颅脑损伤并发上消化道出血机制及防治

目的：探讨颅脑损伤并发上消化道出血机制及防治。方法：回顾性分析本科自1995年以来诊治颅脑损伤477例,其中并发上消化道出血54例。结果：颅脑损伤越严重,GCS评分越低,上消化道出血发生率越高。脑干及下丘脑部损伤后上消化道出血发生率高。重型颅脑损伤患者预防用药后上消化道出血发生率低于未用药者。结论：出血与GCS评分、受伤程度有密切关系,同时,早期预防用药能降低其发生率,提高治愈率。     

颅脑损伤并发上消化道应激性溃疡出血的预防及诊治分析

目的研究颅脑损伤后并发上消化道应激性溃疡出血的发病因素和预防、诊治。方法发现颅脑损伤后并发上消化道应激性溃疡出血者均静脉给予氨甲环酸及洛赛克,同时,胃内注入凝血酶、云南白药及去甲肾上腺素一冰盐水等综合治疗。结果96例颅脑损伤患者中,并发消化道应激性溃疡出血者12例,GCS评分6～8分10例,3～5分2例,死于消化道应激性溃疡出血者3例,证实颅脑损伤越重,GCS评分越低,高龄患者,本身基础病越重,其发生消化道应激性溃疡出血及病死率越高。结论颅脑损伤病人应注意并发消化道应激性溃疡出血的可能性,密切观察,并采取综合性防治措施,去除应激因素,改善预后。     

颅脑损伤后GCS评分与上消化道出血的关系

目的 探讨颅脑损伤后GCS评分与上消化道出血的关系．方法 回顾分析130例颅脑损伤的临床资料及并发症。结果 GCS评分3～5分组的上消化道出血率(47．4％)明显高于6～8分组(24．0％)，而6～8分组义明显高于9～12分组(3．6％)。上消化道出血的死亡率(63．0％)比不出血的死亡率(8．7％)明显增高。结论 GCS评分与上消化道出血率成反比关系，即GCS评分越低上消化道出血率越高，预后越差。     

颅脑损伤后上消化道出血相关因素的临床研究

临床上颅脑损伤后预防应用H_2-受体拮抗剂仍 发生上消化道出血的研究国内外报道不多。本文回顾分析157例急性颅脑损伤资料,从临床角度探讨此病上消化道出血有关的危险因素。 临床资料 一般资料:本组157例急性颅脑损伤,男115例,女42例。年龄10个月至85岁,平均40.9岁。单纯脑挫裂伤38例,脑挫裂伤并血肿67例,硬膜下血肿21例,硬膜外血肿23例,原发性丘脑或/及脑干损伤4例,脑室内损伤出血4例。并发脑疝52例,有躯干或肢体合并伤38例。入院时GCS评分:9～10分33例,6～8分55例,≤5分69例。行开颅手术68例,并发呼吸系统感染53例,治疗使用糖皮质激素地塞米松     

重型颅脑损伤患者上消化道出血危险因素分析

目的分析影响重型颅脑损伤(severe head injury,SHI)患者上消化道出血的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2011-06—2013-12我院重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料,比较发生上消化道出血患者与未发生患者的临床特点,并采用χ2检验进行单因素分析,将有统计学意义的变量再采用逐步Logistic回归进行多因素分析。结果 200例患者中发生上消化道出血者45例,发生率22.5%。与消化道出血相关的因素包括年龄、低血压、低氧血症、GCS评分、APACHEⅡ评分、瞳孔不等大、中线偏移、早期肠内营养、预防性用药差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析共筛选出3个影响因素,分别是预防性用药(OR=6.92,95%CI:1.11~11.12,P=0.00)、早期肠内营养(OR=4.46,95%CI:1.44~13.83,P=0.01)和GCS评分(OR=3.51,95%CI:2.43~19.69,P=0.03)。上消化道出血组病死率较非出血明显增加(χ2=4.91,P=0.03)。结论预防性用药、早期肠内营养、GCS是重型颅脑损伤患者上消化道出血的独立危险因素,上消化道出血的发生对患者的预后有显著影响。     

重型颅脑损伤后上消化道出血防治的初步探讨

重型颅脑损伤后上消化道出血防治的初步探讨杨晓黎我院１９８７年以来收治３００例重型颅脑损伤患者，其中３９例出现上消化道出血，发生率１３％。本组男２１０例，女９０例。年龄４～７０岁。ＧＣＳ评分均在８分以下。本组硬膜外血肿８４例中并发上消化道出血者７例，均...     

重型颅脑损伤患者上消化道出血的预防

颅脑损伤后急性上消化道出血是最常见并发症之一,相关报道其发生率达16％-47％,在严重脑损害达40％-80％,死亡率可达30％-50％[1]。现将我院1997年3月至2000年10月收治117例重型颅脑损伤（GCS3-8分,昏迷6小时以上）患者预防上消化道出血的经验报告如下。     

颅脑损伤继发脑梗死相关危险因素分析

目的通过对颅脑损伤继发脑梗死的相关危险因素进行分析,为降低脑梗死发生率提供理论指导。方法对就诊我院神经外科的360例颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨颅脑损伤后继发脑梗死的相关危险因素。结果 360例颅脑损伤患者中21例发生TCI,发生率5.83%;50岁以上、GCS评分>8分、有脑疝和低血压的颅脑损伤患者,TCI发生率明显升高(P<0.05);21例TCI患者8例良好,4例轻度残疾,1例重度残疾,1例植物生存,7例死亡,病死率33.33%。结论年龄、GCS评分、脑疝、低血压、蛛网膜下腔出血、脱水剂应用等为TCI发生的相关危险因素。     

颅脑损伤后并发应激性溃疡出血的预防和治疗

目的探讨颅脑损伤后并发应激性溃疡出血的发病因素及防治措施。方法发现应激性溃疡出血,均静脉给予止血药物及抑酸药物,同时胃内注入凝血酶、云南白药及去甲肾上腺索-冰盐水等治疗,并依据出血量多少予以输血补液治疗。结果颅脑损伤越重,GCS评分越低,高龄患者、本身基础病越重,其发生应激性溃疡出血及病死率越高。结论颅脑损伤病人应注意并发应激性溃疡出血的可能性,密切观察,并采用有效的防治措施,祛除应激因素,以改善预后。     

颅脑损伤并发上消化道出血267例原因分析与防治

目的探讨颅脑损伤后发生上消化道出血的原因和防治方法。方法分析267例重型颅脑损病例,在治疗原发颅脑损伤的基础上,分为2组,早期肠内营养组(A组)176例,非早期肠内营养组(B组)91例;对发生上消化道出血的病例均应用止血剂、胃黏膜保护等治疗措施。结果本组267例中,发生上消化道出血214例,经过止血、制酸、黏膜保护等治疗,治愈206例,死亡8例,胃镜下治疗治愈3例;其中A组176例中上消化道出血125例,出血率71.02%,B组91例中上消化道出血89例,出血率97.80%;2组治疗效果存在显著差异(P<0.05)。结论重形颅脑损伤易并发上消化道出血,早期肠内营养可以降低上消化道出血发生率;上消化道出血病人应用常规处理方案治疗满意,简单经济安全有效,对顽固的活动性出血,可行胃镜下治疗。     

重型、特重型颅脑损伤合并易漏诊部位损伤的早期诊断和治疗

目的探讨重型、特重型颅脑损伤合并易漏诊部位损伤的早期诊断和治疗。方法对2000年1月至2007年8月收治的432例重型、特重型颅脑损伤合并其他部位损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。所有病例均符合重型、特重型颅脑损伤合并其他部位损伤患者的诊断标准,并按损伤严重评分（ISS）和GCS评分对伤情进行评估。同时对漏诊组（50例）和非漏诊组（382例）患者进行分析比较。结果432例患者中有50例漏诊,漏诊率为11．57％。与非漏诊组比较,漏诊组患者ISS评分,GCS≤8的病例所占比例及死亡率均较非漏诊组患者高（P〈0．05）。视神经、空腔脏器及脊髓损伤漏诊率较高,这些易漏诊部位损伤的致残率和死亡率也较高。结论对重型、特重型颅脑损伤应重视其视神经、脊髓等合并伤的诊断,规范其诊疗流程,降低漏诊率。     

重型颅脑损伤为主的多发伤漏诊原因

目的探讨重型颅脑外伤为主的多发伤的漏诊原因。方法对2000～2009年收治的85例重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有病例均符合重型颅脑损伤合并其他部位损伤患者的诊断标准,并按GCS评分对伤情进行评估。结果颌面部15例,脊柱骨折9例,胸部损伤20例,四肢骨折17例,腹腔脏器损伤22例,复合伤37例,治愈65例,植物生存11例,死亡9例。结论重型颅脑损伤合并多发伤应整体全面分析病情,早期诊断早期处理,降低漏诊率及死亡率。     

早期机械通气配合亚低温治疗在重型颅脑损伤中的应用

目的 探讨早期机械通气配合亚低温治疗在重型颅脑损伤治疗中的作用及临床意义。方法 对2001年6月～2004年12月间收治的49例重型颅脑损伤患者伤后或术后即给予机械通气辅助氧供并同时冰毯降温，观察治疗前、后PaO2，GCS评分，lung injury score（LIS评分），acute lung injury（ALI）指数，颅内朦（ICP）变化。结果 49例患者经治疗后，上述指标均明显改善，血气分析指标基本恢复正常水平。全组死产8例，自动出院2例，死亡率（包括自动出院）20．41％。出院病人39例获随诊半年。恢复良好31例，中残3例。重残2例，植物状态3例。结论 早期气管切开、机械通气，配合亚低温治疗，可控制和预防低氧血症，改善脑缺血，减轻脑水肿和颅内高压。对疾病预后有重要意义。     

颅脑损伤手术中急性脑膨出的形成原因初步探讨

目的探究颅脑损伤手术中急性脑膨出的形成原因及影响因素,提出有效防治措施。方法选取2014年1月至2016年1月我院神经外科实施开颅手术的颅脑损伤患者130例,根据术中是否发生急性脑膨出分为观察组(发生急性脑膨出)和对照组(未发生急性脑膨出)。收集患者的临床资料,通过单因素卡方检验和多因素Logistic回归分析总结颅脑损伤患者术中发生急性脑膨出的影响因素。结果 40例患者术中发生急性脑膨出,发生率为30.8%。经单因素卡方检验,两组患者性别比、年龄、致伤原因、有无脑脊液漏以及合并多发伤情况差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组入院后首次格拉斯哥昏迷评分(glasgow coma scale,GCS)8分、受伤至手术时间3 h、合并手术远隔部位颅骨骨折、合并迟发性外伤性颅内血肿(delayed traumatic intracranial hematoma,DTIH)以及合并外伤性弥漫性脑肿胀(post-traumatic acute diffuse brain swelling,PADBS)的比例均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析,入院后首次GCS评分低、受伤至手术时间短以及合并手术远隔部位颅骨骨折、DTIH和PADBS均为颅脑损伤患者术中发生急性脑膨出的危险因素。结论颅脑损伤患者手术过程中发生急性脑膨出的几率较高,且与入院后首次GCS评分、受伤至手术时间以及合并手术远隔部位颅骨骨折、DTIH和PADBS情况相关,术前应对患者发生急性脑膨出的风险进行综合评估。     

外伤后急性弥漫性脑肿胀术中急性脑膨出相关危险因素分析

目的探讨外伤后急性弥漫性脑肿胀PADBS术中急性脑膨出相关危险因素。 方法对厦门大学附属中山医院神经外科自2010年1月至2015年12月收治的58例PADBS开颅减压术中发生急性脑膨出（病例组）与47例同期术中未发生脑膨出（对照组）患者的性别,年龄,受伤至手术时间,减速性颅脑损伤,合并多发伤,颅脑CT血肿厚度,脑疝,术前GCS评分,术中低血压,手术方式进行病例对照研究,通过Logistic多因素回归分析术中急性脑膨出相关危险因素。 结果Logistic多因素回归分析显示减速性颅脑损伤,术前GCS评分,脑疝,术中低血压与PADBS术中急性脑膨出发生密切相关。 结论减速性颅脑损伤,术前GCS评分,脑疝,术中低血压是PADBS发生术中急性脑膨出的独立危险因素,术前准确评估伤情及术中积极控制可降低PADBS术中急性脑膨出发生风险。     

Craniocerebral gunshot injuries in children

INTRODUCTION: Despite the worldwide increase in the incidence of gunshot injuries, there are few large published series on craniocerebral gunshot injuries in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 30 consecutive children who were treated for craniocerebral gunshot injuries at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital from 1989 to 2002 were reviewed retrospectively. The circumstances of the injury, clinical status, CT findings, complications, and outcome were assessed. RESULTS: The median age was 7 years. Seventy-seven percent of the victims were boys. The majority of the children were injured in the crossfire of civilian violence. The initial management consisted of debridement under local anesthesia in 16 children and neurosurgical procedures under general anesthesia were performed in 14. Sixteen children sustained transhemispheric injuries, 5 bihemispheric injuries, 5 tangential injuries, and 4 transventricular injuries. All 3 children with a GCS <4 died within 72 h of admission. Three of the 7 children with GCS 4-7 died but there were no deaths in those children whose GCS was >7 post-resuscitation. Motor deficits, cranial nerve palsies, and visual field defects were very common. Early post-traumatic seizures were the commonest complication (18%). CONCLUSION: Children with higher post-resuscitation GCSs fared better than adults in terms of mortality but not necessarily morbidity. As in the case with adults, the GCS after resuscitation is a very good prognostic indicator of mortality.     

三七总皂苷对急性重型颅脑损伤患者血清NSE和MBP含量的影响

目的观察三七总皂苷（PNS）对急性重型颅脑损伤患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）和碱性髓鞘蛋白（MBP）含量的影响,为PNS用于临床颅脑损伤的治疗提供更充分的依据。方法按标准选取急性重型颅脑损伤患者82例,随机分成对照组和治疗组。对照组行常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用PNS治疗。治疗前和治疗后不同时间点分别测患者血清NSE和MBP的浓度,并行格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）,3个月后行格拉斯哥预后分级（GOS）,然后对所得资料进行统计学分析。结果治疗后治疗组血清NSE和MBP含量低于对照组,GCS和GOS高于对照组,差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论PNS能降低急性重型颅脑桶伤患者血清NSE和MBP的会量．有明理治疗技某．     

早期肠内营养对重型颅脑损伤患者血清C反应蛋白含量变化的影响

目的观察早期肠内营养（EEN）对重型颅脑损伤患者血清C反应蛋白（CRP）的影响,探讨EEN对保护肠道黏膜、减轻全身炎症反应的作用。方法30例重型颅脑损伤患者中,GCS6～8分者23例,GCS3-5分者7例。随机分为EEN组（15例）和早期胃肠外营养（PN）组（15例）。入院48h内给予不同方法的营养支持。测定入院时及伤后1、4、7和14d血浆中CRP的含量。结果随着伤后时间推移两组患者血清CRP浓度均呈下降趋势,但EEN组下降幅度更明显,伤后第4、7及14天EEN组血清CRP含量明显低于PN组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。EEN组伤后14d GCS评分明显高于PN组（P〈0．05）。结论EEN可保护重型颅脑损伤患者的胃肠道黏膜,减轻其全身炎症反应,改善其意识状态。如果重型颅脑损伤患者胃肠道功能允许,应尽早给予EEN。     

Penetrating craniocerebral injuries in a civilian population in mid-Europe.

Our current neurosurgical understanding of civilian penetrating craniocerebral injuries is based on US metropolitan series. It is unknown whether all principles applied to these patients are relevant in the Mid-European setting with its distinct epidemiology. The objective of this study was to characterize our patients with penetrating craniocerebral injuries, to analyze their outcome, and to identify relevant prognostic factors. Thirty-two patients with penetrating craniocerebral injuries were entered into the study. Patient evaluation comprised neurological, laboratory and radiographic analyses. Motivating factors were suicide (75%), assault (13%), and accident (9%). Initial GCS score, coagulopathy on admission, and radiographic extent of injury could be identified as outcome predictors (P < 0.001). An aggressive therapeutic approach to patients with GCS 3-7 reduced mortality when compared to a conservative management (67 vs. 91%). Due to major differences in epidemiology and outcome of our penetrating craniocerebral injury patients when compared to major US metropolitan series, current therapeutic strategies applied to this patient population in mid-Europe should be reconsidered. The results of our study justify an aggressive neurosurgical approach even in those patients that are thought to have a deleterious prognosis. Predictive variables identified in this study and a novel CT-grading algorithm may help in decision making.     

Pediatric traumatic brain injuries in Taiwan: an 8-year study.

Background. This study is intended to determine the causes of pediatric traumatic brain injuries (PTBI) in children aged 14 years or less, and to identify various types of craniocerebral damage resulting from different mechanisms of injury.Methods. From July 1, 1993 to June 30, 2001, a survey on PTBI was conducted in Taiwan. The data of patients used in this study were collected from 56 major hospitals among the age group of 0-14 years. The items in the traumatic brain injury survey included sex, age, causes of injuries, severity, and the eventual outcome.Results. A total of 5349 cases were identified. The male-to-female ratio was 1.69: 1. The incidence rate was higher in the age groups of 4-9 years and 10-14 years. The main cause of PTBI was traffic injury, which accounted for 2537 of the cases (47.3%), followed by falls, 2160 (40.3%). Of all traffic injuries, motorcycle-related injury had the highest incidence, followed by the pedestrian and bicycle-related injury. This study also showed that 83.2% of the patients had mild injury, 9.8% had moderate injury, and 7.0%, severe injury.Conclusions. The results of this study suggest that it is important to decrease all the risk factors in the environment of homes and public areas as much as possible. Helmet wearing and the development of public transportation are essential for the prevention of head injury.