良性前列腺增生症患者术后谵妄的影响因素

目的探讨良性前列腺增生症患者术后发生谵妄的影响因素。方法回顾性分析170例良性前列腺增生症患者开放性手术的临床资料。对术后发生谵妄的病例研究其影响因素。结果术后发生谵妄13例,发生率7.65%,其与年龄、睡眠状况和使用的药物有关。结论在围手术期改善患者的一般状况、慎用药物是预防术后谵妄的关键。     

麻醉药物对心脏手术患者术后谵妄影响的研究

目的 评估心脏手术中麻醉药物的选择(丙泊酚或吸入麻醉药物)与术后谵妄发生的关系.方法 本研究为一项回顾性研究,筛选2018年10月至2019年3月于四川大学华西医院行择期体外循环下心脏手术成年患者.根据诱导后麻醉维持药物(包括体外循环期间),将患者分为丙泊酚组和吸入麻醉组.主要结局指标为术后3d谵妄发生率.使用logi...     

非心脏手术患者术后谵妄的危险因素

目的 筛选非心脏手术患者发生术后谵妄的危险因素.方法 择期围术期有可疑危险因素的非心脏手术患者480例,年龄18～92岁,根据术后3 d内是否发生谵妄分为术后谵妄组和非术后谵妄组.可疑危险因素进行组间比较后,将差异有统计学意义的因素进行logistic回归分析,筛选发生术后谵妄的危险因素.结果 79例术后发生谵妄,发生率为16.5%.logistic回归分析结果显示,老龄、全身麻醉、手术时间≥3 h、术后Price-Henry疼痛评分为4分、合并肺气肿、饮酒≥3次/周是发生术后谵妄的独立危险因素(P＜0.05),相对危险度依次为1.924、0.188、2.251、1.752、18.954、1.779.结论 老龄、全身麻醉、长时间手术、术后剧烈疼痛、合并肺气肿、长期饮酒是非心脏手术患者发生术后谵妄的危险因素.     

非药物干预对心脏大血管手术患者术后谵妄影响的网状Meta分析

目的 综合评价非药物干预对心脏大血管手术患者术后谵妄的影响，为选择最佳干预措施提供参考。 方法 计算机检索中国生物医学文献服务系统、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、Embase和Scopus数据库，检索时限为建库至2022年3月，收集不同非药物干预对心脏大血管手术患者术后谵妄影响的随机对照研究。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并进行文献质量评价，运用Stata 16.0软件进行网状Meta分析。 结果 共纳入16项研究，总样本量为2 011例。网状Meta分析结果显示，针对性心理干预（OR=10.15，P＜0.05）对患者术后谵妄的防治效果最佳，其次分别为早期活动、音乐疗法、ABCDE集束化护理措施、目标性镇静镇痛结合早期活动（OR=3.48～5.42，均P＜0.05）等。 结论 针对性心理干预和早期运动分别为最佳的多组分和单一非药物干预措施，多组分非药物干预相比单一干预措施对预防心脏大血管手术患者术后谵妄更有优势。未来可根据循证证据制订 策略精准的多组分非药物干预方案，以降低患者术后谵妄发生率。     

非心脏手术老年患者术后谵妄与术前衰弱的关系

目的评价非心脏手术老年患者术后谵妄与术前衰弱的关系。方法收集2019年3月至2022年7月于本院行非心脏手术老年患者, 收集患者年龄、合并疾病、性别、吸烟史、手术类型、术前白蛋白、手术时间、麻醉时间、术后低血压、文化程度、营养状况、ASA分级、术后是否入ICU、术中出血量、术前衰弱状态等病历资料。根据是否发生术后谵妄分为谵妄组和无谵妄组。采用多因素logistic回归分析法筛选术后谵妄发生的危险因素, 绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析危险因素对术后谵妄的预测价值。结果谵妄组74例, 无谵妄组321例, 术后谵妄发生率为18.7%。与无谵妄组相比, 谵妄组年龄≥70岁、文化程度初中及以下、营养状况差、ASA分级Ⅲ级、术后入ICU、衰弱患者比例和术中出血量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析结果显示, 年龄、文化程度、营养状况、ASA分级、术中出血量及衰弱均是谵妄的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。术前衰弱预测术后谵妄的ROC曲线下面积及其95%可信区间为0.672(0.605～0.740)。结论术前衰弱是非心脏手术老年患者术后谵妄的独立危险因素, 可在一...     

56例心脏手术后并发术后谵妄的原因分析及护理体会

目的总结心脏手术后并发谵妄的护理经验。方法将886例接受心脏手术的患者根据是否并发术后谵妄,分为谵妄组(56例)及非谵妄组(830例)。对2组患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果年龄、术前烦躁、睡眠障碍并存其他慢性病,术后并发症、体外循环时间及麻醉时间等,是谵妄发生的重要诱因。经有效的术前沟通及术后精心护理,56例术后谵妄患者均痊愈出院。结论充足的术前准备和心理沟通辅导,精心的术后护理有助于预防术后谵妄的发生及早期恢复。     

心脏外科手术后谵妄的研究进展

谵妄是一种意识和注意障碍,伴有认知功能改变或感知障碍,以急性起病、可逆性和病情反复波动为特征。心脏外科手术后患者出现谵妄可能增加术后并发症,损害认知功能,增加术后近期和远期病死率,延长住院时间,增加医疗费用。对谵妄患者的诊断、预防和治疗是心脏外科围手术期处理的重要内容。通过使用有效的筛选评分和量表,可明显提高心脏外科手术后谵妄患者的检出率。近年来,对心脏外科手术后谵妄患者的治疗、护理和预防也有很多新策略。本文主要对心脏外科手术后谵妄的发生率、危险因素、诊断、治疗以及预防等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

心脏直视手术中心肺再转流：附76例临床分析

心脏手术毕，心肺转流终止后已复苏的心脏可因心肌收缩功能恢复不全，心内畸形矫治不彻底，术中意外性大出血或损伤引起的完全性房室传导阻滞等原因需重建心肺转流。本文对７６例病人重建心肺转流的原因和结果进行的分析表明，适时重建心肺转流对提高手术成功率有利。     

良性前列腺增生患者术后谵妄的临床分析

目的:探讨良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者术后发生谵妄的影响因素。方法:分析我院198例60～83岁BPH手术患者的年龄与术后疼痛、低氧血症和睡眠时间减少发生的关系,判定患者术后发生谵妄的危险因素。结果:198例患者术后发生谵妄13例(6.5%),≥70岁的患者与<70岁患者相比,术后谵妄发生率增加(1.6%vs14%,P<0.05)。结论:高龄患者前列腺术后疼痛和睡眠障碍是发生谵妄的重要原因,镇痛及良好的睡眠对预防术后谵妄有积极的意义。     

患儿心脏手术心肺转流期间血液保护策略的研究进展

患儿心脏手术围术期失血与输血量增加有关,异体输血可导致心脏手术患儿不良事件发生率增高、预后不佳。围术期血液保护对于减少输血不良反应、缓解血源紧张具有重要的临床意义。心肺转流在围术期血液保护实践管理中占有重要地位。本文就心肺转流(CPB)期间血液保护的灌注策略以及血制品输注策略的最新进展进行综述,为CPB医师在患儿心脏手术CPB期间输血提供参考。     

Efficacy of risperidone for prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery

This randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was primarily aimed to evaluate the potential of risperidone to prevent postoperative delirium following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and the secondary objective was to explore clinical factors associated with postoperative delirium. One-hundred-and-twenty-six adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly assigned to receive either 1 mg of risperidone or placebo sublingually when they regained consciousness. Delirium and other outcomes were assessed. The confusion assessment method for intensive care unit was used to assess postoperative delirium. The incidence of postoperative delirium in the risperidone group was lower than the placebo group (11.1% vs. 31.7% respectively, P=0.009, relative risk = 0.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.16-0.77). Other postoperative outcomes were not statistically different between the groups. In exploring the factors associated with delirium, univariate analysis showed many factors were associated with postoperative delirium. However multiple logistic regression analysis showed a lapse of 70 minutes from the time of opening eyes to following commands and postoperative respiratory failure were independent risk factors (P=0.003, odds ratio [OR] = 4.57, 95% CI = 1.66-12.59 and P=0.038, OR = 13.78, 95% CI = 1.15-165.18 respectively). A single dose of risperidone administered soon after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass reduces the incidence of postoperative delirium. Multiple factors tended to be associated with postoperative delirium, but only the time from opening eyes to following commands and postoperative respiratory failure were independent risk factors in this study.     

The effect of peri-operative dexmedetomidine on the incidence of postoperative delirium in cardiac and non-cardiac surgical patients: a randomised,double-blind placebo-controlled trial

Delirium occurs commonly following major non-cardiac and cardiac surgery and is associated with: postoperative mortality; postoperative neurocognitive dysfunction; increased length of hospital stay; and major postoperative complications and morbidity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of peri-operative administration of dexmedetomidine on the incidence of postoperative delirium in non-cardiac and cardiac surgical patients. In this randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial we included 63 patients aged ≥ 60 years undergoing major open abdominal surgery or coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative delirium, as screened for with the Confusion Assessment Method. Delirium assessment was performed twice daily until postoperative day 5, at the time of discharge from hospital or until postoperative day 14. We found that dexmedetomidine was associated with a reduced incidence of postoperative delirium within the first 5 postoperative days, 43.8% vs. 17.9%, p = 0.038. Severity of delirium, screened with the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist, was comparable in both groups, with a mean maximum score of 1.54 vs. 1.68, p = 0.767. No patients in the dexmedetomidine group died while five (15.6%) patients in the placebo group died, p = 0.029. For patients aged ≥ 60 years undergoing major cardiac or non-cardiac surgery, we conclude that the peri-operative administration of dexmedetomidine is associated with a lower incidence of postoperative delirium.     

Predictors of delirium after cardiac surgery delirium: effect of beating-heart (off-pump) surgery

BACKGROUND: Despite improved outcomes after cardiac operations, postoperative delirium remains a common complication that is associated with increased morbidity and prolonged hospital stay. METHODS: Univariate and multivariate predictors of postoperative delirium were determined from prospectively gathered data on 16,184 patients undergoing cardiac operations with cardiopulmonary bypass (conventional, n = 14,342) and without cardiopulmonary bypass (beating-heart surgery, n = 1847) between April 1996 and August 2001. Delirium was defined as a transient mental syndrome of acute onset characterized by global impairment of cognitive functions, a reduced level of consciousness, attentional abnormalities, increased or decreased psychomotor activity, and a disordered sleep-wake cycle. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of postoperative delirium was 8.4%. Of 49 selected patient-related risk factors and treatment variables, 35 were highly associated with postoperative delirium by univariate analysis. Stepwise logistic regression revealed the following variables as independent predictors of delirium: history of cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular ejection fraction of 30% or less, preoperative cardiogenic shock, urgent operation, intraoperative hemofiltration, operation time of 3 hours or more, and a high perioperative transfusion requirement. Two variables were identified as having a significant protective effect against postoperative delirium: beating-heart surgery and younger patient age. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative delirium is a common complication in cardiac operations. The increased use of beating-heart surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass may lead to a lower prevalence of this complication and thus improve patient outcomes.     

Retrograde autologous priming of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit: safety and impact on postoperative outcomes

OBJECTIVES: Retrograde autologous priming (RAP) is a blood conservation technique used to limit the severity of hemodilution during cardiopulmonary bypass and reduce perioperative transfusions. The aim of this investigation was to examine the safety of RAP and to determine the effect of RAP on adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred fifty-nine undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. INTERVENTIONS: Data were retrospectively collected on 2 cohorts of adult cardiac surgical patients operated on by a single surgeon. In the RAP group (n = 256), outcome data were analyzed on all subjects over a 2-year period during which RAP was used routinely. This group was compared with a similar cohort of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass over a 2-year period immediately before the introduction of RAP into the clinical practice (no-RAP group, n = 287). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In-hospital mortality was not significantly different between the RAP group (2.7%) and the no-RAP group (3.8%, p = 0.636). The incidence of postoperative cardiac arrest was significantly less in the RAP group (1 patient) compared to the no-RAP group (9 patients, p = 0.040). There were no differences between the 2 groups in the incidence of several other postoperative complications, including postoperative delirium (1.6% RAP v 3.1% no RAP), heart block (1.6% RAP v 4.2% no RAP), atrial fibrillation (19.1% RAP v 22.7% no RAP), and requiring postoperative ventilation >24 hours (2.7% RAP v 5.2% no RAP). CONCLUSIONS: The authors observed no evidence of any increase in adverse events in the RAP group of this retrospective cohort study, but they did observe a decrease in the incidence of postoperative cardiac arrest in the RAP group. These findings suggest that RAP is a safe technique and may have a beneficial effect on postoperative outcomes.     

Cerebral oximetry and postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery: a randomised,controlled trial

Postoperative delirium is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We hypothesised that restoration of regional cerebral oxygen desaturation would reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly patients after cardiac surgery. After institutional ethics review board approval and informed consent, a double‐blinded, prospective, randomised, controlled trial was conducted in patients ≥ 60 years of age undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. In the intervention group, an algorithm was commenced if regional cerebral oxygen saturation decreased below 75% of baseline value for 1 min or longer. In the control group, the cerebral oximetry monitor screen was electronically blinded. Assessment of delirium was performed with confusion assessment method for intensive care unit or confusion assessment method after discharge from intensive care unit at 12‐h intervals for seven postoperative days. Postoperative delirium was present in 30 out of 123 (24.4%) and 31 out of 126 (24.6%) patients in the intervention and control groups, respectively, odds ratio 0.98 (95%CI 0.55–1.76), p = 0.97. Postoperative delirium was present in 20 (71%) out of 28 and in 41 (18%) out of 221 patients with baseline regional cerebral oxygen saturation ≤ 50, or > 50%, respectively, p = 0.0001. Higher baseline regional cerebral oxygen saturation and body mass index were protective against postoperative delirium. Restoration of regional cerebral oxygen desaturation did not result in lower postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery. Pre‐operative regional cerebral oxygen saturation ≤ 50% was associated with increased postoperative delirium rates in elderly patients following cardiac surgery.     

Clinical outcome after cardiac operations in patients with cirrhosis

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the clinical outcome after cardiac operations in patients with cirrhosis, a retrospective study was undertaken. METHODS: Between 1989 and 2003, 18 patients with cirrhosis who underwent cardiac operations were identified. Their preoperative status and postoperative clinical results were assessed. RESULTS: Ten patients were classified as having Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis, 7 as having class B cirrhosis, and 1 as having class C cirrhosis. Fifteen of 18 patients underwent cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass, and the remaining 3 patients with class B cirrhosis received coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. In patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, 60% of those with class A cirrhosis and 100% of those with class B cirrhosis and class C cirrhosis had postoperative major complications, including infection, respiratory failure, renal failure, bleeding, and gastrointestinal disorder. One of 3 patients (33%) with class B cirrhosis undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass had major complications. The overall postoperative mortality rate was 17%. Hospital mortality of patients with class A cirrhosis, class B cirrhosis, and class C cirrhosis undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass was 0%, 50%, and 100%, respectively. None of 3 patients with class B cirrhosis undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass died in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Although the incidence of major complications was high, patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis tolerated cardiac surgery satisfactorily. Patients with more advanced cirrhosis, however, may not be suitable for elective cardiac operations with cardiopulmonary bypass. Although our results are not conclusive, coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass can be an alternative therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced cirrhosis requiring surgical revascularization.     

体外循环直视心脏手术后高尿酸血症的临床探讨

目的探讨体外循环直视心脏手术后高尿酸血症的发生率、危险因素及其对病人预后的影响.方法收集2002年4月至2004年10月应用体外循环的心脏手术病人232例,根据术后24h血尿酸的水平以及肾脏的损害分为无高尿酸血症组、高尿酸血症组和急性尿酸盐肾病组,对病人高尿酸血症的发生率、危险因素及病人的预后进行分析比较.结果术后24h发生高尿酸血症70例（30.1%）,急性尿酸盐肾病22例（9.5%）.无高尿酸血症组死亡1例（0.7%）,高尿酸血症组死亡1例（1.4%）,急性尿酸盐肾病组死亡3例（13.6%）（P＜0.001）.急性尿酸盐肾病组病人年龄明显小于无高尿酸血症组和高尿酸血症组,3组病例比较血糖、血肌酐、总胆红素、结合胆红素、非结合胆红素差异无统计学意义.3组间体外循环时间、平均动脉压,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.进一步相关分析发现体外循环时间长、术后高胆红素血症及低血压,可能是术后血尿酸增高的危险因素.结论心脏手术后高尿酸血症常见,其发生可能与低龄、体外循环时间延长、溶血及低血压有关.血尿酸持续升高导致急性尿酸盐肾病对病人预后不利.     

Pattern of renal dysfunction associated with myocardial revascularization surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A variable incidence rate of renal dysfunction (3-35%) after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass has been reported. The aim was to define the typical pattern of renal dysfunction that follows coronary surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass using albumin, immunoglobulin (IgG), alpha1-microglobulin and beta-glucosaminidase (beta-NAG) excretion as indicators. METHODS: Twenty patients with preoperative normal renal function, defined by plasma creatinine, creatinine clearance, fractional excretion of sodium and renal excretion of proteins, undergoing elective myocardial revascularization surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, were prospectively studied. Variables recorded were demographic and haemodynamic variables, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamping, intra- and postoperative urine output, plasma creatinine concentration, creatinine clearance and excretion of sodium, albumin, IgG, beta-glucosaminidase (beta-NAG), and alpha1-microglobulin. Measurements were made preoperatively, immediately before and then during and immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass, and again at 1, 24, 72 h, 7 and 40 days following surgery. RESULTS: Albumin and IgG excretion rose significantly during cardiopulmonary bypass (P < 0.05), remaining at these levels at 24 h postoperatively. An increase of alpha1-microglobulin and beta-NAG concentrations was observed during cardiopulmonary bypass (P < 0.05), which were maintained until the seventh postoperative day and remained elevated in some patients at the 40th postoperative day. This correlated with preoperative diabetes mellitus (P < 0.001), low cardiac output after cardiopulmonary bypass (P < 0.001) and the duration of stay in the intensive care unit (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of renal dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass for myocardial revascularization is characterized by temporary renal dysfunction at both glomerular and tubular levels with an onset within 24 h of surgery and which lasts between 24 h and 40 days, respectively, following surgery.     

Cerebral dysfunction after coronary artery bypass surgery

Cerebral dysfunction after cardiac surgery remains a devastating complication and is growing in importance with our aging populations. Neurological complications following cardiac surgery can be classified broadly as stroke, encephalopathy (including delirium), or postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). These etiologies are caused primary by cerebral emboli, hypoperfusion, or inflammation that has largely been attributed to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Preventative operative strategies, such as off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), can potentially reduce the incidence of postoperative neurological complications by avoiding manipulation of the ascending aorta. Although off-pump CABG is associated with reduced risk of stroke, there are no convincing differences in POCD between off-pump and on-pump CABG. Recently, the focus of postoperative neurological research has shifted from managing cardiopulmonary bypass to patient-related factors. Identifying changes in brains of aged individuals undergoing cardiac surgery may improve strategies for preventing cerebral dysfunction. Advanced age is associated with more undiagnosed cerebrovascular disease and is a major risk factor for stroke and POCD following cardiac surgery. Preoperative cerebrovascular evaluation and adaptation of surgical strategies will provide preventative approaches for cerebral dysfunction after CABG. This review focuses on recent findings of the relationship between perioperative stress and underlying fragility of the brain in cardiac surgical patients.     

Delirium after coronary artery bypass surgery.

The incidence of postoperative delirium following coronary artery bypass surgery was 28%. This rate is comparable to that after open-heart surgery. However, of those variables which were previously found to correlate with delirium in the open-heart group, only severity of postoperative illness in the recovery room significantly correlated with delirium in patients having bypass. The relationship between personality type and delirium, previously found to be signficant, was suggestively associated in these patients. A history of myocardial infarction prior to surgery was significantly associated with delirium.