椎体成形术对椎体骨质疏松压缩性骨折的疗效观察

目的观察椎体成形术治疗椎体骨质疏松压缩性骨折的临床效果。方法2000年3月以来,应用椎体成形术治疗30例30个椎体骨质疏松压缩性骨折患者,并观察疗效。结果术后1～2d所有患者疼痛消失或明显减轻,2～3d后下床活动。随访3～12个月,所有患者疼痛无反复,无严重并发症发生。结论椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎椎体压缩性骨折是一种简单、安全、经济、有效的治疗方法,但是也有一定的并发症出现,该技术需要进行不断改进,严格筛选适应证。     

牵引复位加经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折

目的探讨三维牵引床复位加经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的方法和效果。方法对36例骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患行三维牵引床牵引复位加经皮椎体成形术治疗。结果全部随访，28例术后1d疼痛消失，8例术后即减轻，第3天消失，24例术后3d下床活动，12例术后5日下床活动，椎体压缩高度平均恢复16mm。随访12个月患恢复伤前生活，无疼痛，椎体高度无丢失．无并发症。结论三维牵引床牵引复位加经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折是安全、费用较低、效果良好的治疗方法。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebrop lasty,PVP）治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床效果。方法 24例骨质疏松性压缩骨折患者共29个椎体,均行PVP术,在C臂监视下应用骨穿针经皮穿刺到病变椎体,将骨水泥注入其内。结果 24例手术均获得成功,无严重并发症发生,术后24 h内局部疼痛显著减轻或消失22例,有效率91.7%。随访8～12个月,所有患者无疼痛加重或复发,X线片显示椎体高度无进一步丢失。结论 PVP能增加椎体强度,有效缓解疼痛,是治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的一种安全、微创、有效的方法。     

SKy后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的真空现象

目的探讨SKy后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性压缩性骨折椎体真空现象的疗效。方法5例为骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的患者因为椎体真空现象接受后凸成形术治疗．术后调查患者的疼痛缓解、活动能力和手术满意度。结果术后第3天患者疼痛明显减轻，活动能力增加，随访期内（1～22个月）6推治疗节段及邻近节段未发生再骨折。结论SKy后凸成形术可有效缓解出现真空现象的椎体压缩性骨折的疼痛，提高患苦的活动能力。     

椎体后凸成形术联合金天格胶囊治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的 探讨应用球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术联合金天格胶囊治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折.方法 2005年3月至2011年 8月以来,应用球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术联合金天格胶囊治疗80例102个椎体骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者,并观察疗效.结果 术后1～2天所有患者疼痛消失或明显减轻,2～3 天后下床活动.随访3～15个月,所有患者疼痛无反复,无严重并发症发生.结论 微创球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术联合金天格胶囊是治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折安全有效的方法.     

经皮弯角椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的 探讨经皮弯角椎体成形术(PCVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床疗效。方法 采用PCVP治疗45例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者。记录手术时间、骨水泥注入量、骨折愈合时间、伤椎Cobb角、伤椎高度百分比、疼痛VAS评分以及并发症发生情况。结果 手术时间20～55(31.9±8.0)min,骨水泥注入量5～10(7.49±1.06)ml。患者均获得随访，时间3～8个月。骨折均愈合，时间3～4个月。术后8例出现骨水泥渗漏，4例发生术后邻椎或隔椎骨折，未发生伤椎再骨折、神经损伤及肺栓塞等并发症。伤椎高度百分比、伤椎Cobb角术后2 d和术后3个月均较术前改善(P<0.05);术后3个月与术后2 d比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。疼痛VAS评分术后2 d和术后3个月均较术前降低(P<0.05);术后3个月较术后2 d进一步降低(P<0.05)。结论 PCVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折可有效缓解患者疼痛，维持椎体高度，但应注意骨水泥渗漏和椎体再骨折风险。     

经皮椎体成形术自固化磷酸钙人工骨充填治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折

目的探讨应用经皮椎体成形术(PVP)自固化磷酸钙人工骨(CPC)充填治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折的临床疗效。方法自2004年1月起,对26例29个椎体骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折患者,采用术中手法复位、PVP自固化CPC充填治疗。结果26例患者经单侧或双侧椎弓根穿刺椎体成形术成功治愈。胸腰椎自固化CPC平均充填量为4.6mL。术中CPC渗漏者5例5个椎体。无一例出现严重并发症。经3～8个月(平均4.6个月)随访,术后所有患者疼痛消失。除3例椎体高度丢失15%外,其余椎体高度平均恢复达正常的80%。结论PVP自固化CPC充填治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折是一种安全、简单、有效的方法。     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折

目的探讨经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床效果。方法2005年10月～2006年9月，应用KyphX球囊扩张器对16例患者（16个椎体）行经皮穿刺椎体成形术，观察椎体高度恢复、患者疼痛视觉模拟评分及并发症情况。结果16个椎体均单侧经椎弓根穿刺成功，手术时间为60—150min，骨水泥注射量为每个椎体5．1mL±1．1mL，少量椎管内渗漏1例，但无临床症状。所有患者疼痛缓解。6个椎体高度显著恢复。结论经皮椎体后凸成形术具有快速缓解疼痛、增强病椎强度、安全有效的特点。     

椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折

目的观察和分析椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折的临床效果。方法自2007年1月至2009年9月采用椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性压缩性骨折21例,31椎。结果所有患者术后疼痛均明显减轻或消失。有3例发生骨水泥,渗漏1例有临床症状,术后椎体前缘后缘高度及Cobb角与术前相比有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论椎体后凸成形术可有效缓解因骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折所引起的疼痛,恢复椎体高度,但也有一定的并发症,应严格掌握适应证。     

单侧椎弓根穿刺椎体后凸成形术治疗胸腰段椎体骨质疏松压缩性骨折

目的评估单侧椎弓根穿刺椎体后凸成形术治疗胸腰段椎体骨质疏松压缩性骨折的临床疗效。方法 2010年6月至2013年9月采用单侧椎弓根穿刺技术结合经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折27例,T₁₁ 1例,T₁₂例8例,L₁15例,L₂ 3例。随访分析患者疼痛、影像学变化情况。结果患者均安全耐受手术。骨水泥渗漏4例。所有患者术后腰痛均不同程度缓解,术后第2天均能下地行走。其中有7例患者术后伴有腰背肌肉疼痛或下腰痛,接受非甾体、抗骨质疏松药物后均缓解。伤椎前缘高度及后凸角度指标术前、术后比较有显著差异（P<0.05）,术后与末次随访指标无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论单侧椎弓根穿刺椎体后凸成形术可安全有效的治疗胸腰段椎体骨质疏松压缩性骨折。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.