免疫检查点抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

在全世界范围内,肺癌的发病率仍较高,且大部分患者就诊时已失去手术机会,需要化疗、放疗、靶向治疗等联合治疗,但总体治疗效果欠佳,5年生存率仍较低,亟待研究新的治疗方法.免疫治疗作为一种新兴的治疗方式,抑制免疫检查点通路被认为是最具前景的方式之一,本文就免疫检查点抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌的最新临床进展作一阐述.     

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy for resectable non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the malignant tumor with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world. In recent ten years, with the emergence of new drugs and the optimization of treatment mode, the treatment of lung cancer is entering an era of precision and individualization. Neoadjuvant therapy can reduce tumor size, degrade tumor stage, kill circulating tumor cells and micrometastases in the body, afford operation possibility, and benefit the long-term survival of patients. However, the traditional neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with surgical treatment seems to have entered the bottleneck period of efficacy and is difficult to achieve breakthrough progress. At the same time, the amazing efficacy of immunotherapy is gradually innovating the treatment mode of lung cancer. In recent years, the research data of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) shows an explosive growth. Immunotherapy has been applied to the first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC. Therefore, some clinical trials have applied immunotherapy to neoadjuvant treatment of resectable NSCLC patients. In this paper, the efficacy, possible mechanisms, potential risks and existing problems of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for resectable NSCLC patients are reviewed, and the future development direction of neoadjuvant immunotherapy is discussed.     

放疗联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

肺癌是世界范围发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤,非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)约占85％,其中30％～40％的患者确诊时为局部晚期,40％的患者为转移性肺癌.肺癌的治疗需要采用综合治疗手段,放疗作为传统治疗手段之一,在各期肺癌的治疗中发挥着重要作用.免疫检查点抑制剂(imm...     

Clinical challenges in neoadjuvant immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), a type of immunotherapy, have become one of the most important therapeutic options for first- and second-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent clinical studies have shown that immunotherapy can offer substantial survival benefits to patients with early-stage or resectable advanced NSCLC. However, considering the importance of timing when using ICIs and their associated adverse events (AEs), the advantages and disadvantages of using these agents need to be weighed carefully when deciding the use of a combined treatment. In addition, the inconsistency between imaging assessment and pathological results poses further challenges to the evaluation of efficacy of neoadjuvant immunotherapy. It is also important to develop new methodologies and discover suitable biomarkers that can be used to evaluate survival outcomes of immunotherapy and identify patients who would benefit the most from this treatment. In this review, we aimed to summarize previous results of ongoing clinical trials on neoadjuvant immunotherapy for lung cancer and discuss the challenges and future perspectives of this therapeutic approach in the treatment of resectable NSCLC.     

Phase 1 trial of CV301 in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy in nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer

CV301, a poxviral-based vaccine, has been evaluated in a phase 1 clinical trial (NCT02840994) and shown to be safe and immunologically active (phase 1a). Preclinical data support a combination of CV301 with programmed death-1 inhibitors, which has been evaluated in the phase 1b part of this trial and is reported here. Patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without actionable genomic alterations received two priming doses of modified vaccinia Ankara-BN-CV301 (MVA) 4 weeks apart, followed by boosting doses of fowlpox-CV301 (FPV) at increasing time intervals for a maximum of 17 doses in combination with nivolumab for cohort 1 (C1) and 15 doses in combination with pembrolizumab for cohort 2 (C2). The primary objective was evaluation of safety and tolerability. Between October 2017 and September 14, 2018, patients were enrolled (C1: 4; median age: 64 years). Mean treatment duration was 332 days in C1 and 289 days in C2. CTCAE ≥grade 3 adverse events (AEs) were observed in four (100%) patients in C1 and three (37.5%) patients in C2. There was one death on trial. Immune-related AEs (irAEs) fulfilling criteria for a dose-limiting toxicity included 1 case of pneumonitis. Among 11 evaluable patients, 1 (9%) had a complete response, 1 (9%) had a partial response and 9 (82%) had stable disease. We conclude that CV301 administered with PD-1 inhibitors is safe and clinically active in patients with advanced NSCLC. The frequency or severity of AEs is not increased, including irAEs for each component of the combination.     

非小细胞肺癌的联合免疫治疗现状

对于晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）的患者来说,化疗、放疗、靶向治疗及抗血管生成治疗虽然可以改善其预后,但经相关研究发现,NSCLC患者的5年生存率仍不尽人意。近年来以程序性死亡蛋白1（programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1）/程序性死亡蛋白配体1（programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1）抑制剂为代表免疫检查点抑制剂的出现为晚期NSCLC患者的治疗带来了新的希望。探索免疫检查点抑制剂联合化疗、抗血管生成药物、放疗的各项治疗策略是目前肿瘤界的热门话题,本文将对NSCLC联合免疫治疗的现状进行总结与讨论。     

抗生素对免疫检查点抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌疗效影响的Meta分析

目的:通过Meta分析的方法评价抗生素对免疫检查点抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌(non-small lung cancer,NSCLC)疗效的影响.方法:检索Pubmed、Cochrane Library、EMbase、EBSCO循证医学数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国知网(CNKI)中收录的关于抗生素对免疫检...     

PD-1/PD-L1在非小细胞肺癌中的临床研究进展

近年来,免疫治疗在癌症研究中取得了突飞猛进的发展。以程序性死亡受体-1（programmed cell death-1,PD-1）及其配体程序性死亡配体-1（programmed cell death-ligand 1,PD-L1）为靶点的免疫治疗药物在非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）的治疗中显示出了良好的疗效和耐受性,治疗前景值得期待。本文对PD-1/PD-L1治疗NSCLC的临床研究现状进行综述。      

外周血sCTLA-4作为晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的预后因子

目的:通过检测晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者外周血可溶性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(soluble cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4,sCTLA-4)的表达,探讨其与晚期NSCLC患者生存期的关系.方法:采集2010年8月至2013年6月上海中医药大学附属龙华医院肿瘤科经病理证实的58例晚期NSCLC患者和30例正常人的外周血,运用ELISA法检测血中sCTLA-4含量,通过电话随访或上海市疾控中心获得患者生存期数据,分析sCTLA-4表达与NSCLC生存期的关系.结果:NSCLC患者外周血sCTLA-4表达率高于正常人(70.7％ vs 6.7％,x2 =32.44,P＜0.01),外周血sCTLA-4增高的患者中位生存期(MST)较短(41.63个月vs 31.57个月,x2 =7.765,P＜0.01),死亡风险高于其他患者(RR =3.05,x2=8.01,P＜0.01).结论:NSCLC患者外周血中sCTLA-4高表达,sCTLA-4可能成为晚期NSCLC患者的预后因子之一.     

纳武利尤单抗在非小细胞肺癌治疗中的研究进展

肺癌是全球癌症死亡的主要原因之一。其中非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)占所有肺癌病例的85%以上,尽管化疗及靶向治疗改善了患者临床疗效,但预后仍欠佳。免疫治疗的发展改变了NSCLC患者的治疗策略。纳武利尤单抗是一种针对程序性死亡受体-1(programmed cell death-1,PD-1)的完全人源化的IgG4单克隆抗体,是首个被批准用于晚期NSCLC治疗的免疫检查点抑制剂。纳武利尤单抗已经成为晚期NSCLC治疗的主要药物,但临床上尚缺乏预测疗效的生物标志物。本文针对纳武利尤单抗的作用机制、药代动力学、单药治疗、联合治疗、不良反应和潜在生物标志物的最新进展进行综述。     

Commensal microbiota contributes to predicting the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small-cell lung cancer patients

Immunotherapy against cancer, through immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 axis, is particularly successful in tumors by relieving the immune escape. However, interindividual responses to immunotherapy are often heterogeneous. Therefore, it is essential to screen out predictive tumor biomarkers. In this study, we analyzed the commensal microbiota in stool samples and paired sputum samples from 75 metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients at baseline and during treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Results showed distinct microbes’ signatures between the gut microbiota and paired respiratory microbiota. The alpha diversity between the gut and respiratory microbiota was uncorrelated, and only the gut microbiota alpha diversity was associated with anti-programmed cell death-1 response. Higher gut microbiota alpha diversity indicated better response and more prolonged progression-free survival. Comparison of bacterial communities between responders and nonresponders showed some favorable/unfavorable microbes enriched in responders/nonresponders, indicating that commensal microbiota had potential predictive value for the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Generally, some rare low abundance gut microbes and high abundance respiratory microbes lead to discrepancies in microbial composition between responders and nonresponders. A significant positive correlation was observed between the abundance of Streptococcus and CD8⁺ T cells. These results highlighted the intimate relationship between commensal microbiota and the response to immunotherapy in NSCLC patients. Gut microbiota and respiratory microbiota are promising biomarkers to screen suitable candidates who are likely to benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy.     

Immunotherapy combinations and chemotherapy sparing schemes in first line non-small cell lung cancer

In recent years, studies have explored different combinations of immunotherapy and chemotherapy. The rationale behind these is the improved survival outcomes of new immunologic therapies used in first-line-treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Moreover, for the most-studied combinations of anti-programed death-1 (PD-1)/programed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) with the addition of platinum- based chemotherapy, recent research is investigating whether combining different immunologic antitumoral mechanisms of action, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4, or anti-PD-L1 and anti-TIGIT, with or without chemotherapy, can improve efficacy outcomes compared with more classical combinations, or compared with standard chemotherapy alone. Here, we present the data of the main randomized studies that have evaluated these combinations, focusing on the basic rationale behind the different combinations, and the efficacy and tolerability data available to date.     

非小细胞肺癌免疫检查点抑制剂疗效预测标志物研究进展

近年来,免疫靶向治疗成为针对肿瘤微环境干预治疗异军突起的新领域。免疫检查点筛选及免疫检查点抑制剂转化性研究方兴未艾,也逐渐挑战非小细胞肺癌传统治疗。但在泛瘤种、未加选择人群中,仅仅约1/5左右患者可从免疫检查点抑制剂获益。因此,如何筛选免疫检查点抑制剂疗效预测相关标志物,成为当前关注焦点。本文针对预测相关标志物包括PD-L1表达、肿瘤突变负荷、微卫星不稳定、驱动基因状态、DNA损伤修复相关基因突变情况等与免疫检查点抑制剂疗效相关研究进展进行梳理,并结合当前存在的问题提出未来可能的探索方向。     

Immune-related genes and gene sets for predicting the response to anti-programmed death 1 therapy in patients with primary or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer

Although antibodies targeting the immune checkpoint protein programmed death-1 (PD-1) exert therapeutic effects in patients with primary or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the majority of patients exhibit partial or complete resistance to anti-PD1 treatment. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify reliable biomarkers for predicting the response to anti-PD-1 therapy. The present study analyzed tumor specimens isolated from 24 patients (13 with primary and 11 with metastatic NSCLC) prior to treatment with approved PD1-targeting antibodies. The expression profile of 395 immune-related genes was examined using RNA immune-oncology panel sequencing. The results demonstrated that six immune-related differently expressed genes (DEGs), including HLA-F-AS1, NCF1, RORC, DMBT1, KLRF1 and IL-18, and five DEGs, including HLA-A, HLA-DPA1, TNFSF18, IFI6 and PTK7, may be used as single biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of anti-PD-1 treatment in patients with primary and with metastatic NSCLC, respectively. In addition, two DEG sets comprising either six (HLA-F-AS1, NCF1, RORC, DMBT1, KLRF and IL-18) or two (HLA-A and TNFSF18) DEGs as potential combination biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with NSCLC. Patients with a calculated expression level of the DEG sets >6.501 (primary NSCLC) or >6.741 (metastatic NSCLC) may benefit from the anti-PD-1 therapy. Overall, these findings provided a basis for the identification of additional biomarkers for predicting the response to anti-PD-1 treatment.     

PD-1/PD-L1 blockade,a novel strategy for targeting metastatic colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials

Currently, standard treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) comprises chemotherapy (CT) and/or biological therapy (BT) and/or best supportive care (BSC). The present study performed a meta-analysis on five phase II–III randomized clinical trials, which compared CT/BT/BSC as the control arm with the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1) alone or in combination with cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 or mitogen activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors as the experimental arm, to evaluate whether a standard approach could be overcome using the novel target therapy strategy. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) for progression-free survival was 0.95 in favor of the experimental arm [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.74–1.22; P=0.68]. Heterogeneity was significant: Cochran''s Q, 21.0; P=0.0082; I² index, 76%. Pooled HR for overall survival was 0.88 in favor of the experimental arm (95% CI, 0.75–1.02; P=0.08). Heterogeneity was not significant (Cochran''s Q, 6.0; P=0.31; I² index, 16%). The present meta-analysis demonstrated a trend toward the improvement of survival by PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in mCRC. Further homogeneous studies are necessary to strengthen these results, beyond the known benefits of ICIs in deficient mismatch repair/high microsatellite instability tumors.     

PD-L1多态性与105例晚期非小细胞肺癌铂类化疗敏感性及预后关系研究

目的 探讨程序性细胞死亡配体-1(PD-L1)单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者铂类药物化疗敏感性及生存预后的关联.方法 对2015-01-01-2018-06-30南京医科大学附属苏州科技城医院肿瘤科接受铂类药物化疗的105例晚期NSCLC患者进行临床疗效评价,并随访无进展生存期(PFS)及...     

Neoadjuvant treatment in non-small cell lung cancer: New perspectives with the incorporation of immunotherapy

The aim of neoadjuvant treatment in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is to eliminate micrometastatic disease to facilitate surgical resection. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (ChT) in localised NSCLC has numerous advantages over other therapeutic modalities and is considered standard treatment in resectable disease. Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) improves long-term survival in advanced disease and has a better toxicity profile than conventional therapies. These immunotherapy agents (anti-PD1/PD-L1), administered with or without ChT, are currently being evaluated in the preoperative setting, with initial results showing better pathological response rates and more long-term benefits. Importantly, these drugs do not appear to increase the rate of severe adverse effects and/or postoperative complications. However, several questions still need to be resolved, including the identification of predictive biomarkers; comparative studies of immunotherapy alone vs combined treatment with ChT and/or radiotherapy; the optimal duration of treatment; the timing of surgery; the need for adjuvant treatment; appropriate radiologic evaluation and mediastinal staging; and the correlation between pathological response and survival outcomes. Here we review the current evidence for immunotherapy from a multidisciplinary perspective and discuss current and future controversies.     

新辅助免疫治疗在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

免疫检查点抑制剂（ICI）已经成为晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）一线、二线重要的治疗策略之一。最新临床研究显示,免疫治疗可为早期肺癌患者、可手术的局部晚期肺癌患者带来更多的生存获益。但新辅助免疫治疗的方案、手术时机、疗效评估体系、预测标志物等问题仍需大样本的临床实践中进行探索。文章就新辅助免疫治疗在NSCLC中的进展进...     

Targeted immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer

Targeted therapies that deliver the expected anti-tumor effects while mitigating the adverse effects are taking the cancer world by storm. The need for such therapies in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), where systemic cytotoxic chemotherapies still remain the backbone of management, is felt more than ever before. Runway success of immunotherapies such as Ipilimumab for melanoma has brought excitement among oncologists. Immune-based treatments are in various stages of evaluation for NSCLC as well. Immunotherapies using strategies of antigen based or cell based vaccines, and blocking immune checkpoints are of substantial interest. Meaningful clinical responses are yet to be reaped from these new treatment modalities.