糖尿病酮症酸中毒并发急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死4例临床分析

目的探讨糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)合并急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)的临床特点及救治方法。方法回顾性分析4例DKA合并急性STEMI患者临床特点及救治过程,总结救治经验。结果DKA并发急性STEMI患者女性多于男性,患者均为高血糖(>29 mmol/L),酸中毒严重(pH<7.1),酮症阳性(尿酮体+++)。4例患者中,1例为男性,3例为女性。1例女性因心源性休克死亡。2例急诊冠脉造影提示冠脉血栓形成,其中1例支架治疗,1例冠脉未见明显狭窄;1例择期造影显示冠脉内无血栓,右冠状动脉仅约30%狭窄,未予支架治疗。3例患者均顺利出院。结论尽快就医,及时补液降糖纠酸治疗,快速开通闭塞冠脉血管,可能是DKA合并急性STEMI患者救治成功的关键。     

再灌注预处理对急性心肌梗死患者的影响

目的探讨急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗时再灌注预处理对急性心肌梗死患者的影响。方法 87例急性心肌梗死患者行急诊PCI时,45例于支架植入前行低流量灌注10min(预处理组),42例直接行球囊扩张和支架植入(对照组)。观察2组支架植入后罪犯血管无复流发生率、再灌注心律失常、心肌损伤标志物水平和心功能变化。结果预处理组支架植入后罪犯血管无复流发生率(6.7%)低于对照组(16.7%)(P<0.01),术中及术后2h内再灌注心律失常发生率(24.4%)低于对照组(40.1%)(P<0.01),血清肌酸激酶同工酶峰值(52.5±19.4)μg/L低于对照组(66.8±22.9)μg/L(P<0.05),术后第7天左心室射血分数(55±12)%高于对照组(48±13)%(P<0.05)。结论急性心肌梗死患者行急诊PCI时采用低流量灌注进行再灌注预处理可减少心肌再灌注损伤,提高治疗效果。     

Fibrinolytic therapy in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction

ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is related to acute occlusion of a coronary artery by a fibrin-rich thrombus. Early reperfusion in STEMI reduces infarct size and improves prognosis. Acute reperfusion may be achieved with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or fibrinolytic agents. When performed in a timely manner, primary PCI is the preferred method of reperfusion; however, due to logistic reasons, including lack of PCI-capable hospitals and delay in the first medical contact-to-balloon time, this simplified approach lacks universal applicability. Due to clinical efficacy and the ease of administration, fibrinolysis is still an important reperfusion modality in patients with STEMI who cannot have primary PCI within guideline-recommended time. This review focuses on the role of fibrinolysis in patients with STEMI.     

Marked reduction of early stent thrombosis with pre-hospital initiation of high-dose Tirofiban in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Summary.  Background : No randomized comparisons are yet available evaluating the effect of pre-hospital high dose tirofiban on the incidence of early stent thrombosis after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Objectives : The aim of this analysis was to evaluate whether routine pre-hospital administration of high-dose tirofiban in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) decreases the incidence of early stent thrombosis after primary PCI. Patients/methods : The Ongoing Tirofiban in Myocardial Evaluation (On-TIME) 2 trial was a prospective multicenter study of consecutive STEMI patients referred for primary PCI in which patients were randomized to pre-hospital no high-dose tirofiban/placebo. We examined the incidence of Academic Research Consortium definite and probable early stent thrombosis and determined predictors and outcome of early stent thrombosis. Results : Primary PCI was performed in 1203 out of 1398 patients (86.1%). In 1073 patients (89.2%) a coronary stent was placed. Early stent thrombosis occurred in 39 patients (3.6%). Pre-hospital initiation of high-dose tirofiban significantly reduced early stent thrombosis (2.1% vs. 5.2%, P  = 0.006) and was associated with a lower incidence of urgent repeat PCI (1.9% vs. 5.2%, P  = 0.005). Early stent thrombosis, as well as pre-hospital initiation of high-dose tirofiban, was independently associated with 30-day mortality. Conclusions : Pre-hospital initiation of high-dose tirofiban reduces the 30-day incidence of stent thrombosis in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI and stenting. Early stent thrombosis and pre-hospital initiation of high-dose tirofiban were independent predictors of 30-day mortality.     

急诊介入治疗对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者血浆氨基末端B型利钠肽前体的影响

目的 探讨急诊介入治疗对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者血浆氨基末端B型利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)的影响及发病后7天NT-proBNP与心功能的关系.方法 连续入选60例急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者,根据入院后治疗方式分为急诊介入组(45例)、药物治疗组(15例),其中急诊介入组又根据心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)心肌灌注(TMP)分级分为心肌灌注良好组(35例)和心肌灌注不良组(10例),均入院后即刻、发病后24小时、发病后3天和7天取外周静脉血样测定NT-proBNP,同时各组在发病后7天测定左心室射血分数(LVEF),比较各组NT-proBNP数值的差别以及发病后7天NT-proBNP与LVEF的关系.结果 ①3组患者入院后即刻NT-proBNP水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).与入院后即刻比较,发病后24小时、3天、7天各时间点,各组NT-proBNP水平显著升高(均P<0.05);发病后24小时、3天、7天各时间点比较,心肌灌注良好组NT-proBNP水平显著低于心肌灌注不良组(598.3±216.5)ng/L vs(950.1±215.8)ng/L,(453.2±147.8)ng/L vs(1 439.8±325.7)ng/L,(332.6±125.1)ng/L vs(1 249.9±406.4)ng/L(均P<0.05),心肌灌注不良组NT-proBNP水平显著低于药物治疗组(均P<0.05).②发病后7天时NT-proBNP水平与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.782,P<0.01).结论 在急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者中,急性期NT-proBNP水平显著升高,急诊介入治疗可以显著降低其NT-proBNP水平;发病7天时NT-proBNP水平与心功能呈负相关,是心肌灌注成功的重要标志.     

Diver CE抽吸导管对急性心肌梗死患者心肌灌注水平的影响

目的 观察在常规急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的基础上,应用Diver CE抽吸导管能否改善急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的心肌灌注水平.方法 58例AMI患者纳入研究,30例急诊冠状动脉造影提示血栓负荷较大的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者,在急诊PCI时采用Diver CE导管对梗死相关血管内血栓进行抽吸,观察抽吸前后的血栓负荷和血流情况,以同期急诊PCI的28例AMI患者作为对照组.结果 30例患者冠状动脉造影均提示大量血栓征象,抽吸后梗死相关血管血栓负荷明显降低;Diver CE PCI组与单纯PCI组比较,血流心肌梗死试验性溶栓疗法(TIMI)分级及TIMI心肌灌注(TMP)分级均明显改善,肌酸激酶(CK)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)峰值明显降低,CK(1 512.7±75.5)U/L vs(1 769.2±83.6)U/L,CK-MB(148.5±32.2)U/L vs(237.5±28.7)U/L(P<0.05),ST段回落幅度大,(67.2±28.1)%vs(42.1±34.2)%(P<0.05),近期左心室射血分数增高(P<0.05):两组住院期间均无主要心血管事件发生.结论 与常规PCI比较,在血栓负荷较重的AMI患者中应用Diver CE血栓抽吸导管安全可行,能有效地减少AMI患者梗死相关血管内的血栓负荷,显著改善患者术后即刻的远端心肌血流灌注,但远期疗效尚需进一步评价.     

易化经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的临床观察

目的观察易化经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)的临床效果、安全性及治疗费用,探讨适合云南省STEMI新的救治模式.方法 81例STEMI患者分为易化PCI组(42例)和选择性PCI组(39例),对比两组梗死相关动脉(IRA)开通率、左心室功能、住院期间不良反应及住院天数、费用.结果易化PCI组开通率为97.6%(41/42),选择性PCI组开通率为79.5%(31/39),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),术后两组左室射血分数值分别为(53.8±6.7)%和(50.2±5.2)%,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);易化PCI组无死亡,选择性PCI组死亡6例,两组差别有统计学意义(P=0.01);两组慢血流、再梗死、脑卒中等不良反应差异无统计学意义;住院费用为(4.5±1.6)万元和(5.3±1.2)万元,住院天数为(7.3±2.4) 天和(13.6±5.8)天,两组差别均有统计学意义(P＜0.05和P＜0.01).结论易化PCI治疗STEMI安全有效、经济易行,值得临床推广应用.     

STEER-IT ™ deflecting tip guidewire available in USA,Canada and Europe

The glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor serves as the final common pathway of platelet-thrombus formation. Thus, the GP IIb/IIIa receptor has been identified as a target for the prevention of thrombus formation during acute coronary syndromes and/or percutaneous coronary intervention. While there are several intravenous GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors available, abciximab has proven to be a dependable agent with unique properties. Based on American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association and Society for Angiography and Interventions guidelines, compared with the other available intravenous GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, abciximab receives the highest recommendation for use in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Abciximab is also unique in that there is no need for renal dosing and its effects are mostly reversible with platelet transfusions.     

Overview of contemporary reperfusion strategies in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction

The rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque in an epicardial coronary artery with subsequent occlusive coronary thrombosis has been established as the decisive event in the pathogenesis of an acute coronary syndrome, which encompasses the clinical entities of unstable angina, non-ST- and ST-elevation myocardial infarction. This article focuses on contemporary treatment strategies for patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction and reviews the role of pharmacologic thrombolysis and mechanical reperfusion by percutaneous transluminal approaches. Statements of the latest guidelines for the treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction are included, as well as some recently distributed information not covered by the guideline publications. Finally, some future perspectives for the treatment of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction are outlined.     

Association between angiographic culprit lesion and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients

Background

Factors related to the occurrence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are still poorly understood. The current study sought to compare STEMI patients presenting with and without OHCA to identify angiographic factors related to OHCA.

Methods

This multicenter registry consisted of consecutive STEMI patients, including OHCA patients with return-of-spontaneous circulation. Patients were treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and therapeutic hypothermia when indicated. Outcome consisted of in-hospital neurological recovery, scored using the Cerebral Performance Categories (CPC) scale, and 1-year survival. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with OHCA and survival was displayed with Kaplan–Meier curves and compared using log rank tests.

Results

In total, 224 patients presented with OHCA and 3259 without OHCA. Average age was 63.3 years and 75% of patients were male. OHCA occurred prior to ambulance arrival in 68% of patients and 48% required intubation. Culprit lesion was associated with OHCA: risk was highest for proximal left coronary lesions and lowest for right coronary lesions. Also, culprit lesion determined the risk of cardiogenic shock and sub-optimal reperfusion after PCI, which were strongly related to survival after OHCA. Neurological recovery was acceptable (CPC ≤ 2) in 77.1% of OHCA patients and did not differ between culprit lesions.

Conclusions

In the present STEMI population, coronary culprit lesion was associated with the occurrence of OHCA. Moreover, culprit lesion influenced the risk of cardiogenic shock and success of reperfusion, both of which were related to prognosis of OHCA patients.     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死PPCI后发生再灌注心律失常的危险因素分析

目的分析急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者在经直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PPCI)后再灌注心律失常(RA)的发生率及危险因素。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年5月188例经PPCI治疗的STEMI患者的临床资料。利用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析STEMI患者经PPCI治疗后发生RA的危险因素。结果 188例STEMI患者中,87例发生RA设为RA组,未发生RA的101例设为对照组。单因素分析显示,RA组有吸烟史、合并高血压病、合并2型糖尿病、血管开通时间<6 h、合并低钾血症、罪犯血管为右冠患者占比以及肌红蛋白水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,合并高血压病、合并2型糖尿病、血管开通时间<6 h、合并低钾血症、罪犯血管为右冠是影响STEMI患者PPCI后发生RA的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论对于采取PPCI治疗的STEMI患者,合并高血压病、合并2型糖尿病、血管开通时间<6 h、合并低钾血症、罪犯血管为右冠可增加RA的发生。     

不同途径应用替罗非班对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者血流灌注的影响

目的探讨直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)中经梗死和非梗死相关动脉双途径应用替罗非班与单纯经梗死相关动脉应用替罗非班治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevationmyocardial infarction,STEMI)的效果。方法 100例STEMI患者随机分为梗死和非梗死相关动脉双途径给药组(双途径给药组)和单纯经梗死相关动脉给药组(单途径给药组)各50例。比较2组直接PCI术前和术后罪犯血管校正TIMI帧计数和心肌灌注分级水平的差异。结果双途径给药组心肌灌注分级2～3级率明显高于单途径给药组(P<0.05),心肌肌钙蛋白I水平明显低于单途径给药组(P<0.05);2组患者在罪犯血管校正TIMI帧计数方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论经梗死和非梗死相关动脉双途径给予替罗非班对STEMI患者心肌血流灌注的疗效优于单纯经梗死相关动脉给药。     

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention and thrombolysis improve survival in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and pre-hospital resuscitation

Background

Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) surviving pre-hospital resuscitation represent a selected subgroup of patients with a very high adverse event rate. Only few data on the outcome of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (primary PCI) and thrombolysis in such patients are available.

Methods

We analysed the Maximal Individual Therapy of Acute Myocardial Infarction (MITRA) Plus registry. 1529 survivors of pre-hospital resuscitation with STEMI were included. 593 (38.8%) of those patients did not receive early reperfusion therapy, 793 (51.9%) patients received thrombolysis and 143 (9.4%) patients received primary PCI. Hospital mortality in patients receiving primary PCI or thrombolysis was adjusted for confounding factors with a propensity score analysis.

Results

Primary PCI as well as thrombolysis in survivors of pre-hospital resuscitation with STEMI were associated with a significant reduction of hospital mortality (OR: 0.29, 95% CI 0.17-0.50; and 0.74, 95% CI 0.54-0.99, respectively), while primary PCI was superior compared to thrombolysis (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.30-0.84).

Conclusion

Reperfusion therapy improves mortality of patients with STEMI surviving pre-hospital resuscitation, while primary PCI seems to be more effective than thrombolysis.     

应激性高血糖与老年急诊冠状动脉介入术后心肌灌注及临床预后的相关性

目的分析应激性高血糖（SHG）对行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）老年患者心肌灌注情况影响及与预后的相关性。方法选择首次急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）且于12 小时内成功实施急诊PCI老年非糖尿病患者459例,依据入院即刻血糖值分为正常组（血糖＜7.0 mmol/L,148例）、升高组（7.0 mmol/L≤血糖≤11.1 mmol/L,169例）、高糖组（血糖＞11.1 mmol/L,142例）。对比各组术后心功能指标、心肌灌注情况,术后随访12个月,记录各组不良心脏事件（MACE）情况。结果正常组、升高组、高糖组心肌灌注血流分级（TMPG） 2～3级的比例、术后2 小时ST段回落良好的比例及左心室射血分数均逐渐下降,而肌酸激酶同工酶的峰值逐渐升高（均P＜0.05）。随访12个月,高糖组无MACE的生存率76.1％（108/142）,较正常组89.2％（132/148）、升高组85.8％（145/169）降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;经多因素Cox回归分析提示,SHG也是老年STEMI患者PCI术后发生MACE的一个独立预测因素。结论SHG可导致老年STEMI患者行急诊PCI后心肌灌注下降,同时也可使MACE的发生率增高。     

Potential diversion rates associated with prehospital acute myocardial infarction triage strategies

Thisstudy examines the potential number of patients who would be diverted from hospitals without percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) capability, to centers with this capability, as a result of prehospital triage strategies for patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI). All patients with AMI admitted during a 1-year study period at two urban hospitals without PCI capability were identified through a prospectively maintained AMI registry. Pertinent clinical data were extracted from the AMI registry and patients' medical records. Patients were considered to have been eligible for prehospital diversion to a PCI center if they had ischemic symptoms of greater than 20 min and less than 24 h duration, and electrocardiographic changes consistent with ST elevation AMI (STEMI) were noted at the time of Emergency Department (ED) arrival or before arrival. There were 176 patients with AMI identified. One hundred three patients were transported to the ED by Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Of these, 39 had a clinical presentation and diagnostic EKG evidence of STEMI on ED arrival. Implementation of a prehospital triage strategy for patients with suspected STEMI may result in the diversion of 22% of patients with AMI from hospitals without PCI capability, assuming perfect specificity of prehospital triage. Actual implementation of a prehospital AMI diversion protocol may have an even greater impact on nonreceiving hospitals.     

急诊介入治疗与静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死近期疗效比较

目的 比较急诊介入治疗(Percutaneous coronary intervention，PCI)与静脉溶栓治疗(thrombolysis therapy，TT)急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction，AMI)近期疗效。方法 回顾性比较39例急诊PCI治疗、58例TT治疗的近期疗效。Logistic回归分析性别、年龄、梗死相关冠状动脉(infarct—related coronary artery，IRCA)等15个因素对PCI成功、导管室事件的影响。结果急诊PCI治疗AMI30天病死率2．6％、血管再通率94．9％，症状不缓解率0％，心力衰竭发生率7．7％。TT组治疗AMI30天病死率l5．5％、血管再通率66．7％，症状不缓解率6．9％，心力衰竭发生率8．6％。结论 PCI治疗AMI住院病死率低、成功率高、并发症发生率低，近期疗效优于TT治疗。IRCA是PCI成功、导管室事件的主要影响因素。     

胸痛中心再灌注救治流程护理对急性心肌梗死患者救治成功率的影响

目的探讨胸痛中心(CPC)再灌注救治流程护理对急性心肌梗死患者救治成功率的临床效果。方法选取442例均行静脉溶栓后早期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者作为研究对象,随机分成2组各221例,对照组采用常规护理,观察组按胸痛中心再灌注流程进行护理,分析比较入院到球囊扩张时间、平均住院天数、平均住院费用以及患者满意率、院内死亡率、PCI成功率、护理不良事件发生率情况,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果观察组患者的平均住院费用、住院时间及入院到球囊扩张时间均远远低于对照组(P0.05);对照组患者的护理不良事件发生率、PCI成功率及院内死亡率与观察组差异显著(P0.05),护理满意度远低于观察组(P0.05)。结论胸痛中心再灌注救治流程应用于心肌梗死患者的护理,可有效降低住院费用,节省住院时间和医疗资源,提高患者生存率,改善愈后,值得在临床上大力推广和应用。     

Safety and Efficacy of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Intracoronary Thrombus: An Analysis From the Grand Drug-eluting Stent Registry

PurposeTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPIs) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the presence of intracoronary thrombus undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions.MethodsThis study, performed from January 1, 2004, to November 31, 2014, at 55 centers in Korea, was based on the Grand Drug-Eluting Stent registry, which is a Korean, nationwide, multicenter, pooled registry of drug-eluting stents. The registry enrolled all-comers without any exclusion criteria except patient withdrawal of consent. A total of 1329 patients with AMI who had an overt intracoronary thrombus at the initial coronary angiography were analyzed. The efficacy end point was a 1-year major adverse cardiovascular event, defined as a composite of all death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization, and stent thrombosis. The primary safety end point was any 30-day bleeding event.FindingsGPIs were associated with a significantly higher rate of any bleeding events at 30 days (0.9% vs 2.9% in the non-GPI and GPI groups, respectively; P = 0.015), whereas GPI use was the only significant independent predictor of 30-day bleeding events by multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (hazard ratio = 4.76; 95% CI, 1.66–13.64; P = 0.004). Regarding the efficacy end points, no significant differences were noted according to GPI use (7.0% vs 9.0%, P = 0.287), and GPI use has no significant effect on 1-year major adverse cardiovascular events (hazard ratio = 1.33; 95% CI, 0.82–2.15; P = 0.253).ImplicationsEarly upstream use of GPIs should not be considered even in the presence of an intracoronary thrombotic occlusion. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03507205.