Drug-eluting stents in unprotected left main coronary artery disease

Though coronary bypass graft surgery (CABG) has traditionally been the cornerstone of therapy in patients with unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) disease, recent evidence supports the use of percutaneous coronary intervention in appropriate patients. Indeed in patients with ULMCA disease, drug-eluting stents (DES) have shown similar incidence of hard end points, fewer periprocedural complications and lower stroke rates compared with CABG, though at the cost of increased revascularization with time. Furthermore, the availability of newer efficacious and safer DES as well as improvements in diagnostic tools, percutaneous techniques and, importantly, a better patient selection, allowed percutaneous coronary intervention a viable alternative to CABG of left main-patients with low disease complexity; however, even in this interventional era characterized by efficacious DES, patients with ULMCA disease remain a challenging high-risk population where outcomes strongly depend on clinical characteristics, anatomical disease complexity and extension and operator’s experience. This review summarizes the role of DES in ULMCA disease patients.     

慢性贫血对冠心病患者血运重建术后院内结果的影响

目的评价慢性贫血对冠心病患者血运重建术后院内临床结果的影响。方法选择2002年7月—2004年6月在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院接受血运重建治疗（经皮冠状动脉介入治疗或冠状动脉旁路移植术）的3679例患者,按照世界卫生组织确定的贫血标准（血红蛋白：男性〈120g/L,女性〈110g/L）将患者分为贫血和非贫血两组。比较两组患者血运重建术后院内不良心脑血管事件（MACCE）的发生率（包括全因死亡、新发心肌梗死、卒中和再次血运重建）,并分析其可能的原因。结果3679例患者中有贫血患者426例（占11.6%）,非贫血患者3253例（占88.4%）。贫血组与非贫血组分别有10例（2.4%）和64例（1.9%）发生院内死亡（P〈0.05）;贫血组院内MACCE的发生率明显高于非贫血组（4.2%比3.2%,P〈0.05）,但两组新发心肌梗死（0.7%比0.6%）、卒中（1.2%比0.4%）和再次血运重建（0比0.2%）的发生率差异无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。结论合并贫血的冠心病患者较非贫血患者血运重建术后院内MACCE发生率增加,其中全因病死率的增加更为显著。     

First-generation versus second-generation drug-eluting stents in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are associated with very high rate of adverse cardiovascular outcomes after drug-eluting stents (DES) implantation. The clinical outcomes of second-generation DES versus first-generation DES in CKD patients remain controversial.

Objective: The aim of the current study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the safety and efficacy of second-generation DES versus first-generation DES in CKD patients.

Methods: A systematical search of databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library was conducted for eligible studies comparing the clinical outcomes of first-generation DES versus second-generation DES. Sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents were classified as first-generation DES, and everolimus-eluting, zotarolimus-eluting, and biolimus-eluting stent (BES) were classified as second-generation DES. A pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to summary the estimates. Heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also performed.

Results: We identified 14 trials involving 9,542 patients with CKD undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. First-generation DES implantation was associated with higher risk of long-term all-cause mortality (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02–1.69; P = 0.04; I² = 0%), in stent restenosis (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.14–2.49; P = 0.008; I² = 49%) and stent thrombosis (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.00–2.69; P = 0.05; I² = 49%) compared with second-generation DES implantation. First-generation DES and second-generation DES showed similar efficacy in decreasing risk of repeat revascularization, myocardial infarction (MI), or major adverse cardiac events (MACE) between first-generation and second-generation DES implantation.

Conclusions: In CKD patients, the use of second-generation DES was associated with lower risk of long-term all-cause mortality, in stent restenosis and stent thrombosis as compared with first-generation DES. No differences were found regarding repeat revascularization, MI, and MACE.     

Relationship between serum cystatin-c and coronary lesion severity in coronary artery disease patients with a normal glomerular filtration rate

ObjectiveCardiovascular disease is a major cause of death. This study evaluated the relationship between serum cystatin-c and coronary lesion severity in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with a normal glomerular filtration rate.MethodsNine hundred and fifty-nine patients were retrospectively included and divided into non-CAD and CAD groups according to coronary angiography results. CAD patients were classified into three groups by Gensini score tertiles. Multivariable logistic regression was used to study the relationship between serum cystatin-c and coronary lesion severity.ResultsSerum cystatin-c levels were significantly higher in CAD patients than in non-CAD patients. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between serum cystatin-c levels with the Gensini score and the number of diseased vessels. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of serum cystatin-c was 0.544 and 0.555 for predicting a high Gensini score and three-vessel disease, respectively. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that the serum cystatin-c level was an independent predictor of a high Gensini score [odds ratio (OR) = 2.177, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.140–3.930] and three-vessel disease (OR = 1.845, 95% CI 0.994–3.424) after adjusting for the conventional CAD risk factors.ConclusionsSerum cystatin-c was elevated in CAD patients and may be an independent predictor of CAD severity.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗老年无保护左主干冠状动脉病变的临床分析

目的 分析老年无保护左主干冠状动脉(冠脉)病变(ULMCA)患者行冠脉旁路移植术(CABG)的临床特点及预后.方法 选择经CABG治疗的ULMCA患者176例,根据年龄分为老年组(≥65岁,83例)和非老年组(＜65岁,93例).比较分析两组患者的临床特点、冠脉病变及远期临床预后.结果 老年组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(mmol/L)明显高于非老年组(28.36±17.20比13.68±7.78,P＜0.01),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(mmol/L)显著低于非老年组(1.21±0.77比2.48±1.27,P＜0.01).老年组左主干病变平均狭窄程度高于非老年组[(94.56±8.01)％比(87.96±11.10％),P＜0.01],合并多支病变(75.9％比58.1％,P＜0.05)及慢性完全闭塞病变(55.4％比29.0％,P＜0.05)多见.老年组和非老年组远期随访患者心脑血管事件(MACCE)、脑血管事件、心肌梗死、心源性死亡、总死亡事件发生率差异均无统计学意义(16.9％比17.2％,3.6％比3.2％,3.6％比5.4％,6.0％比9.7％,12.0％比8.6％,均P＞0.05).结论 老年ULMCA患者病情相对复杂,对于65岁以上者CABG可行,并且远期临床转归较为满意.     

Percutaneous or surgical revascularization for left main stem disease: NOBLE ideas,but do they EXCEL?

Introduction: Although coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has traditionally been the standard treatment for significant left main stem (LMS) disease, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using drug-eluting stents (DES) is now considered an acceptable alternative.

Areas covered: This article aims to summarise the key findings of the landmark clinical trials on LMS revascularization and the recently published ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization related to LMS disease.

Expert opinion: It is unlikely that there will be a further large randomized trial aimed at addressing the issue of the optimum method of revascularization for LMS disease. Both PCI and CABG are reasonable revascularization options for appropriately selected patients with LMS disease. ‘Heart Team’ approach is vital to guide the management of patients with LMS disease, when there is obvious clinical equipoise and a mandate for complete revascularization. With an aging and increasing co-morbid patient population, clinical equipoise may not always be obvious, making extrapolation of clinical trial results to the ‘real world’ difficult.     

西罗莫司洗脱支架与裸金属支架治疗冠心病的系统评价

目的比较西罗莫司洗脱支架（SES）与裸金属支架（BMS）治疗冠心病的疗效和安全性。方法计算机检索Cochrane图书馆（2010年第6期）、PubMed、EMBASE、中国生物医学文献数据库,收集2000年1月至2010年6月公开发表的有关SES与BMS治疗冠心病疗效和安全性的随机对照试验（RCT）,对文献进行质量评价后,采用RevMan 5.0软件对资料进行分析。结果共纳入9个RCT,SES组与BMS组相比较的Meta分析结果显示,病死率（OR=1.000,P〉0.05）及支架血栓发生率（OR=0.860,P〉0.05）差异无统计学意义,术后靶病变血运重建（TLR）率（OR=0.250,P〈0.01）及主要不良心脏事件（MACE）发生率（OR=0.450,P〈0.01）差异有统计学意义,尽管心肌梗死率（OR=0.700,P〈0.05）差异有统计学意义,但敏感性分析发现其并不可靠。结论与BMS相比,SES可以降低冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后TLR率和MACE发生率,但不降低病死率及支架血栓发生率。     

经皮冠状动脉介入术中植入生物可吸收支架对冠心病患者远期预后的影响

目的 探讨单支血管病变的冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入术中植入NeoVas生物可吸收支架的远期疗效及安全性.方法 单支血管病变的冠心病患者28例,均行经皮冠状动脉介入术,术中植入NeoVas生物可吸收支架,随访观察远期预后及不良反应发生情况.结果 28例患者单支血管病变长度(17.68±2.51)mm,管腔狭窄程度75％～...     

SYNTAX积分评估冠状动脉2支病变患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后预后的研究

目的评价SYNTAX积分对冠状动脉2支病变患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后临床预后的预测价值。方法行经皮冠状动脉介入术的冠状动脉2支病变的冠心病患者156例,根据冠状动脉造影结果按SYNTAX积分系统进行评分,并依据SYNTAX积分分为低分组（SYNTAX积分≤22分）65例、中分组（SYNTAX积分为23-32分）49例和高分组（SYNTAX积分≥33分）31例。观察3组临床主要不良心脑血管事件（major adverse cardiac and cerebral event,MACCE）发生率,采用Cox比例风险模型分析SYNTAX积分与冠状动脉2支病变患者经皮冠状动脉介入术术后MACCE发生的关系。结果 145例患者完成随访,随访率92.9%,随访时间（15.8±5.2）个月;所有患者SYNTAX积分为10-51（25.3±10.7）分;低分组、中分组和高分组患者经皮冠状动脉介入术术后MACCE发生率分别为4.6%、10.2%和22.6%,组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;多因素分析结果显示SYNTAX积分是冠状动脉2支病变患者经皮冠状动脉介入术术后MACCE发生的独立预测因素（HR=1.05,95%CI：1.01-1.09,P=0.017）。结论SYNTAX积分对冠状动脉2支病变患者经皮冠状动脉介入术术后的临床预后有预测意义,SYNTAX积分增加,临床MACCE发生率升高。     

Role of surgical revascularization in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease

Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery disease. Currently, diabetics represent approximately a quarter of patients requiring coronary revascularization in the USA. The purpose of this article is to review and analyze the available data in surgical revascularization of diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. The review will also examine new developments in myocardial revascularization and assess their probable impact on the long-term outcome of diabetic patients.     

Randomized trials of PCIs versus CABG surgery: why coronary stenting should remain the first choice of revascularization in non-diabetic patients and why the controversy is still present in diabetics

Knowing the best revascularization option for diabetic patients with multiple vessel disease is a challenge without a definitive answer. There have been several randomized clinical trials and subsequent meta-analyses comparing current available technology trying to reach an exhaustive conclusion; comparisons between coronary artery bypass grafts and bare-metal stents, coronary artery bypass grafts and first generation drug-eluting stents and, most recently, first generation versus latest generation drug-eluting stents generated some interesting results. Information provided by pooled data from some of the most important randomized clinical cardiology trials from the last two decades have produced surprising results. The authors analyze these data to discuss the best therapeutic procedures for each patient.     

冠状动脉介入治疗时代孤立性左主干狭窄病变患者的临床特征和预后分析

目的 回顾性分析孤立性左主干(left main coronary artery,LMCA)狭窄病变患者的临床特征和预后.方法 连续入选30例孤立性LMCA狭窄病变患者并分为两组:开口病变组(n=21)和非开口病变组(n=9).随访终点为主要心脑血管不良事件(major adverse cardiac or cereb...     

Association between serum hemoglobin and major cardiovascular adverse event in Chinese patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention

BackgroundST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a common clinical acute and severe disease, and it is of great significance to evaluate the prognosis of these patients. Hemoglobin levels are associated with a variety of diseases, but studies on Chinese patients with STEMI after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have not been sufficient.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis based on a prospective cohort study of patients undergoing PCI in Taizhou, Zhejiang, China. We performed multivariable logistic regression to explore the association between the serum hemoglobin and the incidence of major cardiovascular adverse event (MACE) in patients after PCI. We also used a generalized additive model and smooth curve fitting to explain the nonlinear relationship after adjusting the potential confounders. Finally, the heterogeneity among specific groups was examined by subgroup analysis.ResultsOf all 462 patients enrolled in this study, 118 (25.54%) developed MACE. There was a negative correlation between serum hemoglobin and MACE in all three models (hazard ratio [HR] 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI 0.72, 0.93], HR 0.86, 95% CI [0.76,0.98], and HR 0.87, 95% CI [0.74,0.98], respectively). In the subgroup analysis, the negative correlation existed between the patients who had myocardial infarction (MI) history (p for interaction = 0.0059) after adjusting covariates. However, no significant differences were found between age and sex groups (p for interaction = 0.1381, 0.4103, respectively).ConclusionOur results indicated that patients who received PCI with low preoperative hemoglobin were more likely to develop MACE, especially if they have already had a history of MI.     

药物缓释支架治疗无保护左主干病变的近远期疗效

目的：观察和评价药物缓释支架（DES）治疗无保护左主干病变（ULMCAD）的有效性和安全性。方法：回顾性分析68例行DES治疗的ULMCAD患者,搜集患者临床资料并应用Syntax积分进行危险分层。定期随访,追踪全因性死亡、心肌梗死、脑卒中、靶血管再次血运重建等主要不良心脑血管事件（MACCE）的发生情况。结果：68例ULMCAD患者中男48例,女20例;年龄（62±10）岁,合并高血压41例,合并糖尿病12例,Syntax积分（25.7±9.7）分。随访（35±16）个月,全因性死亡3例,心肌梗死4例;29例行冠状动脉造影复查,再狭窄并再次PCI 7例;冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）1例。1年MACCE 10例（15%）,随访终点总MACCE 15例（22%）。Syntax积分高危组总MACCE发生率明显高于低中危组（44%对比15%,P﹤0.05）。结论：DES治疗ULMCAD安全有效,对Syntax积分小于33分的ULMCAD行介入治疗预后较好。     

局部和全程支架植入对冠状动脉弥漫性病变疗效对比研究

目的：比较局部和全程支架植入术对冠状动脉弥漫性病变的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2012年3月接受冠状动脉内支架植入术治疗的弥漫性病变患者106例,其中63例接受全程支架植入治疗（支架覆盖全程病变,全程支架组）。另43例接受局部支架植入治疗（支架只覆盖弥漫性病变中狭窄≥70%管腔,局部支架组）;根据靶血管的血管直径分为弥漫性小血管病变（血管直径2.5～3.0 mm）、弥漫性大血管病变（血管直径≥3.0 mm）。随访1年,比较两组主要不良心血管事件（术后心绞痛、心源性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、靶血管再次血运重建）以及支架再狭窄的发生率。结果对于弥漫性小血管病变,与局部支架组比较,全程支架组的术后心绞痛、心源性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、靶血管再次血运重建和支架再狭窄的发生率较高（21.1%vs.15.8%,5.3%vs.0.0%,21.1%vs.10.5%,21.1%vs.10.5%,31.6%vs.21.5%,P均＜0.05）;对于弥漫性大血管病变,与局部支架组比较,全程支架组的术后心绞痛、心源性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、靶血管再次血运重建的发生率较低（8.8%vs.16.7%,2.9%vs.4.2%,5.9%vs.12.5%,5.9%vs.12.5%,P均＜0.05）,支架再狭窄的发生率没有明显差异（20.5%vs.20.8%,P＞0.05）。结论全程支架植入治疗能降低冠状动脉弥漫性大血管病变远期主要不良心血管事件,而局部支架能更好降低弥漫性小血管病变远期主要不良心血管事件。     

脂蛋白(a)与冠状动脉病变严重程度的关系及对不良心血管事件的影响

目的:探讨脂蛋白(a)[lipopretion(a),Lp(a)]与老年冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)患者冠状动脉狭窄程度的相关性及其对主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular event,M ACE)的预测价值.方法:回顾性分析复旦大学附属中山医院心内科2014年1月至12月入...     

经皮冠状动脉介入对冠心病合并心力衰竭患者心血管事件的预防作用

目的 探讨经皮冠状动脉介入对冠心病合并心力衰竭患者心血管事件的预防作用.方法 选择2015年1月至2018年12月我院收治的460例冠心病合并心力衰竭患者为研究对象,通过随机数字表法将其分为对照组(230例)和试验组(230例).对照组采取常规保守治疗,试验组采取经皮冠状动脉介入治疗.比较两组的干预效果.结果 治疗后,...     

Multivessel coronary artery disease: quantifying how recent trials should influence clinical practice

The majority (70%) of coronary revascularizations concern patients with multivessel disease (MVD). Treatment options include medical therapy, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). CABG surgery has been shown to improve survival compared with medical therapy. PCI relieves angina compared with medical therapy and is equivalent to CABG in low complex MVD. Other benefits are currently being evaluated in ongoing trials. In complex MVD, CABG results in lower rates of long-term mortality, myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization compared with PCI. These results are more pronounced in diabetics and in patients with lesions that are anatomically more complex. The application of the results of clinical trials may be limited due to restrictive eligibility criteria. Comparative effectiveness studies are, therefore, needed to complement the results of trials, but also have inherent limitations. Inappropriateness criteria provide an important tool to measure how evidence from trials, large registries and guidelines is integrated in clinical practice. Checklists and decision aids may also lead to better application of the latest evidence and lower rates of inappropriate use. Decision-making is centered around heart team discussions and risk scores. Economic considerations will increasingly be included in decision-making, since the economic impact of ischemic heart disease is high and the growth of healthcare expenditure is unsustainable. In this context, CABG is associated with higher upfront costs, but is economically attractive at long-term follow-up.