改良De Vega环缩术治疗重度三尖瓣返流的疗效分析

目的:探讨改良De Vega环缩术与经典De Vega环缩术相比对于治疗重度三尖瓣返流是否具有更好的成形效果。方法:2007年12月至2009年3月对29例重度三尖瓣返流的患者行De Vega环缩术。其中16例行改良De Vega环缩术,13例行经典De Vega环缩术,随访比较两组患者三尖瓣返流程度,右心室舒张期末内径,EF值及心功能分级。以秩和检验分析研究两组患者三尖瓣返流程度和心功能分级的差异,以t检验研究两组患者右心室舒张末期内径及EF值变化。结果:术前两组患者一般指标无显著差异。两组患者随访时间无显著差异。随访经典DeVega组重度返流1例,中度返流5例,轻度返流5例,微量及无返流2例;改良De Vega组无中、重度返流,轻度返流8例,微量及无返流8例。经分析显示两组患者三尖瓣返流程度结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经典De Vega组心功能分级I级5例,II级7例,III级1例;改良De Vega组I级7例,II级8例,III级1例,两组患者心功能差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者右室舒张期末内径及EF值组内比较随访与术前差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),随访时组间比较差异有统计学...     

Tricuspid regurgitation: when is it time for surgery?

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The interest in tricuspid regurgitation (TR) surgical treatment has grown in the last years, mostly motivated by the trend for early intervention and the development of minimally invasive surgical techniques. Despite this, there is still a lack of evidence regarding when to intervene in functional tricuspid regurgitation outside the context of left-sided valve surgery and when is the best time to approach primary tricuspid regurgitation.

Areas covered: Herein, we present the state-of-the-art in tricuspid regurgitation surgical intervention, covering indications, optimum time, surgical options, and outcomes, as well as the role of transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention in the current era.

Expert opinion: Current evidence support that the indications and timing of tricuspid valve invasive management should be centered on a range of factors, including patients’ characteristics, disease stage, and anatomical considerations. Early intervention, before severe right ventricle dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension, seems to results in better postoperative outcomes. Transcatheter techniques are arising as potential alternatives for inoperable and high-risk patients.     

三尖瓣病变外科手术的疗效评估

目的:探讨三尖瓣病变的不同手术方法和术后长期疗效。方法:1979年7月至1998年6月施行三尖瓣病变外科手术51例中,三尖瓣病变中有三尖瓣下移畸形33例,三尖瓣发育不全10例,感染性三尖瓣内膜炎3例,外伤性三尖瓣关闭不全、人工瓣膜功能异常各2例和Uhl’s病1例。51例中,瓣膜替换术37例,瓣膜成形术14例。附加手术有房缺修补术、室缺修补术、房化心室折叠术和缝补术。结果:住院死亡5例,死亡率为9.8％。死亡病例中3例为低心排综合征,2例气管套管并发症。长期随访生物瓣膜死亡4例,为心力衰竭、心律失常;机械瓣死亡1例,为瓣膜栓塞;瓣膜成形术14例无死亡,心功能明显改善。讨论:超声多普勒可明确诊断三尖瓣病变,三维超声可了解瓣叶、瓣下结构和瓣叶下移程度。病变中—重度、瓣叶发育较好、前瓣叶足够大小可施行瓣膜成形术。瓣膜发育不全、严重关闭不全可施行瓣膜替换术。成形手术疗效好,无瓣膜替换术潜在并发症。瓣膜成形术尽可能作为首选手术方案。     

Tricuspid valve insufficiency: what should be done?

Tricuspid regurgitation is relatively common. Due to the progress made in echocardiography, its diagnosis is in general made readily and in reliable fashion. Basically one has to distinguish between functional tricuspid valve regurgitation due to volume and/or pressure overload of the right ventricle with intact valve structures versus tricuspid valve regurgitation due to pathologic valve structures. The clear identification of the regurgitation mechanism is of prime importance for the treatment. Functional tricuspid valve regurgitation can often be improved by medical treatment of heart failure, and eventually a tricuspid valve plasty can solve the problem. However, the presence of pathologic tricuspid valve structures makes in general more specific plastic surgical procedures and even prosthetic valve replacements necessary. A typical example for a structural tricuspid valve regurgitation is the case of a traumatic papillary muscle rupture. Due to the sudden onset, this pathology is not well tolerated and requires in general surgical reinsertion of the papillary muscle. In contrast, tricuspid valve regurgitation resulting from chronic pulmonary embolism with pulmonary artery hypertension, can be improved by pulmonary artery thrombendarteriectomy and even completely cured with an additional tricuspid annuloplasty. However, tricuspid regurgitations due to terminal heart failure are not be addressed with surgery directed to tricuspid valve repair or replacement. Heart transplantation, dynamic cardiomyoplasty or mechanical circulatory support should be evaluated instead.     

Recent developments in percutaneous mitral valve treatment

In recent years, various percutaneous techniques have been introduced for the treatment of mitral regurgitation (MR), including direct leaflet repair, annuloplasty and left ventricular remodeling. Percutaneous mitral repair targets both primary degenerative and secondary mitral valve regurgitation and may be considered in selected high-surgical-risk patients. The assessment of mitral functional anatomy by echocardiography and computed tomography is crucial when selecting the appropriate repair strategy, according to the regurgitant valve lesion and the surrounding anatomy. The ongoing clinical use of new devices in annuloplasty and percutaneous mitral valve replacement is a promising new scenario in the treatment of MR that goes beyond the conventional surgical approach.     

Lead Configuration for Defibrillator Implantation in a Patient with Congenital Heart Disease and a Mechanical Prosthetic Tricuspid Valve

LENG, C.T., et al. : Lead Configuration for Defibrillator Implantation in a Patient with Congenital Heart Disease and a Mechanical Prosthetic Tricuspid Valve. The authors devised a nonthoracotomy defibrillation system for a patient with a prosthetic tricuspid valve using existing technology and previously established implantation techniques. Their lead configuration deviates substantially from existing designs in its primary use of a coronary sinus defibrillation coil and a left-sided subcutaneous array to distribute current across the ventricular myocardium.     

Permanent pacemaker lead entrapment: role of the transesophageal echocardiography

Numerous complications induced by pacemaker electrodes have been reported. Although mild tricuspid regurgitation is a well-documented complication of transvenous right ventricular pacemaker leads secondary to abnormal valve coaptation, severe tricuspid regurgitation resultingfrom perforation of the tricuspid valve itself is a rare complication. This case report details a patient with severe tricuspid regurgitation secondary to impingement of the tricuspid valve by a permanent pacing lead that was diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography. Surgical repair was advocated because of symptomatic significant tricuspid regurgitation.     

The challenge of endocardial right ventricular pacing in patients with a tricuspid annuloplasty ring and severe tricuspid regurgitation

On occasion, patients with a tricuspid annuloplasty ring may require permanent cardiac pacing. Although it is technically possible to pass a ventricular transvenous lead through a tricuspid valve with an annuloplasty ring, the procedure is complicated by considerable chamber enlargement and mechanical distortion of the tricuspid valve often with severe residual tricuspid regurgitation. Over a 25-month period, transvenous ventricular lead placement following insertion of a tricuspid annuloplasty ring was successfully performed in five patients (three women). The patient mean age was 66 years (range 55-77 years). Four cases had slow atrial fibrillation and another paroxysmal atrial fibrillation requiring His-bundle ablation. Two patients had mitral valve replacement and two aortic and mitral valve replacements. All patients had residual severe to torrential tricuspid regurgitation. Seven ventricular steroid-eluting screw-in leads were used. Single leads were used in three cases, whereas in two others, two ventricular leads were attached to a dual chamber pulse generator. Although technically difficult, ventricular lead placement was successful using standard guidewires with broad curvatures. Satisfactory acute and follow-up stimulation thresholds and sensing were obtained with the only complication being an intraoperative lead dislodgement, prompting a second ventricular lead. Successful transvenous lead placement across a tricuspid annuloplasty ring is possible.     

Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation and Atrioventicular Block Caused by Blunt Thoracic Trauma in an Elderly Woman

Background

Symptomatic cardiac injury after blunt chest trauma is relatively rare, and valvular injury is even more rare. The valves most commonly affected are tricuspid. Automobile accidents are mostly responsible for this type of injury.

Objectives

Unlike with the mitral valve, post-traumatic tricuspid heart valve insufficiency is usually well tolerated. Indeed, severe tricuspid regurgitation can resolve spontaneously.

Case Report

A 68-year-old woman with no previous cardiac or medical history was brought to our Emergency Department after an automobile accident. She had chest pain and shortness of breath upon admission. Transthoracic echocardiographic examination revealed severe tricuspid regurgitation with rupture of the chordae tendineae and prolapse of the valve cusps into the right atrium during systole. An electrocardiogram was consistent with second-degree Mobitz II atrioventricular block on admission, which subsequently progressed to complete atrioventricular block on day 3. During follow-up with close hemodynamic monitoring, her symptoms disappeared and repeat echocardiography revealed a regression in the severity of tricuspid regurgitation. Operative repair of the tricuspid valve was deemed unnecessary and the patient was discharged with medical therapy on the eighth day after admission.

Conclusions

It is important to be aware of traumatic tricuspid regurgitation after non-penetrating chest trauma. Close follow-up may suffice in some patients with stable hemodynamic conditions, and regression of tricuspid regurgitation can be expected during follow-up.     

An overview of surgical treatment modalities and emerging transcatheter interventions in the management of tricuspid valve regurgitation

Introduction: Tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) is frequently encountered and is most often functional (FTR) in nature. Surgical tricuspid valve (TV) treatment is well established in specialized centers. While transcatheter therapy for other valve disease is well established, interventional treatment of TV disease is still in its early stages. With the increasing adoption of catheter-based treatments, there is a growing interest in and need for interventional treatments for TR. An extensive literature search was methodologically performed aiming for an integrative review paper.

Areas covered: This review will discuss the current surgical treatment modalities and emerging transcatheter interventions in the management of TR. Furthermore, this review will describe the pathophysiology of functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR), and the new 2017 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of TR. Finally, a five-year view into the future will be stated.

Expert commentary: At their center, the authors have an aggressive approach for the treatment of FTR owing to its significant impact on perioperative as well as late postoperative morbidity and mortality. The authors perform TV ring annuloplasty when substantial annular dilation (≥45mm) is observed. In the future, percutaneous TV technologies might become an alternative option to treat TR patients with high surgical risk selectively.     

自体心包重建隔瓣在三尖瓣下移瓣膜成形术中的应用

目的 报告在三尖瓣下移瓣膜成形术中应用自体心包重建隔瓣的方法和疗效。方法 对15例超声心动图示三尖瓣中～重反流合并隔瓣发育不良的三尖瓣下移畸形的患者，应用自体心包重建发育不良的瓣叶，同时环缩扩大的瓣环及折叠房化心室，并修补合并的房间隔缺损或卵圆孔未闭。结果 15例患者无手术死亡，出院前超声检查显示三尖瓣无或少量反流。随访2个月至50个月，复查超声显示无反流9例，少量反流5例，中－重度反流1例, 心功能I级6例，心功能II级8例，心功能III级1例。结论 在三尖瓣下移瓣膜成形术中应用自体心包重建隔瓣可以获得满意的早期和中期疗效。     

二尖瓣成形术治疗先天性心脏病合并二尖瓣关闭不全

目的总结二尖瓣成形术在合并二尖瓣关闭不全的先天性心脏病中的应用经验,并探讨影响疗效的相关因素。方法对本院收治的合并有二尖瓣关闭不全的先天性心脏病患者147例,分别采用瓣膜裂隙修补、交界环缩、瓣环环缩、人工环成形、人工腱索、腱索延长等方法行成形术,39例(26.5%)同时运用2种以上成形技术。结果术后早期死亡6例(4.1%),术后7个月死亡1例。死亡与手术年龄(≤12岁)、体外循环时间(≥120 min)、主动脉阻断时间(≥80 min)及合并心脏畸形有关。随访结果为2例因二尖瓣反流再发,分别于术后半年和1年行二尖瓣置换术。其余病例术后心功能有不同程度改善,超声心动图检查术后瞬时反流量显著低于术前。结论二尖瓣成形术治疗先天性心脏病合并的二尖瓣关闭不全早、中期疗效满意。     

Functional tricuspid regurgitation and the right ventricle: what we do not know is more than we know

The tricuspid valve (TV) lies in between the right atrium and the right ventricle (RV), consisting of annulus, leaflets, chords and papillary muscles. The RV appears triangular-shaped in a lateral view and crescent-shaped in a cross-section one. In normal conditions, the septum is concave toward the left ventricle (LV) in both systole and diastole and the RV volume is larger than the LV volume, although its mass is a third of the LV. The strict relationship between the TV apparatus and the RV underlies the physiological mechanism of TV functioning, and so, the RV plays an important role in case of functional tricuspid regurgitation. Nevertheless, the systematic assessment of RV is still not performed mainly due to lack of standardization. Hence, new echocardiographic guidelines have recently been proposed to standardize the RV assessment using transthoracic 2D?echocardiography. 3D-echocardiography and MRI are more useful to measure volumes and ejection fraction; in particular, MRI is able to provide a tissue evaluation. Today, surgical strategies are directed mainly to the annulus with fluctuating results because functional tricuspid regurgitation is not due only to the annulus but also to the RV, which is difficult to assess, due to its evolution being unpredictable and complicated by the interaction with LV.     

二尖瓣修复术后二尖瓣环形态的三维超声研究

目的：评价我院自行研制的新型软质人工二尖瓣成形环的临床应用效果,为软质人工二尖瓣环的推广应用提供理论依据。方法：应用体元模型经食管动态三维超声重建技术研究了１３例接受软质二尖瓣环成形术和９例硬质二尖瓣环成形术者,术后即刻二尖瓣瓣环形态和口径的变化。结果：应用硬质环行二尖瓣修复术后,从左心房向左心室方向观察,二尖瓣环形态被强制成与硬质环相似的“Ｄ”形,且二尖瓣环口径固定,在舒张末期和收缩末期二尖瓣环前后径分别为１．８０±０．１５ｃｍ和１．７７±０．１３ｃｍ（Ｐ＞０．０５）,二尖瓣环面积和周长均无显著性变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）;而应用软质环后,二尖瓣环仍呈椭圆形,在舒张末期和收缩末期二尖瓣前后径分别为２．０９±０．１９ｃｍ和１．８５±０．１３ｃｍ（Ｐ＜０．０１）,且其面积和周长均发生符合生理状态的周期性显著变化（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：应用软质二尖瓣成形环可维持人体二尖瓣环生理性的形态和功能。     

Entrapment of a Tined Pacemaker Electrode in the Tricuspid Valve. A Case Report

A tined pacemaker electrode was entrapped in the tricuspid valve apparatus. Nonresponding, sustained ventricular tachycardia, and cardiac arrest necessitated forcible removal of the electrode causing partial avulsion of the tricuspid valve. Hemodynamically insignificant tricuspid regurgitation developed subsequently.     

置入成形环的三尖瓣成形术中远期效果观察

目的 观察总结置入人工成形环的三尖瓣成形方法的临床中、远期效果.方法 2001年9月至2008年9月我院收治合并左心系统瓣膜病变的功能性三尖瓣关闭不全(TR)277例,行左心瓣膜手术时同期行三尖瓣成形术:其中采用单纯缝线瓣环(不上环)成形、不置入成形环的共203例,置入人工成形环的共74例;同期所行左心瓣膜手术包括二尖瓣置换(MVR)146例、二尖瓣成形(MVP)31例、MVR+主动脉瓣置换(AVR)81例,冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)+MVR 8例、CABG+MVP 11例.观察比较术后1.5年及3.5年2组患者的临床及心脏超声随访资料.结果 所有病例都完成1.5年随访;共有245例(89.9%)完成长期随访(3.5年或以上).术后1.5年随访发现中度以下再发性TR 2组差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.3128,P=0.26),中重度者上环组明显低于非上环组(χ2=5.8159,P=0.023).远期随访发现上环组无TR比率明显高于非上环组[上环组25%(16/64),非上环组15%(27/181,χ2=4.9328,P=0.036],发展为中度以上TR的比率非上环组显著地高于上环组[非上环组34%(62/181),上环组10%(6/64),χ2=7.9120,P=0.005].组内两个时间段相比,非上环组TR进展明显增快[随访1.5年18%(36/197),3.5年34%(62/181),χ2=2.1327,P=0.016],而上环组相对稳定[随访1.5年7%(5/64),3.5年10%(6/60),χ2=0.3964,P=0.62].结论 置入成形环的三尖瓣成形术的临床中、远期效果明显好于单纯缝线成形术.对于功能性TR的处理应持更加积极的态度,而且应尽量采用人工瓣环置入的方法进行三尖瓣缩环成形.     

Presumptive Tricuspid Valve Malfunction Induced by a Pacemaker Lead: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

A 23-year-old woman developed 3 degrees AV block with syncope. Insertion of a permanent pacemaker lead was followed by the onset of a persistent murmur in late systole preceded by single or multiple clicks. The murmur was best heard at the left sternal edge, grade 3-4/6 with two major frequencies (60-250 Hz), increased with inspiration and on assuming the erect posture. It was considered to be tricuspid in origin and related to interference of the tricuspid valve apparatus by the pacemaker lead resulting in tricuspid regurgitation. No tricuspid valve prolapse or flutter was seen on echocardiography. Withdrawal of the pacemaker lead resulted in immediate disappearance of the new auscultatory findings. Review of the literature suggests that the appearance of such a murmur following pacemaker insertion could be associated with later complications in relation to tricuspid valve dysfunction. It is therefore recommended that, under these circumstances, permanent pacemaker leads should be appropriately repositioned.     

Transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of tricuspid valve regurgitation during pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator lead extraction

Chronically implanted ventricular pacing and defibrillator (ICD) leads can adhere to the tricuspid valve. This study examined the effect of lead extraction, and laser sheath extraction in particular, on tricuspid valve regurgitation. Lead extraction was first tried with traction using limited force followed by a laser sheath if not successful. Tricuspid valve regurgitation before and after extraction was evaluated with transesophageal echocardiography and graded from 0 (none) to 4 (severe). A change in regurgitation was considered clinically relevant if it increased with two grades or more and resulted in at least grade 3 regurgitation. Fifty ventricular leads were extracted in 43 consecutive patients, including 14 ICD leads. In 20 patients (group I) leads were removed without a (laser) sheath crossing the tricuspid valve, in 23 patients (group II) leads were extracted with lasing across the valve. The mean time from implant was 43 +/- 43 months and 99 +/- 78 months, respectively, (P = 0.007). Tricuspid regurgitation increased in five (12%) patients. In group I only in one patient the laser failed proximal of the valve and forceful traction was subsequently used, and in group II this occurred in four (17%) patients. This difference did not reach statistical significance even excluding the patient from group I (P = 0.111). The increase of tricuspid regurgitation cautions against indiscriminate extraction of superfluous leads. There is a trend that when tools like a laser sheath are necessary the chance of tricuspid valve damage increases.     

人工腱索移植和马鞍环环缩修复退行性二尖瓣关闭不全

背景：人工腱索移植是二尖瓣成形的难点,瓣环环缩也是二尖瓣成形术式中的关键步骤之一,而目前国内相关此类治疗方法的安全性、有效性和中期疗效的较大样本报道较少。目的：总结二尖瓣人工腱索移植和马鞍环环缩技术治疗退行性二尖瓣关闭不全的有效性和安全性。 方法：2009年1月至2013年5月间解放军沈阳军区总医院心血管外科应用人工腱索移植和马鞍环环缩技术治疗退行性二尖瓣关闭不全患者85例。用Gore-Tex缝线作为人工腱索,马鞍环用SJMTM刚性鞍形成形环。共行人工腱索移植41例、人工腱索移植＋后叶楔形切除21例、人工腱索移植＋后叶楔形切除＋Sliding技术23例。均行人工瓣环环缩术。结果与结论：治疗后随访78例,随访率为91.7%（78/85）。随访时间为6个月-4年。78例中,1例于治疗后13个月死于脑梗死,1例死于交通事故,余76例均存活。NYHA心功能分级Ⅰ级59例,Ⅱ级17例。复查心脏彩超示微量及以下反流67例,轻度反流9例。超声心动图显示左心房直径明显减少（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,左心室舒张末期内径明显减少（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,左心室收缩末期内径明显减少（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,反流速面积/左房面积明显减少（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,肺动脉平均压明显降低（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,射血分数明显增加（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。未出现二尖瓣收缩期前向运动现象（SAM征）。并发症情况：治疗后出现窦性心动过缓12例,阵发性室上性心动过速25例。1例治疗前伴快-慢综合征患者,治疗后安装永久起搏器。1例治疗后1周出现延迟性心包填塞,经心包穿刺置管引流后治愈。无成形环断裂或撕脱、无溶血、左室流出道梗塞、人工腱索断裂或劈裂发生。无再次手术行瓣膜置换患者。结果可见二尖瓣人工腱索移植和马鞍环环缩治疗退行性二尖瓣关闭不全安全、有效,近中期疗效满意。     

Ischemic mitral regurgitation: pathophysiology,diagnosis and surgical treatment

Ischemic mitral valve regurgitation often complicates acute myocardial infarction and also represents a negative prognostic factor for long-term survival in patients undergoing surgical myocardial revascularization. While severe mitral regurgitation should always be corrected during a coronary artery bypass operation, the decision making is more difficult in patients with a mild-to-moderate degree of regurgitation. Recent studies and experimental protocols have elucidated the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to mitral regurgitation with great interest in annular modifications and subvalvular alterations. These data suggest that new and integrated surgical approaches that address annuloplasty ring sizing, ring type selection and tethering phenomenon (i.e., chordal cutting, ‘edge-to-edge’ technique and left-ventricular plasty techniques) are required for a safer and durable valve repair. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography are useful in determining the etiology and the degree of mitral regurgitation, to assess mitral deformation and to measure indexes of global and regional left-ventricular remodeling. Stress echocardiography may unmask higher degrees of mitral regurgitation. More data are needed in order to confirm the promising and interesting preliminary experimental findings of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis and clinical evaluation of ischemic mitral regurgitation.