基于L-肉碱通路探讨灵归方对弱精子症大鼠生殖系统保护作用的实验研究

目的:探讨灵归方对奥硝唑(ORN)所致弱精子症大鼠生殖系统保护作用及其可能机制。方法:将40只体重200～230 g的雄性SD大鼠随机将其分为空白组、模型组、灵归方组、左卡尼汀组各10只。模型组:予400 mg/kg ORN灌胃;灵归方组:予灵归方浓缩液,按17.5 g生药/kg体重+400 mg/kg ORN灌胃;左卡尼汀组:予左卡尼汀100 mg/kg+400 mg/kg ORN灌胃;空白组:予等量0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC2Na);均1次/d,连续灌胃4周后,检测各组大鼠精液质量、附睾中L-肉碱的含量,大鼠附睾OCTN2 mRNA的表达并观察睾丸组织病理。结果:与模型组相比,各组精子浓度无统计学差异(P0.05),前向运动精子(PR)和前向+非前向运动(NP)精子百分率均高于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。与模型组相比,各组附睾的肉碱含量均提高,有统计学差异(P0.01)。灵归方组、左卡尼汀组OCTN2 mRNA表达量明显高于模型组,有统计学差异(P0.05)。睾丸病理观察结果发现,与空白组比较,模型组异常结构生精小管明显增多,排列不整齐,生精小管管腔缩小加重,管腔内精子及精子细胞数量减少,空腔型生精小管明显增多,生精小管内部各级生精细胞缺失,排列层次紊乱,上皮部分变性并出现空泡征;左卡尼汀组及灵归方组大鼠睾丸组织结构趋于正常,生精小管中各级生精细胞排列基本规整,生精小管结构基本正常。结论:①ORN可诱导大鼠产生弱精子症,且与降低附睾L-肉碱含量可能有关;②灵归方可以改善奥硝唑诱导的弱精子症大鼠精液活力;③灵归方可以改善ORN诱导睾丸的病理组织结构;④灵归方可以提高附睾中OCTN2 mRNA在附睾中的表达,其可能与提高附睾肉碱浓度有关。     

硫辛酸对奥硝唑所致少弱精子症大鼠精子发生的保护作用研究

目的:研究硫辛酸(LA)对奥硝唑(ORN)所致少弱精子症模型雄性大鼠生精功能的保护作用。方法:取70只雄性SD大鼠,随机分成7组,每组10只,分别为:A组(溶剂对照组):1 ml 0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)+1 ml橄榄油;B组(低剂量ORN造模组):400 mg/kg ORN+1 ml橄榄油;C组(低剂量ORN+低剂量LA治疗组):400 mg/kg ORN+50 mg/kg LA;D组(低剂量ORN+高剂量LA治疗组):400 mg/kg ORN+100 mg/kg LA;E组(高剂量ORN造模组):800 mg/kg ORN+1 ml橄榄油;F组(高剂量ORN+低剂量LA治疗组):800 mg/kg ORN+50 mg/kg LA;G组(高剂量ORN+高剂量LA治疗组):800 mg/kg ORN+100 mg/kg LA。连续给药20 d,处死大鼠,称量大鼠体重、睾丸、附睾、精囊重量,计算脏器指数,检测附睾精子计数及活力,睾丸、附睾做HE染色观察组织形态学改变。结果:与A组相比,E组大鼠体重增量、睾丸、附睾脏器指数明显减少[(117.67±11.53)g vs(88.11±12.65)g;(1.06±0.12)%vs(0.65±0.13)%;(0.21±0.03)%vs(0.17±0.01)%,P均0.01];与E组相比,F组大鼠附睾脏器指数明显增加[(0.17±0.01)%vs(0.20±0.02)%,P0.01],G组大鼠体重增量、睾丸、附睾脏器指数明显增加[(88.11±12.65)g vs(102.70±16.10)g,P0.05;(0.65±0.13)%vs(0.95±0.06)%,P0.01;(0.17±0.01)%vs(0.19±0.02)%,P0.05],精囊脏器指数各组之间并无明显差异。与A组相比,B组大鼠精子活力明显降低[(74.12±8.73)%vs(40.25±6.08)%,P0.01],E组大鼠精子计数与活力明显降低[(38.59±6.40)×105/100 mg vs(18.67±4.59)×105/100 mg;(74.12±8.73)%vs(27.58±8.43)%,P均0.01];与B组相比,C、D组大鼠精子活力明显增加[(40.25±6.08)%vs(58.13±7.62)%;(40.25±6.08)%vs(76.04±8.44)%,P均0.01];与E组相比,F、G组大鼠精子计数及活力明显增加[(18.67±4.59)×10~5/100 mg vs(25.63±9.66)×10~5/100 mg,P0.05;(18.67±4.59)×10~5/100 mg vs(29.92±4.15)×10~5/100 mg,P0.01;(27.58±8.43)%vs(36.56±11.08)%,P0.05;(27.58±8.43)%vs(45.05±9.59)%,P0.01]。A、B、C、D组大鼠睾丸、附睾组织形态学无明显改变。E组大鼠睾丸与A组相比,生精小管腔内可见坏死脱落的生精细胞,生精细胞层次不清,排列紊乱;附睾管腔中精子数目明显减少,并伴有较多非细胞成分存在。F、G组大鼠睾丸生精小管内精子数目增加,但仍可见到生精小管内有生精细胞脱落,生精细胞层次不清晰,排列紊乱,但较E组有明显改善;F、G组大鼠附睾管腔中精子数目明显减少,可见散在、脱落的生精细胞,但较E组有明显改善。结论:LA能够改善ORN对大鼠造成的生殖系统损伤,提高精子质量,对生殖系统有较好的保护作用。     

L-肉碱对奥硝唑所致弱精子症大鼠的治疗作用

目的:探讨L-肉碱(LC)对奥硝唑(ORN)所致的弱精子症雄性大鼠的治疗作用。方法:性成熟雄性SD大鼠(200～230g)40只,随机均分为5组,连续灌胃20d,1次/d,每次1ml。A组(对照组):0.5%的羧甲基纤维素钠(溶剂);B组:ORN[400mg/(kg.d)];C组:ORN[400mg/(kg.d)]+LC[100mg/(kg.d)];D组:ORN[800mg/(kg.d)];E组:ORN[800mg/(kg.d)]+LC[100mg/(kg.d)]。将各组半数大鼠末次给药24h后,麻醉处死,取附睾,进行精子活力检测,并对附睾尾精子进行计数,剩余大鼠进行交配实验。结果:①与A组相比,B组,D组附睾头和附睾尾精子活力显著降低(P<0.05);精子数目显著减少(P<0.05)。②与B组相比,C组精子活力明显升高(P<0.05),精子数目明显增多(P<0.05),与A组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。③E组大鼠的精子活力没有显著的提高,精子数目无明显增多,并且与D组相比没有差别(P>0.05)。结论:LC治疗后能提高ORN所致弱精子症大鼠的精子活力,增加精子密度。     

五子衍宗丸对实验性少弱精子症大鼠的保护作用与机制研究

目的:观察五子衍宗丸对实验性少弱精子症大鼠的保护作用与机制研究。方法:取60只雄性SD大鼠,随机分成正常组、模型组、阳性药组(生精胶囊1.6 g/kg),五子衍宗丸低、中、高剂量组(1、2、4 g/kg),除正常组外,其他各组灌服雷公藤多苷30 mg/(kg·d),连续6周,建立少弱精子症模型。从造模的第3周开始,各组按剂量灌胃给药,连续给药4周后计算睾丸和附睾脏器指数,检测附睾精子质量、精子凋亡率、精子线粒体通透性转换孔(MPTP)开放情况,HE染色观察大鼠睾丸病理组织学改变,Hochest染色观察大鼠睾丸细胞凋亡情况。结果:五子衍宗丸能提高少弱精子症大鼠睾丸和附睾脏器指数,增加附睾精子浓度、精子活力和精子活率,降低精子凋亡率,抑制MPTP异常开放;HE染色显示五子衍宗丸能增加少弱精子症大鼠睾丸生精小管内各级生精细胞层次和数量,Hochest染色显示五子衍宗丸明显抑制睾丸生精小管内生精细胞凋亡。结论:五子衍宗丸能明显提高少弱精子症大鼠精子质量,降低少弱精子症模型大鼠的各级生精细胞(包括精子)凋亡率,其机制可能与抑制大鼠精子线粒体MPTP开放有关。     

脂多糖对雄性大鼠睾丸组织病理学和生殖内分泌功能的影响

目的:研究脂多糖诱导的炎症对雄性大鼠睾丸组织病理学和生殖内分泌功能的影响,初步探讨炎症影响雄性生育的可能机制。方法:36只雄性SD大鼠(400~450g)随机分为4组,每组9只。对照组(A组)大鼠腹膜内注射无菌生理盐水,余下3组大鼠腹膜内注射脂多糖(LPS,5 mg/kg,溶于无菌生理盐水中),分别于注药12 h(B组)、24 h(C组)和72 h(D组)后麻醉处死。取各组大鼠左侧睾丸,制成组织切片,HE染色,镜下观察睾丸组织病理学改变;取各组大鼠血清进行血清睾酮(T)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)和黄体生成素(LH)含量检测。结果:①大鼠睾丸组织HE染色显示:与A组相比,B组大鼠睾丸生精小管结构清晰,各级生精细胞排列整齐,部分生精小管管腔内精子数目有所减少,并可见脱落的生精细胞;C组大鼠睾丸生精上皮变薄,生精小管结构较紊乱、不规则,各级生精细胞减少且排列不整齐,生精小管管腔内成熟精子数目减少,并可见脱落的生精细胞;D组大鼠睾丸生精上皮变薄,生精小管结构紊乱、不规则,各级生精细胞明显减少且层次紊乱,生精小管管腔内成熟精子数目减少,可见较多生精细胞脱落并阻塞管腔。②各组大鼠血清T、LH、FSH含量,A组T为(0.490±0.028)ng/ml,LH为(6.290±0.515)ng/L,FSH为(1.837±0.127)IU/L;B组T为(0.460±0.024)ng/ml,LH为(5.881±0.124)ng/L,FSH为(1.707±0.098)IU/L;C组T为(0.417±0.021)ng/ml,LH为(5.123±0.271)ng/L,FSH为(1.620±0.115)IU/L;D组T为(0.378±0.021)ng/ml,LH为(4.504±0.279)ng/L,FSH为(1.562±0.216)IU/L;与A组相比,B组大鼠血清T、LH和FSH含量均降低,但无统计学差异(P0.05);C、D组大鼠血清T和LH明显降低(P0.01),FSH降低,有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:脂多糖(5 mg/kg)腹膜内注射诱导炎症可损害雄性大鼠睾丸组织,并影响大鼠生殖内分泌功能,导致血清T、LH和FSH含量降低,可能影响雄性生育。     

还少胶囊对奥硝唑诱导的弱精子症模型大鼠生殖功能损伤的保护机制研究

目的:探讨还少胶囊对奥硝唑(ORN)诱导的弱精子症模型大鼠生殖功能损伤可能的保护机制。方法:将SD雄性大鼠随机分为4组,每组10只,分别是空白对照组、模型组、还少胶囊组和左卡尼汀组,除空白对照组外,其余3组采用ORN 400 mg/(kg·d)灌胃大鼠28 d,制成弱精子症大鼠模型。并同时连续给药28 d后,处死大鼠,检测大鼠附睾中左卡尼汀的含量,精子浓度、活率,附睾组织中有机阳离子转运子2(OCTN2)mRNA的表达,并观察大鼠睾丸组织病理结构。结果:还少胶囊组、阳性对照药左卡尼汀组与模型组相比,附睾左卡尼汀的含量均可明显提高(6 366.5、6 934.7 mg/L vs 2 880.3 mg/L,P<0.01);改善精子浓度[(46.19±14.23)、(42.25±6.11)×10~6/ml vs(34.58±10.25)×10~6/ml,P<0.01]、活率[(61.34±7.98)%、(61.34±7.98)%vs(42.59±7.54)%,P<0.01];上调附睾OCTN2 mRNA的表达量(27.26、27.15 vs 26.07,P<0.01);同时还少胶囊组能保护ORN造模导致的睾丸生精细胞的病理损伤,使生精细胞在生精小管形态、排列方式、生精细胞的活跃程度上与空白对照组更加接近。结论:还少胶囊对ORN诱导的弱精子症大鼠模型生殖功能损伤具有保护作用,能提高模型大鼠的精子浓度与活率,其机制可能与上调附睾OCTN2 mRNA的表达量、提高附睾左卡尼汀的含量有关。     

L-肉碱对糖尿病大鼠生精细胞凋亡及附睾精子数量和活动率的影响

目的:探讨L-肉碱(LC)对糖尿病(DM)大鼠生精细胞凋亡及附睾精子数量和活动率的影响。方法:24只雄性SD大鼠随机均分为3组,一组作为对照组,剩余两组分别注射链脲佐菌素(STZ,65 mg/kg)建立DM模型。建模成功后,各组大鼠分别给予如下灌胃剂量:对照组:生理盐水;DM模型组:生理盐水;LC组:300 mg/kgLC溶液,连续灌胃6周。末次给药24 h后,麻醉处死所有大鼠,分别进行附睾精子计数并检测精子活动率,流式细胞术检测各组大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡情况。结果:用LC治疗后的大鼠附睾头、尾精子活动率(%)分别为53.7±1.8和60.3±1.6,显著高于DM模型大鼠(分别为32.2±2.0和40.5±1.4,P<0.05),但低于对照组大鼠精子活动率63.1±2.4和68.9±1.3。与对照组附睾尾精子相对计数[(37.8±1.1)×106/100 mg]相比,DM组显著减少[(25.5±1.1)×106/100 mg],且具有统计学差异(P<0.05);LC治疗后大鼠附睾尾精子相对计数[(32.0±1.5)×106/100 mg]比DM组显著增加(P<0.05),但仍低于对照组。与对照组生精细胞凋亡率[(3.7±1.3)%]相比,DM组生精细胞凋亡率[(52.5±4.4)%]显著上升(P<0.05);经LC治疗后,LC组大鼠生精细胞凋亡率为(35.3±3.5)%,比DM组显著降低(P<0.05),但仍显著高于对照组。结论:LC(300 mg/kg)灌胃DM大鼠6周,可以减少DM大鼠生精细胞凋亡,增加附睾精子数量,提高精子活动率。     

青春期前邻苯二甲酸二丁酯持续暴露对大鼠睾丸发育的影响

目的:研究青春期前邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)持续暴露对睾丸发育的影响。方法:21日龄断乳青春期前雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(n=24)和实验组(n=54),每日分别用玉米油或DBP玉米油溶液灌胃,DBP暴露剂量分别为50mg/(kg.d)(低剂量组,n=18)、200mg/(kg.d)(中剂量组,n=18)和600mg/(kg.d)(高剂量组,n=18),各组动物持续暴露14、21、28d后(即PND35,PND42和PND49)断颈处死。记录大鼠体重变化,检测睾丸重量和体积、附属性器官重量及附睾精子,化学发光免疫分析法检测血清睾酮含量,苏木精-伊红染色观察睾丸组织形态学变化,测量生精小管平均直径及进行睾丸活检评分。结果:低剂量组PND35少量生精小管生精细胞排列紊乱,PND42和PND49睾丸、附属性器官发育及生精功能正常;中剂量组PND35和PND42生精细胞排列紊乱、数目减少,PND49生精小管内可见各级生精细胞及精子,睾丸未见萎缩,附属性器官发育正常;高剂量组大鼠体重增长减缓,血清睾酮水平低下,睾丸生精小管变性萎缩,生精上皮发育阻滞,生精细胞大量凋亡坏死,青春期大鼠睾丸萎缩,无精子,附睾、前列腺和精囊等附属性器官发育迟缓。结论:青春期前DBP持续暴露可损害睾丸组织发育和正常生精功能形成,其毒性效应具有剂量依赖性,高剂量DBP持续暴露引起的睾丸毒性在青春期前发育过程中不可修复,而低中剂量暴露引起的睾丸毒性在PND49之前可完全或部分逆转性恢复。     

虾青素在奥硝唑致少弱精子症大鼠氧化损伤中的保护作用研究

目的:探讨虾青素(AST)对奥硝唑(ORN)致少弱精子症大鼠精子质量的改善作用及其机制。方法:40只成年雄性SD大鼠,随机分成5组,每组8只。分别为A组(溶剂对照组):0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶剂+1 ml玉米油、B组(ORN低剂量造模组):ORN 400 mg/(kg·d)、C组(ORN高剂量造模组):ORN 800 mg/(kg·d)、D组(ORN低剂量造模+AST治疗组):ORN 400 mg/(kg·d)+AST 20 mg/(kg·d)、E组(ORN高剂量造模+AST治疗组):ORN 800 mg/(kg·d)+AST 20 mg/(kg·d),灌胃3周后水合氯醛腹腔麻醉大鼠;取1侧附睾尾部检测精子浓度和活力,另1侧附睾组织匀浆,检测谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:与A组相比,B组附睾尾精子活力,附睾GSH-Px、SOD活性显著降低,MDA含量显著上升(P﹤0.05);C组附睾尾精子活力、浓度、睾丸系数,附睾组织GSH-Px、GR、CAT、SOD活性均显著降低,而MDA含量显著上升(P﹤0.05)。AST治疗组:与B组相比,D组附睾尾精子活力和附睾组织SOD活性显著增加[(45.3±8.7)%vs(66.3±8.9)%;(116.7±25.3)U/mg prot vs(146.1±23.8)U/mg prot,P﹤0.05],而MDA含量显著下降[(1.68±0.45)nmol/mg prot vs(1.19±0.42)nmol/mg prot,P﹤0.05];与C组相比,E组实验后体重增量、精子活力显著增加,而MDA含量显著下降[(89.0±9.5)%vs(99.9±4.1)%;(17.9±3.5)%vs(27.3±5.3)%;(2.03±0.30)nmol/mg prot vs(1.52±0.41)nmol/mg prot,P﹤0.05]。结论:AST可提高ORN致大鼠少弱精子症模型的精子质量,其机制可能是提高了大鼠附睾的抗氧化能力。     

参精固本丸对大鼠睾丸氧化应激损伤后生精功能的修复

目的:探讨补肾活血中药参精固本丸对氯化镉造模的氧化应激损伤大鼠睾丸、附睾、精子的抗氧化及生精功能修复作用。方法:将SPF级Wistar大鼠随机分为6组,每组12只,分别为正常对照组、模型对照组、五子衍宗丸组、参精固本丸高剂量组、参精固本丸中剂量组、参精固本丸低剂量组。除正常对照组外,各组腹腔注射氯化镉1 mg/kg,24 h后各组分别灌胃给药,每天1次,共给药56 d。模型对照组和正常对照组予等体积生理盐水灌胃,参精固本丸高、中、低剂量组分别予以8倍等效剂量(11.2 g/kg)、4倍等效剂量(5.6 g/kg)、2倍等效剂量(2.8 g/kg)参精固本丸溶液灌胃,五子衍宗丸组予以4倍等效剂量(4.5 g/kg)五子衍宗丸溶液灌胃。56 d后,处死实验动物,分别称取大鼠精囊、附睾、睾丸的质量并计算相应脏器系数,大鼠睾丸、附睾、精囊行病理组织学检测。留取附睾内精液,测定大鼠附睾精子浓度、活力、正常形态精子百分率。同时测定大鼠睾丸组织谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)水平,血清睾酮(T)水平。结果:①参精固本丸高、中、低剂量组睾丸系数分别为(0.403±0.090)、(0.357±0.150)、(0.348±0.140)g/100 g,精囊系数分别为(0.347±0.115)、(0.336±0.090)、(0.320±0.065)g/100 g,高剂量组附睾系数为(0.156±0.030)g/100 g,均显著高于模型对照组[(0.237±0.098)、(0.241±0.118)、(0.099±0.088)g/100 g](P0.05或P0.01);②高、中、低剂量组精子浓度分别为(58.1±32.2)、(36.0±36.2)、(31.9±32.7)×10~6/ml,显著高于模型对照组[(10.5±17.7)×10~6/ml](P0.05或P0.01);高、中剂量组精子总活力分别为(26.5±15.5)%、(18.9±8.2)%,高、中剂量组正常形态精子百分率分别为(85.3±23.3)%、(65.8±28.1)%,均显著高于模型对照组[(9.5±13.0)%、(36.2±40.2)%](P0.05或P0.01);③参精固本丸高、中剂量组睾丸的GSH-PX水平分别为(5.70±1.73)、(5.42±2.35) U/mg prot,SOD水平分别为(52.7±14.6)、(51.3±14.7) U/mg prot,均显著高于模型对照组[(3.62±2.22)、(41.3±8.8)U/mgprot](P0.05或P0.01);高、中、低剂量组睾丸MDA水平分别为(0.41±0.29)、(0.44±0.19)、(0.47±0.20) nmol/mgprot,显著低于模型对照组[(0.69±0.28) nmol/mgprot](P0.05或P0.01);高、中、低剂量组大鼠血清T水平分别为(3.62±0.96)、(3.48±1.33)、(3.24±0.83)nmol/L,显著高于模型对照组[(2.56±0.75) nmol/L](P0.05或P0.01);④模型对照组全部生精小管均发生凝固性坏死并钙化,生精细胞及支持细胞消失,精囊管腔内分泌物减少,上皮乳头萎缩;附睾萎缩,管腔缩小,管腔内未见精子。与模型对照组相比,随着剂量增加,参精固本丸组具有生精功能的生精小管面积逐渐增加,精囊上皮恢复为高柱状,附睾管管腔逐渐增大,管腔内精子逐渐增多,疗效与剂量间有依从关系,参精固本丸高、中剂量组疗效明显好于五子衍宗丸组。结论:参精固本丸可以拮抗氧化应激损伤,提高实验大鼠睾丸抗氧化物酶、血清T水平、精液质量,修复睾丸、附睾、精囊组织病理损伤,改善生精功能。     

一氧化氮合酶在食蟹猴睾丸及附睾中的表达及意义

目的:探索一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在食蟹猴睾丸及附睾中的表达及意义。方法:运用免疫组化染色法观察NOS在8只猴龄为8岁左右性成熟食蟹猴睾丸及附睾中的分布。结果:①神经元型NOS(nNOS)免疫反应阳性见于睾丸生精小管上皮内各级生精细胞、腔内精子、附睾输出小管上皮、血管内皮细胞。②诱导型NOS(iNOS)免疫反应阳性见于附睾输出小管上皮、腔内精子、管周类肌细胞、血管内皮细胞。③内皮型NOS(eNOS)免疫反应阳性见于睾丸间质细胞、附睾输出小管上皮、腔内精子、管周类肌细胞、血管内皮细胞。结论:NOS广泛表达于性成熟食蟹猴睾丸及附睾组织细胞中,推测其在参与精子发生、成熟及睾丸激素分泌等过程中起到重要作用。     

弱精子症大鼠模型的建立及左旋肉碱对其改善作用的相关研究

目的 研究弱精子症大鼠模型的建立及左旋肉碱(L-肉碱)与精子质量的关系.方法 24只雄性SD大鼠随机均分成3组,分别连续灌胃20d,A组(对照组):0.5%羟甲基纤维素钠(溶剂);B组:400mg/kg奥硝唑悬液:C组:400mg/kg奥硝唑悬液+100mg/kg左旋肉碱.末次给药24h后,麻醉处死所有大鼠,分别检测各组精子密度、活力、形态正常率以及附睾总L-肉碱和游离L-肉碱浓度.结果 A组、B组及C组的精子密度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组、C组精子活力、精子形态正常率及附睾总L-肉碱、游离L-肉碱浓度均明显高于B组(P＜0.05),A组与C组精子活力、精子形态正常率及附睾总L-肉碱、游离L-肉碱浓度比较,差异均无统计学意义.精子活力与附睾总L-肉碱、游离L-广肉碱浓度呈正相关(r=0.645,P＜0.05:r=0.676,P＜0.05),精子形态与附睾总L-肉碱、游离L-肉碱浓度呈正相关(r=0.557,P＜0.05;r=0.583,P＜0.05),均相关性其具有统计学意义.结论 奥硝唑可以降低大鼠精子活力、精子形态正常率,以及附睾L-肉碱水平,附睾L-肉碱浓度与精子活力、精子形态正常率呈正相关,L-肉碱对精子质量有改善作用.     

Cycloheximide prevents production of arresting, a fraction of 30-50 kDa obtained from seminiferous tubule conditioned medium

Aim: To evaluate the effect of a protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide on arresting activity in spermatogenesis and sperm count in male rats. Methods: The study used seminiferous tubule (ST) segments from adult rats cultured in vitro with or without cycloheximide to condition culture media, which have been concentrated, size fractioned (30-50 kDa) and administered 7 days to adult rats by intraperitoneal injections. The effects on testicular and epididymal weights, spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm count were determined. Results: The fraction (30-50 kDa), named arresting, obtained from the culture without cycloheximide decreased testicular and epididymal weights (P＜0.01) and reduced the epididymal sperm count significantly. Study of the spermatogenic cycle by transillumination showed spermatogenic arrest at stage VⅡ in rats treated with arresting compared to that observed in controls. The length of stage VⅡ in the group receiving the seminiferous tubules culture media with cycloheximide (30-50 KDa CHX-STCM fraction) was similar to control. Conclusion: The difference in the effect may be the result of the presence or absence of arresting, a protein secreted by the tubules. (Asian J Androl 2004 Dec;6:359-364)     

口服丙烯酰胺对雄性大鼠生长发育及生殖机能的影响

目的:研究丙烯酰胺对雄性大鼠的生殖毒性作用。方法:30只21日龄断奶未成熟雄性大鼠随机分为3组,实验组Ⅰ和实验组Ⅱ分别通过自由饮水方式口服5 mg/kg.d和10 mg/kg.d的丙烯酰胺溶液8周,对照组饮用自来水。分两批(第4周和第8周时)对体重、脏器重等指标进行检测,并做睾丸和附睾的组织形态学观察;第8周时,同时检查附睾尾精子密度和精子形态。结果:两实验组大鼠体重增加显著低于对照组(P<0.05),至实验8周时,睾丸、附睾性器官发育已受到影响,实验组Ⅱ大鼠附睾尾部精子密度明显低于对照组(P<0.05),实验组Ⅰ与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。睾丸出现不同程度的病理变化,发生调亡的生精小管周围间质细胞显著增多(P<0.05)。结论:丙烯酰胺会对生精小管产生毒性作用而导致雄性大鼠精子生成减少。     

抗氧化剂与钙离子拮抗剂联合应用预防大鼠睾丸纤维化实验研究

目的 :研究抗氧化剂与钙离子拮抗剂联合应用对大鼠睾丸纤维化的防治效果 ,以探索防治睾丸纤维化发生的理想药物。　方法 :将正常雄性Wistar大鼠 80只分为正常对照组 (n =10 ) ,高 (n =2 0 )、中 (n =2 0 )、低 (n =17)预防睾丸纤维化组和睾丸纤维化模型组 (n =13) ,采用王涛等建立的大鼠睾丸纤维化模型的方法略加改进。从第 1次免疫的次日起 ,高剂量组给予维生素E、C合剂 90mg/ (kg·d)、维拉帕米 5 0mg/ (kg·d)灌胃 ,中剂量组给予维生素E、C合剂 90mg/ (kg·d)、维拉帕米 2 5mg/ (kg·d)灌胃 ,低剂量组给予维生素E、C合剂 90mg/ (kg·d)、维拉帕米 12 .5mg/ (kg·d)灌胃 ,共 15 0d。纤维化模型组未予干预措施。正常对照组未加任何处理。检测精子计数、精子畸形率、睾丸长度、精曲小管直径 ,光镜和透射电镜观察睾丸间质及精曲小管生精细胞的变化。　结果 :高、中剂量组对于预防大鼠睾丸纤维化效果显著 ,睾丸精曲小管直径、基膜厚度与正常对照组相比差异无显著性。低剂量组精曲小管界膜略增厚 ,生精细胞损伤较重 ,但病变仍轻于模型组。模型组睾丸间质增生显著 ,间质中、精曲小管的管周及睾丸被膜下可见肥大细胞增多 ,精曲小管的界膜显著增厚 ,生精上皮空泡变。　结论 :抗氧化剂与钙离子拮抗剂联合应用 ,     

The effect of p-nonylphenol on the fertility potential of male rats after gestational, lactational and direct exposure

There is growing concern that abnormalities in male reproductive health are becoming more frequent. The most fundamental change has been the striking decline in sperm counts and semen quality. The effect of maternal exposure of rats to the oestrogenic environmental substance p-nonylphenol (p-NP) was determined in this study. Exposure to p-NP for the experimental period impaired general growth. The lower testicular mass indicated a direct toxic effect on the testis in animals exposed to p-NP during foetal life, the postnatal period and after weaning until termination at 10 weeks of age. The epididymal mass was also negatively affected by p-NP; this was supported by the decrease in the epididymal ratio. The total cauda epididymal sperm count was significantly lower in the 250 mg kg-1 p-NP dosage group compared to the control and 100 mg kg-1 p-NP groups. The overall lower sperm count with increased p-NP concentrations corresponded with the decreased testicular and epididymal masses. This emphasized the toxicity of p-NP on both testis and epididymis. Seminiferous tubule diameter, lumen diameter and seminiferous epithelium thickness were smaller in the exposed groups, even at the low dose level. These histological measurements further supported the finding of a low testicular mass. In spite of the measurements being smaller, p-NP had no effect on the stages of spermatogenesis except for one animal with disrupted spermatogenesis in some tubules, while others were normal.     

Major differences between the testis and epididymis in the induction of granulomas in response to extravasated germ cells. I. A light microscopical study in mice

A spermatic granuloma is a chronic inflammatory lesion which surrounds extravasated spermatozoa. Clinically, the lesion develops in the interstitial spaces of the epididymis and vas deferens, and only exceptionally in the testis itself. In the present study, murine testes and epididymides were injured using a needle and the histological appearances of these organs was then compared. Traumatic injury induced extravasation of germ cells in both testes and epididymides. A few days later, spermatic granulomas consistently formed in the epididymides, however, such lesions were not induced in the testes. To examine the possibility that epididymal spermatozoa have inherently greater ability to form spermatic granulomas than do testicular germ cells, isolated epididymal spermatozoa or testicular germ cells were locally injected into the testes and epididymides of recipient mice. Spermatic granulomas readily formed in the epididymides after local injection of either epididymal spermatozoa or testicular germ cells. In contrast, such lesions did not form in the testes even when epididymal spermatozoa were injected. Therefore, this study suggests that the microenvironment of the testicular interstitium, rather than the extravasated components from the ruptured seminiferous tubules, is the main factor determining the limited formation of spermatic granulomas in the testis.     

Antispermatogenic/antiandrogenic properties of solasodine (C27H43O2N) obtained from solanum xanthocarpum berries on the male genital tract of dog (Canis-familiaris). A Histophysiological approach

Chronic administration of solasodine (20 mg/kg alt. day for 30 days) caused testicular lesions resulting in a severe impairment of spermatogenic elements. The epididymides were devoid of spermatozoa. Total protein, sialic acid and glycogen contents of the testis and epididymis were reduced significantly whereas the testicular cholesterol was elevated. Acid Phosphatase enzyme activity of the testes was low after solasodine treatment. Serum enzymes (SGPT, alkaline phosphatase) serum protein, triglycerides, non esterified fatty acid levels were in normal range when compared with their own controls. Cholesterol and phospholipid levels were elevated after solasodine treatment to intact dogs. Reduced androgen production was reflected in low levels of sialic acid in the testes and epididymides and reduced Leydig cell nuclei. Castration alone brought about reduction in size of the epididymis. Castration followed by solasodine treatment caused epididymal degeneration. Simultaneous administration of TP to solasodine treated castrated dogs failed to stimulate the epididymal growth. Antispermatogenic/antiandrogenic activity of the compound solasodine is discussed. Solasodine administration in dogs definitely rendered the male infertile as evidenced by the absence of sperms in the cauda epididymis and ductus deferens.     

Oxytocin promotes spermiation and sperm transfer in the mouse

Spermatogenesis is a complex process during which developing germ cells move from the base of the seminiferous tubule towards the lumen where they are shed. Studies in the rat suggest that seminiferous tubule contraction, induced by exogenous oxytocin, promotes spermiation. This study examines the role of testicular oxytocin in development of the testes, spermatogenesis and spermiation in the mouse. Groups of wild-type (WT) mice, oxytocin knockout mice (OTKO) deficient in testicular oxytocin and mice containing an oxytocin transgene (bOT4.2) that over express testicular oxytocin were killed between days 5 and 45 post partum. The testes and epididymides were removed weighed and prepared either for histological and morphometric study by light microscopy, for sperm counts (epididymis), or extracted for determination of oxytocin content (testis - day 45 only). Testicular oxytocin concentrations were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in bOT4.2 mice than in WT or OTKO mice. No differences in testicular and epididymal weight, or in diameter and area of seminiferous tubules between the mice genotypes were found at any given time. Germ cell development was similar in all genotypes and was comparable with previous studies. The timing of spermiation between the groups was significantly different (p < 0.001) with bOT4.2 < WT < OTKO and the appearance of epididymal sperm was significantly different (p < 0.05) with bOT4.2 < WT < OTKO. There were significant correlations between the percentage of tubules containing residual bodies and epididymal sperm count (p < 0.05) and between the percentage of animals containing residual bodies and the percentage of animals containing epididymal sperm (p < 0.01). These data suggest that in the mouse oxytocin, whilst not involved in germ cell development, is important in the process of spermiation and sperm transfer in the mouse.     

Effects of chronic tadalafil use on the testes and sperm parameters of old albino rats

The use of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors has become the first-line treatment of erectile dysfunction nowadays. The daily application of tadalafil has become a line of treatment of other diseases such as pulmonary hypertension and cardiomyopathy. This study aimed at exploring whether the chronic use of tadalafil has an adverse effect on the testes and semen of old albino rats. Sixty male albino rats were divided into three groups. Group 1: given 2 ml saline orally for 90 days. Group 2: received tadalafil orally (1.8 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for 3 months equivalent to 20 mg day(-1) for 3 months as in human dose) and Group 3: received tadalafil orally (1.8 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for 6 months equivalent to 20 mg day(-1) for 6 months as in human dose). Animals were observed daily for signs of toxicity and mortality. Body weight and food consumption were recorded once a week. After sacrificing the animals, gross examination of the testes was performed in situ and then the epididymis was processed for the evaluation of sperm parameters and testes with other organs relative weight was calculated. Testicular histopathological examination was performed to evaluate microscopic changes in the seminiferous tubules. The mean testicular weight was significantly lower in animals of Group 3, and no significant changes were observed in Group 2. Sperm count showed a significant time-dependent decrease. Sperm motility decreased significantly in both groups with higher effect in Group 3. Incidence of abnormal forms increased in both groups (about 5 and 7 times in Group 2 and 3 respectively). Histological examination revealed mild changes in Group 2 and moderate changes in Group 3 in the form of loosely packed connective stroma around seminiferous tubules, reduction in number of spermatogenic cells with sloughing of many spermatocytes within the lumen of some tubules. Large vacuoles appeared in the tubules which contained a fewer number of sperm. Sperm bundles were degenerated in most tubules and completely absent in others. It is concluded that chronic daily use of tadalafil produces detrimental effects on the structure and function of the testes of old male albino rats which are duration dependent.