 044μg/kg,其中薯片中丙烯酰胺含量最高。被调查小学生每人通过食物摄入丙烯酰胺的均值为(30.15±0.21)μg/d。不同性别摄入量差异无统计学意义(P0.05),不同年级差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论咸阳市小学生通过食物摄入丙烯酰胺的量相对较高,应该采取措施降低小学生的丙烯酰胺膳食摄入量。     

Estimation of the dietary intake of acrylamide by German infants, children and adolescents as calculated from dietary records and available data on acrylamide levels in food groups

Dietary intakes of acrylamide for the general population were estimated by FAO/WHO to be in the range of 0.3 to 0.8 microg/(kg(bw) *d). It was supposed that children and adolescents would generally have intakes twice to three times higher than adults. However, relevant data is rare. Therefore, 3- or 7-day dietary records (n = 2956) from infants, children and adolescents aged 0.5 to 18 years from the DONALD study (2001) and other studies (RUB studies) were evaluated to estimate the potential dietary intake of acrylamide. Statistical data of the intake of 6 food groups relevant for acrylamide exposure were combined with available data for ranges of acrylamide concentrations in more than 1500 foods in Germany. Scenarios were calculated assuming minimum, median and maximum acrylamide concentration in food groups. Assuming median (minimum; maximum) acrylamide concentrations in foods and mean consumed food amounts, the calculated intake of acrylamide ranged from 0.21-0.43 (0.12-0.19; 0.98-1.79) microg/(kg(bw) *d) between the age groups from <1 to <19 years in the DONALD study and was 0.61 (0.21; 2.58) microg/(kg(bw) *d) from 1 to <7 years in the RUB studies. The highest intake was calculated for children aged 1-<7 years. The highest proportions of total intake of acrylamide came from the intake of commercial baby food (86-91%) in infants, and bread (18-46%), pastries (16-35%), and potato products (7-35%) in children and adolescents, depending on scenario and age. Our estimated data are in the range of reports from the literature for adolescents and adults in Germany and other European countries and lower than reports for infants. Our results do not confirm that children and adolescents will have higher exposures to acrylamide than adults. Practical suggestions to lower the risk of acrylamide exposure by food without decreasing the quality of the nutrition in the diet are given.     

Assessment of dietary isoflavone intake among middle-aged Chinese men

We evaluated the reproducibility and validity of the FFQ used in the Shanghai Men's Health Study (SMHS) for assessing dietary isoflavone intake, using multiple 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDR) and urinary isoflavones as the reference criteria, with data from the dietary validation study of the SMHS. A total of 196 study subjects completed the 24-HDR and 2 FFQ and donated a quarterly spot urine sample during the 1-y study period. Levels of urinary isoflavones were measured in a random sample of 48 study participants. The correlation coefficient between the 2 FFQ administered 1 y apart was 0.50 for soy protein intake and ranged from 0.50 to 0.51 for isoflavone intake. The correlations of isoflavone intake from the second FFQ with those from the multiple 24-HDR ranged from 0.38 (genistein) to 0.44 (glycitein), and the correlations with urinary isoflavone levels were 0.48 for total isoflavones, 0.44 for daidzein, 0.42 for genistein, and 0.54 for glycitein. The intraclass correlation coefficients for the 4 spot urine samples were 0.36, 0.42, and 0.40 for daidzein, genistein, and glycitein, respectively, and 0.62, 0.68, and 0.55 for their metabolic products equol, dihydrodaidzein, and O-desmethylangolensin, respectively. These results suggest that the SMHS FFQ can reliably and accurately measure usual intake of isoflavones, and that the levels of isoflavones in urine samples are relatively stable among men in Shanghai.     

广州市大学生膳食中硼摄入量评估

评估广州市大学生膳食硼的日均摄入量及其安全性,为加强膳食指导和健康教育提供依据.方法 随机分层整群抽取广州市4所高校521名学生,通过膳食调查获得大学生膳食中各类食物的消费量,采用姜黄素分光光度法检测各类食物中的硼含量,由此计算广州市大学生膳食中硼的日均摄入量.结果 广州市大学生膳食硼每日摄入量均值、中位数、P90、极端P90和P97.5分别为1.90,0.98,4.10,8.04和8.08 mg;男、女生每天膳食硼摄入量均值差异无统计学意义(t=0.270,P=0.604).大学生膳食中硼的主要食物来源为新鲜蔬菜、乳类及其制品、干豆类、大米及其制品,分别占21.58%,12.63%,12.63%和10.00%.结论 广州市大学生硼的摄入量在WHO推荐的安全范围之内,但大量摄入违法添加硼的食物可能存在危害,需加强宣教与食品安全管理.     

中国非高碘地区人群膳食碘摄入量评估

目的评估中国非高碘地区(水碘含量<150μg/L)人群膳食碘摄入量不足的潜在风险。方法利用中国营养与健康状况调查资料、食盐消费量数据和饮用水推荐摄入量,以及中国食物成分表及盐碘和水碘监测数据,估计我国非高碘地区13个性别-年龄组人群在食用加碘食盐和不加碘食盐情形下的膳食碘摄入量,并与我国的膳食碘摄入量推荐标准进行比较。结果在非高碘地区食用加碘盐情况下,虽然人群的平均碘摄入量均高于推荐摄入量(RNI),但碘摄入量超过最高耐受摄入量(UL)的比例平均为5.8%,而低于RNI的比例平均为13.4%,并且18岁以上成人(含孕妇和乳母)低于平均需要量(EAR)的比例为9.4%,且食盐对膳食碘的贡献率远高于饮用水和各类食物;在非高碘地区食用不加碘盐的情况下,虽然多数性别-年龄组人群的平均碘摄入量高于RNI,但摄入量低于RNI的平均比例高达97.6%,其中18岁以上成人(含孕妇和乳母)低于EAR的比例为97.4%,且各类食物合并的平均碘贡献率高于饮用水。结论中国非高碘地区居民碘缺乏的健康风险大于碘过量的健康风险,这在食用不加碘食盐的情况下尤为明显;加碘食盐应当是非高碘地区居民膳食碘的最主要来源。     

Assessment of dietary intake among Moroccan women and Surinam men

Objective. To establish a method for food consumption data collection in ethnic groups in the Netherlands. Methods. Two pilot studies have been carried out, one among Moroccan women and one among Surinam men. First, focus group discussions were held to obtain background information from members of the target population. For food consumption assessment 2 2 24-h recall was chosen. Furthermore, background information on age, place of birth, frequency of visits to Morocco or Surinam, Dutch language skills, meal pattern, food purchases and antropometric measurements were taken. Results. It was found that the diets of both Moroccan women and Surinam men tended to approach the recommended daily intake of macronutrients more than the average intake of a Dutch person. However, reported energy and micronutrient intake on the second day of the dietary recall was lower than on the first recall day. Conclusion. The 24-h recall is a suitable method for food consumption measurements among Moroccan and Surinam people. On the other hand, the interviewer must be aware of potential under-reporting, especially during the second recall.     

江苏省居民膳食结构与营养素摄入状况评价

目的了解江苏省居民膳食结构及营养素摄入状况,为制定相关政策及指导居民合理膳食提供科学依据。方法资料来源于2010—2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测江苏省数据,膳食调查采用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法结合调味品称重法。计算膳食中营养素总量,并与膳食指南、营养素参考摄入量及相关调查数据进行比较。结果 2010—2012年江苏省居民的谷薯杂豆类、蔬菜、蛋类每标准人日摄入量分别为358.8、303.7、29.4g,符合中国居民平衡膳食宝塔推荐值要求;大豆及制品、奶类及制品、水果、水产品每标准人日摄入量为别为14.8、41.9、31.4、44.9g,均未达到推荐值要求;禽畜肉类、食用油、食盐每标准人日摄入量分别为102.7、46.8、11.1g,超过推荐值要求。能量平均每标准人日摄入为2 277.1kcal,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物摄入量分别为73.0、91.2、288.3g,分别提供12.7%、35.5%、51.8%的能量;谷类、豆类、薯类、动物性食物、纯热能食物分别提供47.1%、3.1%、1.5%、17.5%、19.6%的能量。维生素E摄入充足,每标准人日摄入量高于推荐摄入量/适宜摄入量(RNIs/AIs);维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、维生素C摄入量则低于RNIs/AIs,存在摄入不足的风险。钠、铁摄入充足,每标准人日摄入量高于RNIs/AIs;钙、钾、锌、硒平均摄入量低于RNIs/AIs,存在摄入不足的风险。结论江苏省居民膳食营养状况较以往有所改善,但膳食结构存在一定的不合理,重点体现在较高的油、盐摄入和较低的水果、奶类摄入。     

Assessment of dietary intake of lysine and arginine in patients with herpes simplex

In this study, dietary intake of the amino acids lysine and arginine did not differ significantly between normal controls and patients with herpes virus. Both groups of subjects consumed significantly more lysine than arginine on a daily basis. Those results are not surprising given the American population's preference for high lysine foods, such as meat and dairy products, as opposed to foods high in arginine, such as legumes, whole grains, and nuts. The mean daily intakes of lysine and arginine for the 16 subjects studied were 8.11 gm +/- 2.28 and 6.32 gm +/- 1.74, respectively. The standard deviations of the mean intakes indicate that there is a large variability in the intake of both amino acids and the ratios of the two amino acids in individual diets. This information is important, considering the conflicting results obtained previously by researchers investigating the efficacy of lysine therapy for herpes infections. The extent of the variability in total amino acid intake or ratio of lysine to arginine in the diet cannot be determined from previous studies. More important, the possible effects of these ranges on the interpretation of study results remain unknown. In order for future studies to accurately determine the effects of supplemental lysine in the treatment of herpes infections, close monitoring of dietary intake is essential.     

The major sources of daily dietary intake of micronutrients in the adult rural population of the Republic of Chuvashia

The paper presents the results of determination of the basic sources of micronutrients in the nutrition of the rural population of the Chuvash Republic. The importance of foodstuffs, the sources of nutrients, was determined by factor mathematical analysis, by estimating the weight factors. All the products used in the daily ration were studied, which permitted elucidation of the importance of individual Russia-specific products. By reason of the uniform pattern of nutrition in Chuvashia, virtually all study micronutrients were found to come with baked goods, milk, and potatoes. The quantity of fresh vegetables and fruits in the actual diets of the examinees is so low that it exerts no significant effect on the intake of vitamins and minerals. In addition, all vegetables and fruits used in the daily ration are generally used in the personal subsidiary plots. Berries that commonly grow in Chuvashia, such as cranberry, bilberry, sea-buckthorn, and red whortleberry, were also observed to be virtually unused in nutrition, although it is just the berries that are gold mines of vitamins and minerals.     

2009年浙江省3个城市居民膳食碘摄入量评估

目的 评估浙江省不同地区居民膳食碘摄入水平.方法 2009年在浙江省内陆和沿海地区抽取杭州、台州、舟山市180户家庭共497人,采用总膳食研究方法进行膳食调查,统计人群各种食物的消费量,按照所得的食物消费量数据烹调加工并混合成可食的各种食物类别制作成膳食样品.采用四甲基氢氧化铵提取-电感耦合等离子体-质谱法测定膳食样品中碘含量.食物消费量与样品(烹饪加工后的熟样)中碘含量相乘得到碘膳食摄入量.以2001年中国营养学会公布的碘推荐摄入量(RNI)和可耐受最高摄入量(UL),评估膳食碘摄入量.结果3个城市居民膳食碘摄入为421.0 μg/d(标准人),M=358.5 μg/d.P5(第5百分位数)、P25、P75、P90、P95分别为145.7、267.6、495.6、774.1、1273.0 μ g/d.5.2％的居民每日膳食碘摄入低于RNI,87.5％的居民每日膳食碘处于RNI与UL之间,7.2％的居民每日膳食碘摄入超过UL.不考虑烹饪损失,食盐每日供给的碘占膳食碘摄入量的81.6％.加工烹饪食物后,膳食碘的57.2％来源于蔬菜类,13.0％来源于谷类,8.5％来源于水产类.每日膳食碘摄入超过UL的人群其海藻类摄入明显高于每日膳食碘摄入小于RNI人群和膳食碘处于RNI-UL之间的人群.结论 浙江省3个城市居民总体膳食碘摄入量尚未达到最高限值,且碘摄入不足与摄入过高情况并存,碘盐和海藻类食物是膳食碘的主要来源.     

2009年浙江省3个城市居民膳食碘摄入量评估

目的 评估浙江省不同地区居民膳食碘摄入水平.方法 2009年在浙江省内陆和沿海地区抽取杭州、台州、舟山市180户家庭共497人,采用总膳食研究方法进行膳食调查,统计人群各种食物的消费量,按照所得的食物消费量数据烹调加工并混合成可食的各种食物类别制作成膳食样品.采用四甲基氢氧化铵提取-电感耦合等离子体-质谱法测定膳食样品中碘含量.食物消费量与样品(烹饪加工后的熟样)中碘含量相乘得到碘膳食摄入量.以2001年中国营养学会公布的碘推荐摄入量(RNI)和可耐受最高摄入量(UL),评估膳食碘摄入量.结果3个城市居民膳食碘摄入为421.0 μg/d(标准人),M=358.5 μg/d.P5(第5百分位数)、P25、P75、P90、P95分别为145.7、267.6、495.6、774.1、1273.0 μ g/d.5.2％的居民每日膳食碘摄入低于RNI,87.5％的居民每日膳食碘处于RNI与UL之间,7.2％的居民每日膳食碘摄入超过UL.不考虑烹饪损失,食盐每日供给的碘占膳食碘摄入量的81.6％.加工烹饪食物后,膳食碘的57.2％来源于蔬菜类,13.0％来源于谷类,8.5％来源于水产类.每日膳食碘摄入超过UL的人群其海藻类摄入明显高于每日膳食碘摄入小于RNI人群和膳食碘处于RNI-UL之间的人群.结论 浙江省3个城市居民总体膳食碘摄入量尚未达到最高限值,且碘摄入不足与摄入过高情况并存,碘盐和海藻类食物是膳食碘的主要来源.     

Development of a self-assessment instrument to determine daily intake and variability of dietary vitamin K

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a brief, self-assessment instrument (K-Card) to determine daily variations in dietary vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) intake for use in patients receiving oral warfarin anticoagulant therapy. METHODS: The K-Card was designed to include a checklist of selected common foods and beverages providing > or = 5 microg vitamin K per serving in American diets and items with lower vitamin K content typically consumed in quantities which contribute significantly to total vitamin K intake. The K-Card was validated against records of weighed food intake from thirty-six healthy volunteers, 20 to 40 and 60 to 80 years of age, whose phylloquinone intakes and plasma concentrations had been previously measured by the Metabolic Research Unit, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA. Future use of the K-Card by patients was simulated by a single investigator using 108 one-day weighed food records to estimate phylloquinone intakes. Dietary phylloquinone calculated from the K-Card was compared to the values of phylloquinone intake from the diet records collected on the same days, and to fasting plasma phylloquinone concentrations obtained from the same individuals on the following day. RESULTS: The mean dietary phylloquinone intake (+/- SEM) was 138.8 +/- 15.7 microg for the K-Cards compared to 136.0 +/- 15.8 microg for the diet records (p = 0.067). Bland-Altman limits of agreement between quantities of dietary phylloquinone calculated from the K-Card and values obtained from the weighed food records were +/- 38 microg. CONCLUSION: In this simulation, the K-Card provided an accurate estimate of dietary phylloquinone intake and therefore deserves further testing for use by patients receiving coumarin-based anticoagulant therapy to determine whether variability in dietary patterns contributes to disruptions in anticoagulant drug efficacy and safety.     

厦门市居民重金属膳食摄入水平评估

摘要:目的　了解厦门市居民膳食中铅、镉、汞摄入量,评估厦门市居民膳食铅、镉、汞的安全性。方法　对厦门市市售食品中铅、镉、总汞含量进行监测,结合居民膳食摄入量调查结果,对居民膳食中铅、镉、汞暴露水平进行评估。结果　厦门市居民平均膳食中铅（每周）、镉（每月）和总汞（每周）暴露量分别为10.0、27.6和0.9 μg/（kg·bw）,占（原）PTWI/PTMI的40.0%、110.6%和22.5%;平均膳食铅暴露的暴露边界比（MOE）为0.86。结论　目前厦门市居民膳食中铅和汞的摄入量是安全的,但镉的膳食暴露量问题较严重,应该加强相关产品中镉的监测及膳食指导工作。     

Use of mean spot urine sodium concentrations to estimate daily sodium intake in patients with chronic kidney disease

ObjectiveSodium intake is an important issue for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The two most widely used methods to measure sodium are 24-h urinary sodium excretion (24HUNa), which can be difficult to perform routinely, and sodium intake by dietary recall, which can be inaccurate. This study evaluated use of the mean value of three spot urinary sodium (UNa) concentrations to estimate daily sodium intake in patients with CKD.MethodsThis cross-sectional study enrolled 305 patients with CKD, none of whom were on dialysis, who visited the nephrology clinic at the Asan Medical Center (Seoul, Korea). We performed three spot UNa tests, three calculations of the UNa/creatinine (UCr) ratio, one measurement of 24HUNa, and one measurement of sodium intake by dietary recall.ResultsThe 24HUNa and mean spot UNa values were significantly lower in patients with more advanced CKD (P = 0.006 and P < 0.001, respectively). One-time spot UNa was significantly higher in the evening than in the morning for patients with stage III, IV, or V CKD. Total sodium intake, but not sodium nutrient density (milligrams of sodium per 1000 kcal), was significantly different for patients with different stages of CKD (P = 0.001). The correlation coefficient between 24HUNa and mean spot UNa was 0.477 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.384–0.562, P < 0.001), slightly higher than that between 24HUNa excretion and mean spot UNa/UCr (r = 0.313, 95% CI 0.207–0.465, P < 0.001). There was a linear relation between spot UNa and 24HUNa: mean spot UNa = 0.27 × 24HUNa + 60. Therefore, a 24HUNa excretion of 87 mEq (sodium intake 2 g/d) corresponded to a mean spot UNa level of 83 mEq/L. The correlation coefficient between sodium intake and mean spot UNa was 0.435 (95% CI 0.336–0.524, P < 0.001), significantly higher than that between sodium intake and mean spot UNa/UCr (r = 0.197, 95% CI 0.091–0.301, P = 0.001). Mean spot UNa tended to be better correlated with 24HUNa than with sodium intake.ConclusionMean spot UNa is a simple and effective method that can be used to monitor sodium intake in patients with CKD. A daily intake of 2 g of sodium corresponds to a mean spot UNa level of approximately 83 mEq/L in patients with CKD.     

Assessment of dietary intake among pregnant women in a rural area of western China

Background  

Adequate maternal nutrient intake during pregnancy is important to ensure satisfactory birth outcomes. There are no data available on the usual dietary intake among pregnant women in rural China. The present study describes and evaluates the dietary intake in a cohort of pregnant women living in two counties of rural Shaanxi, western China.