神经肽Y对实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎豚鼠血清白介素水平的影响

目的观察神经肽Y(NPY)对实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)豚鼠血清白介素(IL)水平的影响。方法30只豚鼠随机分为正常对照组、EAE组、NPY组;NPY组制模前侧脑室注射NPY;预处理1周后将大鼠脊髓匀浆注入EAE组及NPY组豚鼠足垫制作EAE模型;每日进行神经功能障碍评分;观察造模后各组EAE发病率、发病潜伏期;在病情高峰期检测各组豚鼠血清IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8水平,并进行神经组织病理学检查。结果(1)EAE组及NPY组发病率分别为100%和90%;发病潜伏期分别为(10.0±4.8)d和(25.4±12.6)d;病情高峰期神经功能障碍评分分别为(3.60±0.52)分和(1.80±1.14)分;两组间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。(2)与正常对照组比较,EAE组和NPY组豚鼠病情高峰期血清IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、IL-8水平明显升高,IL-4水平明显降低(均P<0.05);与EAE组比较,NPY组病情高峰期血清IL-4水平明显增高,IL-2水平明显降低(均P<0.05)。(3)神经病理学检查显示NPY组神经组织血管周围炎症细胞浸润和髓鞘脱失改变较EAE组明显减...     

奥曲肽对EAE豚鼠外周血单个核细胞分泌IFN-γ、IL-4水平的影响

目的通过研究奥曲肽对急性实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)豚鼠外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)分泌γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)水平的影响,探讨奥曲肽对EAE发病保护作用的免疫学机制。方法将40只雌性豚鼠随机分为健康对照组、EAE对照组和EAE高、低剂量治疗组,每组各10只。EAE对照组及EAE高、低剂量治疗组采用粗制髓鞘碱性蛋白(cMBP)诱发急性EAE,EAE低、高剂量治疗组自造模前7 d始分别按体质量3、12 μg/(kg·d)予皮下注射奥曲肽直至试验结束。观察4组豚鼠神经功能障碍评分变化,并用ELISA法测定PBMC培养上清液中IFN-γ和IL-4水平变化。结果 EAE高、低剂量治疗组神经功能障碍评分较EAE对照组显著降低(P0.01,P0.05),且EAE高剂量治疗组降低更明显(P0.05)。PBMC分泌IFN-γ水平EAE低、高剂量治疗组、EAE对照组较健康对照组显著升高(P0.01),EAE高、低剂量治疗组较EAE对照组显著降低(均P0.01),且EAE高剂量治疗组降低更明显(P0.05)。PBMC分泌IL-4水平EAE对照组较健康对照组明显降低(P0.01),EAE高、低剂量较EAE对照组均明显增高(均P0.01),且EAE高剂量治疗组增高更明显(P0.05)。EAE对照组及EAE高、低剂量治疗组发病高峰期外周血IFN-γ/IL-4比值与神经功能障碍评分均呈正相关(r=0.753、P0.05,r=0.835、P0.01,r=0.779、P0.01)。结论奥曲肽对EAE豚鼠发病具有保护作用,其作用机制可能是通过抑制IFN-γ生成、促进IL-4生成而发挥对Th1/Th2失衡的调节作用。     

阿托伐他汀对实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎T辅助细胞功能的影响

目的探讨阿托伐他汀对实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)豚鼠T辅助细胞功能的影响,探讨阿托伐他汀对EAE发病保护作用的免疫调节机制。方法皮下注射粗制碱性髓鞘蛋白(MBP)建立EAE模型。40只豚鼠分成4组:正常对照组、EAE对照组、EAE低剂量组和EAE高剂量组,每组10只,雌雄各半。ELISA法测定EAE发病高峰期外周血单个核细胞培养上清液的细胞因子INF-γ、IL-4水平。结果EAE对照组IL-4浓度低于正常对照组(P<0.01),EAE高、低剂量组IL-4浓度高于EAE对照组(P<0.01),EAE高剂量组IL-4浓度比EAE低剂量组高(P<0.01)。EAE对照组IFN-γ浓度高于正常对照组(P<0.01),EAE高、低剂量组IFN-γ浓度低于EAE对照组(P<0.01),EAE高剂量IFN-γ浓度比EAE低剂量组低(P<0.01)。结论EAE豚鼠存在Th1细胞的过度活化、Th2细胞分泌活性降低;阿托伐他汀能具有抑制Th1细胞活性、提高Th2细胞分泌能力,具有调节Th1/Th2失衡作用。     

急性脑血管病合并多器官功能障碍综合征细胞因子变化的研究

目的探讨急性脑血管疾病合并MODS患者血清中细胞因子HMGB-1、TNF-α、IL-6及IFN-γ水平的变化及其意义。方法28例确诊的急性脑血管疾病合并MODS患者(MODS组)、31例单纯脑血管病患者(单纯ACVD组)及健康受试者28例(健康对照组),应用Western blot方法分析其血清HMGB-1水平,ABC-ELISA法测定血清中TNF-α、IL-6及IFN-γ浓度。结果MODS组、单纯ACVD组及健康对照组3组之间比较,血清中HMGB-1、TNF-α及IL-6水平有显著性差异(P<0.05),但MODS组患者血清中IFN-γ水平与单纯ACVD组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。MODS组中脑梗死和脑出血患者组间HMGB-1、TNF-α、IL-6及IFN-γ水平比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。MODS组患者血清中HMGB-1水平与MODS评分的关系经相关性分析二者之间成正相关(P<0.05),但MODS组患者血清中TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-γ水平与MODS评分无相关性。结论HMGB-1、TNF-α及IL-6可作为预测急性脑血管病发生MODS的指标,干预HMGB-1可能阻止急性脑血管病后MODS的发生。     

粪菌移植对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠肠道功能及细胞因子的影响

目的探讨粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)小鼠发病、肠道功能和细胞因子白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的影响。方法选择30只清洁级SPF级雌性C57BL/6小鼠,随机分为正常对照组、EAE模型组、FMT干预组,每组10只。采用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白肽35-55(MOG35-55)抗原免疫法制备EAE模型。FMT干预组于造模第2天给予粪便滤液0.4 mL灌胃,1次/d,共14 d;正常对照组、EAE模型组以相同方式给予等量生理盐水灌胃。观察各组小鼠发病情况;于EAE模型组和FMT干预组发病高峰时、正常对照组28 d时取小鼠粪便定量检测肠道菌群数量,计算双歧杆菌与肠杆菌的比值(Bifidobacterium/Enterobacter value,B/E值);ELISA法检测各组小鼠血清、脑组织IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的表达。结果与EAE模型组比较,FMT干预组小鼠发病潜伏期、达高峰期时间延迟,神经功能评分减低(均P0.05)。EAE模型组B/E值小于1,FMT干预组B/E值大于1,且FMT干预组B/E值较EAE模型组高(P0.05)。与正常对照组比较,EAE模型组血清和脑组织IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平均增加(均P0.05),而FMT干预组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平较EAE模型组减低(均P0.05)。结论 EAE小鼠存在肠道菌群紊乱,定植抗力差,细胞因子表达升高;FMT能改善EAE小鼠肠道菌群紊乱,提高肠道定植抗力,减轻炎症反应和神经功能障碍。     

骨髓间充质干细胞干预治疗实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎大鼠的研究

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)干预治疗实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)大鼠的效果及其机制,以及最佳的治疗时机。方法 36只健康雌性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、EAE模型组和免疫后当天、第5 d、第10 d、第15 d注入BMSCs干预治疗组(d0、d5、d10、d15 BMSCs组)。用MBP68-86作免疫原制作EAE大鼠模型,分别在免疫后相应时间点静脉注入Wistar大鼠的BMSCs或生理盐水。观察大鼠的发病状况、神经功能缺损评分(NDS)和脑、脊髓组织病理改变。用流式细胞仪检测周围血T细胞亚群,ELISA法检测血干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、白介素(IL)-4和IL-10水平。结果正常对照组大鼠均正常。与EAE模型组比较,d0 BMSCs组和d5 BMSCs组大鼠的发病数减少,发病时间延迟,高峰期和平均NDS降低,外周血CD4+T细胞明显降低,Treg细胞明显升高,IFN-γ和TNF-α水平明显降低,IL-10水平明显升高(P0.05~0.01),脑、脊髓组织的病变明显减轻;d10 BMSCs组CD4+/CD8+比值明显降低(P0.05)。结论预先用BMSCs干预治疗EAE大鼠有显著的效果,其机制可能为BMSCs通过上调IL-10表达来调节T细胞的增殖活化及功能,抑制异常免疫反应。而在发病后给予BMSCs则无明显效果。     

雌激素对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠的抗炎机制

目的 探讨雌激素减轻实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)炎症反应的可能机制.方法 用MOG35-55多肽诱发60只EAE小鼠模型,做去卵巢术.分为治疗组(n=30)和对照组(n=30),治疗组予雌激素治疗.比较两组EAE小鼠的临床症状评分.取脑和脊髓,行H-E染色观察病理学改变,实时荧光定量PCR及ELISA检测EAE小鼠CNS中白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-17、IL-23、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)、干扰素γ(interferon γ,IFN-γ)、IL-4水平.结果 治疗组EAE小鼠与对照组相比临床症状减轻(P＜0.05);H-E染色显示治疗组炎细胞浸润减少(P＜0.05),实时荧光定量PCR及ELISA结果示治疗组CNS中IL-17、IL-23、TNF-α、IFN-γ表达降低而IL-4增加(P＜0.05).结论 雌激素可能通过降低IL-17、IL-23、TNF-α、IFN-γ,增加IL-4,从而减轻EAE小鼠炎症反应.     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎大鼠脑组织中NF-κB p65,TNF-α表达及雷公藤多甙的干预研究

目的 观察Wistar大鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)脑组织中核转录因子-κBp65(NF-κB p65)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-a)的表达情况,用雷公藤多甙(TWP)进行干预,探讨TWP对EAE的防治效果及作用机制.方法 建立Wistar大鼠EAE模型,并选用TWP、泼尼松(PRD)干预治疗.65只Wistar大鼠随机分成5组:对照组5只,EAE组、TWPⅠ组(EAE+TWP 10 mg·kg-1·d-1)、TWPⅡ组(EAE+TWP 30mg·kg-1·d-1)和PRD组(EAE+PRD 5 mg·kg-1·d-1)各15只.观察各组大鼠发病情况并进行神经功能评分.大鼠脑和脊髓腰膨大段组织切片:苏木素-伊红(HE)染色+罗克沙尔坚牢蓝(LFB)髓鞘染色,光镜下进行炎性病灶计数,并免疫组化方法检测大鼠脑组织内NF-κB p65、TNF-α的表达.结果 EAE组及干预组大鼠脑组织内NF-κB p65、TNF-α表达水平随病情加重而升高,随病情缓解而降低.与EAE组比较,干预组大鼠发病率减低,潜伏期延长,神经功能评分及体重损失明显降低,脑组织炎性病灶数明显减少;同时脑组织NF-κB p65和TNF-α阳性细胞数量明显减少.TWP大剂量组与PRD治疗效果相当,且优于TWP小剂量组.结论 NF-κB p65、TNF-α过表达可能参与EAE发生及进展;TWP有明显防治大鼠EAE作用,在一定程度上呈剂量相关性,其机制可能与下调NF-κB p65、TNF-α表达有关.     

甲基强的松龙治疗实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎的作用机制

目的:研究细胞因子、T细胞凋亡和淋巴细胞增殖在实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)形成中的作用及甲基强的松龙(MP)治疗EAE的作用机制。方法:采用人脑纯化的髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)与完全福氏佐剂免疫Lewis大鼠,建立EAE动物模型。用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测各组大鼠血清中IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ的含量:流式细胞仪检测外周血T细胞凋亡;3H-TdR释放法检测外周血淋巴细胞转化率。结果:与对照组比较,EAE组的外周血IFN-γ、TNF-α水平明显增高,IL-10水平明显降低,MP治疗后IFN-γ和TNF-α水平下降,IL-10浓度上调。MP还诱导外周血T细胞凋亡和抑制MBP致敏淋巴细胞增殖并呈剂量依赖性。结论:应用人MBP成功建立EAE大鼠模型,MP可能通过调节Th细胞因子格局、促进Th2细胞因子分泌、抑制MBP致敏淋巴细胞增殖及外周血T细胞凋亡而发挥治疗多发性硬化的作用。     

脑梗死患者血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度与血清TNF-α、IFN-γ水平的相关性临床研究

目的探讨脑梗死患者血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）浓度与血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）水平的变化的关系及意义。方法选择脑梗死患者60例,健康体检者60例（对照组）,采用高效液相色谱荧光法检测脑梗死组及对照组血浆Hcy水平,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELlSA法）检测血清TNF-α、IFN-γ浓度。结果脑梗死组Hcy、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;脑梗死组血浆Hcy浓度与血清TNF-α（r=0.716,P〈0.001）、IFN-γ（r=0.683,P〈0.001）水平呈正相关。结论脑梗死患者血清TNF-α、IFN-γ水平显著升高,且与Hcy浓度明显相关。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.