踝肱指数在下肢动脉缺血性疾病中的临床应用

下肢动脉缺血性疾病在周围动脉疾病(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)中最为常见,是血管外科的常见动脉病之一。血管造影一直是诊断该病的金标准,但其为有创检查,且费用昂贵,临床应用受到限制。在各种无创检查中,CT血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)对于下肢动脉病变的诊断价值可与数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)相媲美,临床应用较为     

术中ICG荧光血管造影在出血性脑动静脉畸形切除术中的应用体会

目的 研究术中吲哚菁绿（ICG）荧光血管造影在出血性脑动静脉畸形切除术中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2021年12月我院收治的8例出血性脑动静脉畸形行开颅手术患者的术中ICG荧光造影、术前CTA及术后DSA血管影像资料。对比术中ICG荧光血管影像与术前CTA、术后DSA血管影像,评估ICG荧光血管造影在术中的作用。结果 8例患者血管畸形团在术中ICG荧光血管造影均显影清晰;供血动脉及引流静脉影像与术前CTA血管影像一致;切除术后ICG荧光血管造影血管畸形团均未显影,与术后DSA血管影像一致。结论 术中ICG荧光血管造影可以显示血管畸形团范围,明确供血动脉及引流静脉,在出血性脑动静脉畸形切除术中有指导意义。     

下肢静脉疾病影像学诊断

<正>外周血管常见疾病中下肢静脉疾病发病率是动脉疾病的近10倍,血管外科临床疾病谱中静脉疾病也居多,然而静脉外科的发展却远远滞后于动脉外科,这其中有静脉疾病病程长、疗效差、病因复杂及复发率高的原因,诊断方式的落后也是重要的原因,准确的诊断是正确治疗的最重要前提。目前影像学检查仍是诊断血管疾病的最佳方法,包括多普勒超声、CT静脉血管造影(CTV)、数字减影血管造影(DSA)、磁共振静脉血管造影(MRV)等,随着影像诊断技     

静脉动脉化治疗下肢动脉严重闭塞症

目的 探讨静脉动脉化手术对下肢动脉严重闭塞症的疗效.方法 1994年3月至2007年9月对35例(37条)具有慢性缺血表现的下肢行Doppler超声与DSA、CTA或MRA影像检查,确诊为下肢动脉严重闭塞症.根据影像提示的病变部位不同,采用高位深组(13例共14条下肢)或低位深组(22例共23条下肢)静脉动脉化手术.术后予以抗凝、扩张血管等药物治疗,定期随访复查.结果 术后大部分患肢症状不同程度好转、溃疡愈合、坏疽足趾截除后创面愈合;术后影像检查表明静脉动脉化术后动脉血可经转流静脉向远端灌注.术后28例(30条下肢)得到随访,随访时间1.5～13.5年.7条下肢行截肢手术,其中近期3条(2条为高位深组),远期4条.结论 静脉动脉化手术治疗下肢动脉严重闭塞症具有一定疗效,低位深组术式疗效更理想.     

多层螺旋CT腹腔干重建在腹腔镜胃癌根治术术前评价的价值

目的评价多层螺旋CT血管造影（multi-slice spiral CT angiography,MSCTA）对腹腔干及其分支血管的三维重建能力,探讨MSCTA在进展期胃癌腹腔镜手术前的评估价值。方法25例拟行腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术行腹部螺旋CT增强扫描,用容积再现（volume rendering,VR）进行三维血管造影（CT angiography,CTA）,根据其CTA表现评价腹腔干及其分支血管的空间解剖特征,将所得的解剖学资料与腹腔镜下血管解剖对比。结果MSCTA准确显示胃左动脉25例,胃右动脉12例,胃十二指肠动脉全部显示,其中胃十二指肠动脉2例起自肝左动脉,1例起自肝右动脉。脾动脉起源相对固定。根据MSCTA结果指导腹腔镜下进展期胃癌D2根治术,手术均顺利完成,无中转开腹。重建的腹腔干及分支与术中活体解剖完全吻合。结论MSCTA能清晰显示腹腔动脉解剖和正确的空间关系,是一种有价值的腹腔镜辅助进展期胃癌D2根治术术前检查方法,可能为相关血管周围淋巴结的清扫提供线索。     

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主动脉夹层(aortic dissection，AD)的年自然发病率约1／10万。近10年来，随着经食管超声心动图(trans—esophageal echocardiography，TEE)、磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)、CT血管造影(computed tomography angiography，CTA)等新的影像学检查技术的临床应用，使AD的诊断日益快捷、准确。腔内隔绝术(en—     

CTA三维可视化技术引导股前外侧 穿支皮瓣修复手及前臂创面

目的探讨CTA三维可视化技术在股前外侧穿支皮瓣(Anterolateral thigh perforator flap,ALTPF)修复手及前臂创面的临床应用。方法2018年6月-2021年12月,在CTA三维可视化技术引导下行股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复前臂创面9例。术前将双下肢进行CT血管造影(CT angiography,CTA)检查,通过GE AW 4.3工作站获取双下肢动脉三维图像,初步明确股前外侧皮瓣穿支起源、类型及其源动脉走行、管径。将CTA数据导入Mimics软件进行重建,对照CTA横断面图像进行模拟皮瓣设计和模拟切取。根据测量穿支动脉位置进行体表绘制,术中结合三维图像进行皮瓣分离,供区一期闭合。结果9例皮瓣全部成活,供区均一期愈合。无血管危象发生。术后随访3~7个月(平均5个月),皮瓣质地柔软、血运良好,皮瓣无明显臃肿,色泽与正常皮肤基本一致。前臂旋转、肘及腕关节屈伸活动良好。供区切口愈合良好,皮肤感觉及肢体活动无明显异常。结论术前采用CTA三维可视化技术对股前外侧穿支皮瓣进行定位及设计,是一项较为可靠的方法,值得临床推广。     

带膜支架置入术治疗椎间盘手术所致右侧髂总动脉-静脉瘘1例

患者男,55岁,腰4~5椎间盘突出术后5个月,腰痛、右下肢无力4个月。患者5个月前因椎间盘突出症(右侧神经根型)在当地医院行髓核摘除术,术后1个月出现腰痛、右下肢无力,至今未见好转故入我院进一步诊治。体检:右侧下腹部可闻及明显的血管杂音,右侧足背动脉明显减弱。CT血管造影(CTA)检查显示右侧髂总动脉近端血管破口,假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘形成(图1、2)。数字减影血管造影(DSA)显示瘘口位于腰4~5椎间盘右侧,右侧髂总动脉显影后髂总静脉、下腔静脉随即显影,提示右侧髂总动脉-静脉瘘形成(图3、4)。经右侧股动脉穿刺插管,引入导丝使之进入腹主…     

CT血管造影和彩色多普勒在腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的定位比较

目的 探讨临床上应用CT血管造影技术(CT angiography,CTA)与彩色多普勒超声技术(color Doppler ultrasonography,CDU)在术前腓肠内侧动脉穿支血管的体表定位的准确性差异.方法 我科自2015年3月至2018年9月,对54例拟切取腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复手背部创面的患者,术前...     

64层螺旋CT在肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄中的应用

目的 研究利用64层CT在血管造影(CTA)、尿路造影(CIU)对肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄诊断的应用价值.方法 对15例肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄进行64层螺旋CT平扫及多时相期CT增强扫描.CTA、CTU影像检查.术前评估结果与手术探查结果进行对比.结果 通过CTA及CTO检查包括平扫和增强扫描.15例肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄获得确诊.其中3例平扫发现肾内伴发结石,CTA发现2例异位血管压迫.CTU很好的显示了狭窄的位置和狭窄长度,所有患者行开放或微创手术,影像结果和手术探查一致.结论 64层CT尿路和血管三维重建,可作为肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄术前评估的常规方法.其应用价值值得进一步的研究和分析.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.