Pregnancy and thrombophilia

The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy create a hypercoagulable milieu. This hypercoagulable state is thought to be protective, especially at the time of labor, preventing excessive hemorrhage. The presence of hereditary or acquired causes of thrombophilia during pregnancy tilts the balance in favor of unwanted venous thromboembolism and adverse pregnancy outcomes due to vascular uteroplacental insufficiency. These adverse pregnancy outcomes include recurrent pregnancy losses, intrauterine fetal death, intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia and placental abruption. Much of the current data with regards to the association of the different thrombophilias and pregnancy-related complications are based on retrospectively designed studies. This lack of randomization, in-homogeneity of patient populations, varying case definitions, selection biases and inadequately matched control populations, have given rise to conflicting data with regard to screening for, and treatment of, pregnant women with suspected thrombophilias. The limited data that we have support the use of anticoagulant drugs for the prevention of pregnancy-related complications in the setting of thrombophilia. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins are the anticoagulant drugs of choice as they do not cross the placental barrier and, hence, do not cause fetal anticoagulation or teratogenicity. Warfarin can be used from the 12th week of gestation onwards but is preferably reserved for the postpartum period.     

Thrombophilia risk factors are associated with intrauterine foetal death and pregnancy‐related venous thromboembolism

Pregnancy in healthy women is accompanied by hypercoagulable changes that may interact with thrombophilia risk factors and threaten pregnancy. However, the literature on this issue is conflicting. In investigating the relationship between pregnancy‐associated complications and the presence of thrombophilia risk factors, we studied the records of 414 women who had been examined for inherited and acquired thrombophilia in the period 1996 to 2006 because of pregnancy‐associated complications. Of a total of 885 pregnancies among the women, 397 were recorded as foetal loss/intrauterine foetal death during the first (62?%), second (25?%) or third trimester (13?%). One‐hundred‐and‐two (25?%) women had had a thromboembolic event during one of their pregnancies, and 98 (24?%) had had pre‐eclampsia on at least one occasion. Intrauterine growth restriction was found in 105 (25?%) of the women, and 29 (7?%) suffered placental abruption. We found that 120 (29?%) women had at least one thrombophilia risk factor. Factor V Leiden heterozygosity was the most common thrombophilia factor (n = 52), mostly linked with the risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum and to foetal death during the second or third trimester. Fifty‐three (13?%) women had antiphospholipid antibodies (lupus anticoagulant and/or anti‐β2‐glycoprotein 1 antibodies) mainly associated with the risk of spontaneous abortion during the first trimester. In conclusion, thrombophilia was found to be considerably more common in women with pregnancy‐associated complications in comparison with the general population, and most frequently in conjunction with venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period.     

Risk of obstetric and thromboembolic complications in family members of women with previous adverse obstetric outcomes carrying common inherited thombophilias

Summary. Background: Factor (F)V Leiden and the prothrombin 20210A mutation (PTm) are associated with the occurrence of obstetric complications, including pregnancy‐related venous thromboembolism (VTE). It is not known whether family members of women with FV Leiden or PTm and previous obstetric complications have a higher risk of VTE or adverse obstetric outcomes. Methods: A retrospective family study including 563 relatives of 177 women with previous adverse outcomes carrying FV Leiden or PTm, referred between April 1993 and June 2010. A history of obstetric complications and VTE was obtained. Prevalence of VTE and obstetric complications in relatives with and without inherited thrombophilias was compared. Adjusted odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using logistic regression models that controlled for predictors (age, FV Leiden and PTm). Results: Relatives carrying FV Leiden had a significant and independent risk for obstetric complications (OR: 1.98, 95% CI 1.03–3.83); this risk was not observed in the presence of PTm (OR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.46–2.32). The presence of FV Leiden or PTm in heterozygosis was significantly and independently associated with the occurrence of VTE (OR: 5.2, 95% CI: 1.70–15.91). Severe thrombophilias were strong risk factors for VTE (OR: 23.2, 95% CI: 6.0–89.85). Male gender was a significant and independent risk factor for VTE (OR: 3.49, 95% CI: 1.51–8.05). The risk did not change when relatives of women with a previous pregnancy‐related VTE were excluded (OR: 3.49, 95% CI: 1.51–8.05). Conclusions: Knowledge of thrombophilia status may help to better define the obstetric and thromboembolic risks in asymptomatic family members of women who suffered from obstetric complications.     

Bleeding events and other complications during pregnancy and childbirth in women with von Willebrand disease

BACKGROUND: Case reports and case series suggest that women with von Willebrand disease (VWD) are at an increased risk of bleeding complications during pregnancy and delivery. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of bleeding events and other complications in women with VWD during pregnancy and childbirth. METHODS: The United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality for the years 2000-2003 was queried for all pregnancy-related discharges. Women with a diagnosis of VWD were compared with women without VWD. Data were analyzed based on the NIS sampling design. Logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios with 95% CI. RESULTS: There were 4067 deliveries among women with VWD (1 in 4000 deliveries). Although women with VWD were more likely to experience antepartum bleeding [odds ratio (OR) 10.2, 95% CI: 7.1, 14.6], they were no more likely to experience premature labor, placental abruption, fetal growth restriction or intrauterine fetal demise. Women with VWD were more likely to experience a postpartum hemorrhage (OR, 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.0), and had a 5-fold increased risk of being transfused (OR, 4.7; 95% CI: 3.2, 7.0). Five of the 4067 women with VWD died, a maternal mortality rate 10 times higher than that for other women. CONCLUSIONS: Although women with VWD do not appear to be at an increased risk of poor fetal outcomes, they are at an increased risk of bleeding events and possibly death during pregnancy and childbirth.     

Recurrent pregnancy loss and thrombophilia

In the last decades we found many data concerning the association between a hypercoagulable state and its causes and adverse pregnancy outcome, in particular recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Although first studies were focused only on the association between thrombophilia and RPL, subsequent studies underlined also a potential role of antithrombotic treatment to prevent vascular complication such as venous thromboembolism (VTE) during pregnancy. Now, emerging data seem to be available also on the role of active thromboprophylaxis with heparin and pregnancy outcome. This review will be focused on the recent knowledge between thrombophilia, hypercoagulable state, RPL, VTE and future perspectives.     

Impact of common thrombophilias and JAK2 V617F on pregnancy outcomes in unselected Italian women

Summary. Background: Although an association between thrombophilias and adverse pregnancy outcome has been shown, the influence of the most common inherited thrombophilias and the somatic mutation JAK2 V617F in determining an adverse outcome is questioned. Objectives: We examined the contribution of the factor V Leiden (FVL), the prothrombin G20210A (PTm) and the somatic JAK2 V617F mutations to adverse pregnancy outcome in an unselected cohort of pregnant women. Patients/methods: During the study period, 5345 pregnant women were admitted to the 14 hospitals of the five provinces of the Campania region (Italy). Of these, 3097 samples were investigated and obstetric history collected. The presence of the FVL, PTm, and JAK2 V617F mutation was prospectively determined by polymerase chain reaction followed by TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Results and conclusions: We identified 119 (3.8%) women that carried FVL and 138 (4.4%) with the PTm. Only 4 (0.1%) women carried both mutations. Only one woman tested positive for the JAK2 V617F somatic mutation. The prevalence of a previous history of an adverse pregnancy outcome was similar in women with common thrombophilias as compared to those without. In the current pregnancy, there was no association of any of the genetic markers considered with any of the adverse outcomes investigated. Carriership of FVL or PTm showed a positive trend with delivery of a small for gestational age newborn (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.9–2.5). Pregnancy outcomes in asymptomatic women with inherited thrombophilias are often uneventful. Therefore, in women at low‐risk of an adverse pregnancy, neither screening for common thrombophilias nor administration of routine thromboprophylaxis are warranted.     

Thrombophilias and adverse pregnancy outcomes: results from the Danish National Birth Cohort

Summary. Background: Inherited thrombophilias have inconsistently been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Differences in study design, size and population could explain this heterogeneity. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate if factor (F)V Leiden G1691A, prothrombin mutation G20210A (PTM) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T (MTHFR) increased the risk of severe preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, very preterm delivery, placental abruption and a composite of these outcomes also including stillbirth. Patients and methods: In a nested case–cohort study of pregnant women in Denmark, we genotyped 2032 cases and 1851 random controls. Each of the medical records of the cases was validated. We calculated both genomic and allelic models, and present both models. We also performed sensitivity analyses adjusting for parity, age, smoking, body mass index and socioeconomic status. Results: In the allelic models, FV Leiden increased the risk of the composite outcome (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–1.8), severe preeclampsia (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.4), fetal growth restriction (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.8) and placental abruption (OR=1.7 (95% CI 1.2–2.4). In the sensitivity analyses, adjustment diminished these estimates slightly. PTM was not significantly associated with any of the outcomes, and MTHFR was only significantly associated with severe preeclampsia (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.6). Conclusion: FV Leiden predisposes to adverse pregnancy outcomes in a setting of Scandinavian women.     

Thrombophilia and pregnancy outcomes

Pregnancy complications are still a challenge for physicians, because knowledge of pathomechanisms and prophylactic measures is still limited. In recent years thrombophilia as a risk factor for pregnancy complications has gained much attention in the scientific community. However, data on this topic in the literature are conflicting. Besides an established association between antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy loss, available data suggest additional associations for antithrombin deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia and also for factor (F)V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A variation, and protein S-deficiency. The contribution of thrombophilia to the risk of pre-eclampsia is less well established and recent studies did not confirm earlier data suggesting an association between thrombophilia and pre-eclampsia. A limited number of prospective studies have failed to reveal an increased risk of pregnancy complications in unselected women with thrombosis risk factors. Low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) seems to have a positive effect on pregnancy outcome after single or recurrent abortions, however, data from only one controlled trial are available. Experience in the prevention of pre-eclampsia by prophylactic heparin is very limited, and in addition, data on pregnancy complications in women with known heritable thrombophilia or a history of thrombosis are inconsistent. These women will usually have a favorable pregnancy outcome referring to the European Prospective Cohort on Thrombophilia Study. In conclusion, thrombophilia screening might be justified in women with pregnancy loss and treatment with LMWH might be considered in those with pregnancy loss and thrombophilia. Further prospective studies and controlled interventional trials are urgently needed.     

Hereditary thrombophilia and fetal loss: a prospective follow‐up study

Summary. Background: As the placental vessels are dependent on the normal balance of procoagulant and anticoagulant mechanisms, inherited thrombophilia may be associated with fetal loss. Objectives: We performed a prospective study to investigate the relation between inherited thrombophilia and fetal loss, and the influence of thromboprophylaxis on pregnancy outcome. Patients and methods: Women were enrolled in the European Prospective Cohort on Thrombophilia (EPCOT). These included women with factor (F)V Leiden or a deficiency of antithrombin, protein C or protein S. Controls were partners or acquaintances of thrombophilic individuals. A total of 191 women (131 with thrombophilia, 60 controls) had a pregnancy outcome during prospective follow‐up. Risk of fetal loss and effect of thromboprophylaxis were estimated by frequency calculation and Cox regression modelling. Results: The risk of fetal loss appeared slightly increased in women with thrombophilia without a previous history of fetal loss who did not use any anticoagulants during pregnancy (7/39 vs. 7/51; relative risk 1.4; 95% confidence interval 0.4, 4.7). Per type of defect the relative risk varied only minimally from 1.4 for FV Leiden to 1.6 for antithrombin deficiency compared with control women. Prophylactic anticoagulant treatment during pregnancy in 83 women with thrombophilia differed greatly in type, dose and duration, precluding solid conclusions on the effect of thromboprophylaxis on fetal loss. No clear benefit of anticoagulant prophylaxis was apparent. Conclusions: Women with thrombophilia appear to have an increased risk of fetal loss, although the likelihood of a positive outcome is high in both women with thrombophilia and in controls.     

The PAI‐1 4G/5G polymorphism is not associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome in asymptomatic nulliparous women

Summary. Background: Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI‐1) is an important regulator of fibrinolysis. A common deletion polymorphism that results in a sequence of 4G instead of 5G in the promoter region of the gene is associated with a small increase in the risk of venous thromboembolism. Its potential association with adverse pregnancy events remains controversial. Objective: We aimed to assess the impact of the 4G PAI‐1 polymorphism on pregnancy outcomes in women who had no prior history of adverse pregnancy outcomes or personal or family history of venous thromboembolism. Patients/methods: This study represents a secondary investigation of a prior prospective cohort study investigating the association between inherited thrombophilias and adverse pregnancy events in Australian women. Healthy nulliparous women were recruited to this study prior to 22 weeks gestation. Genotyping for the 4G/5G PAI‐1 gene was performed using Taqman assays in an ABI prism 7700 Sequencer several years after the pregnancy was completed. Pregnancy outcome data were extracted from the medical record. The primary outcome was a composite comprising development of severe pre‐eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, major placental abruption, stillbirth or neonatal death. Results: Pregnancy outcome data were available in 1733 women who were successfully genotyped for this polymorphism. The primary composite outcome was experienced by 139 women (8% of the cohort). Four hundred and fifty‐nine women (26.5%) were homozygous for the 4G deletion polymorphism, while 890 (51.4%) were heterozygous. Neither homozygosity nor heterozygosity for the PAI‐1 4G polymorphism was associated with the primary composite outcome (homozygous OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.81–2.09, P = 0.28, heterozygous OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.53–1.31, P = 0.44) or with the individual pregnancy complications. Conclusion: The PAI‐1 4G polymorphism is not associated with an increase in the risk of serious adverse pregnancy events in asymptomatic nulliparous women.     

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and pregnancy: report of four cases and literature review

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a severe life-threatening hematological disorder affecting the microcirculation of multiple organ systems. Infection, pregnancy, cancer, drugs, and surgery are frequently associated with the initial episodes and relapses. Women who are either pregnant or in the postpartum period make up 10-25% of TTP patients, suggesting the interrelationship between TTP and pregnancy. The introduction of aggressive treatment with plasma transfusion and plasmapheresis has improved maternal and fetal survival rates. We report four cases of pregnancy-related TTP, describing the clinical course of patients, including response to therapy and pregnancy outcomes. Three out of four (75%) patients were treated by daily single session of plasmapheresis for a period ranged between 3 and 23 days. One patient had complete response to treatment with no sequelae, the second patient had resistant disease and died due to multiorgan failure, while the third patient had complete response after 2 episodes of TTP, which was complicated by intrauterine fetal growth retardation and death. Review of the previously reported cases of pregnancy-related TTP and the current treatment options for this rare condition are discussed also.     

施行负压吸引快速羊水减量术孕妇的围术期护理

目的探讨负压吸引快速羊水减量术治疗羊水过多孕妇的围术期护理方法。方法回顾性分析并总结2010年5月至2012年12月在同济大学附属第一妇婴保健院施行快速负压吸引羊水减量术的57例孕妇的临床资料。结果 57例孕妇行羊水减量术75次,平均抽取羊水量为(2640±1208)ml,手术过程均顺利;1例孕妇当日发生胎膜早破流产,无胎盘早剥及宫腔感染发生。结论精心细致的围术期护理有利于缓解负压吸引快速羊水减量术孕妇的紧张心理,减少术后并发症的发生,改善妊娠结局。     

抗凝剂治疗非抗磷脂综合征妇女复发性流产

目的评价采用抗凝剂(如阿司匹林和肝素)治疗有两次自然流产史或一次近期不明原因(非遗传性血栓形成倾向)宫内胎死妇女的有效性和安全性.方法我们检索了Cochrane妊娠和分娩组临床试验注册库(2004年3月),Cochrane临床对照试验中心注册库(Cochrane图书馆2004年第1期), MEDLINE(1966.1～2004.3)及EMBASE(1980～2004.3). 我们查阅了所有检索到研究的参考文献以避免漏检.纳入对有两次自然流产史或一次近期不明原因(非遗传性血栓形成倾向)宫内胎死妇女,评估抗凝制剂治疗提高活产率效果的随机或半随机临床对照试验.干预措施包括用于预防流产的阿司匹林、未分馏肝素及低分子肝素,与安慰剂比较或互相比较.由两名作者进行文献质量评价和数据提取,数据录入RevMan并交叉核对.结果共纳入两个试验(242例患者)并均对符合评价纳入标准的妇女亚组进行了数据提取.1个试验中,54例抗心肌磷脂抗体阴性的复发性自然流产妊娠妇女随机分入低剂量阿司匹林治疗组和安慰剂组,两组活产率相似[RR=1.00, 95%CI (0.78,1.29)].另一个试验中,一个之前曾有孕20周后流产史的血栓缺陷妇女亚组共20例,随机分入依诺肝素组和阿司匹林组.与低剂量阿司匹林治疗比较,依诺肝素治疗能提高活产率[RR=10.00, 95%CI (1.56,64.20)].结论现有关于使用阿司匹林和肝素治疗该类妇女流产的有效性和安全性证据不足,现有条件下不推荐使用抗凝剂治疗.急需进行大样本安慰剂对照的随机试验.     

Observational study of pregnant women with a previous spontaneous abortion before the 10th gestation week with and without antiphospholipid antibodies

Summary. Background: A clinical subtype of purely obstetrical antiphospholipid antibody (aPL‐Ab) syndrome (APS) requires three or more unexplained consecutive embryonic losses before the 10th week of gestation associated with persistently positive lupus anticoagulant (LAC), and/or anticardiolipin IgG or IgM, and/or anti‐β2‐glycoprotein I (aβ2GpI) IgG or IgM. Although this diagnostic classification of APS appeared to be the most sensitive, the APS‐associated serological criteria are still debated. Patients/methods: We prospectively observed the second pregnancy of 284 women with a previous embryonic loss, both with and without aPL‐Ab. Results: aPL‐Ab‐positive women were more prone to pregnancy loss, embryonic loss, pre‐eclampsia, placental abruption and intrauterine fetal growth restriction. Type IIa aPL‐Ab positivity (LAC present alone) was associated with the highest risk of recurrent embryonic loss and intrauterine growth restriction. Type I aPL‐Ab positivity (combinations of aPL‐Ab type positivity) was associated with the strongest risks of late complications, pre‐eclampsia and placental abruption. Finally, aβ2GpI‐M positivities were not clinically relevant in these women. Conclusion: Patients with a first unexplained pregnancy loss before the 10th week of gestation who are also positive for aPL‐Abs have a higher risk of various complications in their second pregnancy. In this study, measurement of aβ2GpI‐M had a questionable prognostic value.     

胎盘早剥48例临床分析

目的:提高胎盘早剥的早期诊断和及时治疗,降低母儿并发症.方法:回顾性分析我院2006年1月~2011年6月诊治的48例胎盘早剥的临床资料.结果:胎膜早破、妊娠期高血压疾病、胎儿生长受限为胎盘早剥的重要高危因素.主要临床表现为腹痛、子宫张力大、阴道流血、子宫压痛、胎心异常、死胎、血性羊水等.剖宫产30例,阴道产18例,产妇发生产后出血9例,DIC 2例,行次全子宫切除术1例,无孕产妇死亡.新生儿轻度窒息11例,重度窒息5例,死胎3例.结论:胎盘早剥病因多,临床表现个体差异大,及早识别和处理是降低风险,提高母婴结局的关键.     

Thyroid disorders during pregnancy

Thyroid disorders are common in women during pregnancy. If left untreated, both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with adverse effects on pregnancy and fetal outcomes. It is important to correctly identify these disorders and treat them appropriately to prevent pregnancy-related complications. Levothyroxine is the indicated treatment for hypothyroidism, and thionamides are the treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism; thyroidectomy may be indicated in select cases. When thyroid cancer is diagnosed during pregnancy, a decision must be made regarding performing thyroidectomy during the pregnancy or postponing surgical resection until the postpartum period. Radioactive iodine is absolutely contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation.     

Low molecular weight heparin to achieve live birth following unexplained pregnancy loss: a systematic review

Summary. Background: The management of recurrent pregnancy loss is uncertain. Some cohort studies have identified an association between inherited thrombophilias and recurrent or late non‐recurrent pregnancy loss, which has prompted investigators to evaluate the benefit of low molecular weight heparin (LWMH) to achieve live birth. A similar benefit for LMWH has also been proposed independent of thrombophilia status. Objective and methods: We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials to assess the benefit of LMWH in achieving live birth for women with a history of recurrent or late non‐recurrent pregnancy loss in the absence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Results: For the five studies that satisfied the eligibility criteria, the risk ratio of live birth for women with a history of pregnancy loss treated with LWMH compared with control ranged from 0.95 to 3.00. There was considerable heterogeneity among studies in terms of treatment effect (Q‐value was 41.7, P = 0.000, and I² = 90.4%) independent of thrombophilia status. There was also a wide variation among all studies in terms of definition of early or late pregnancy loss, thrombophilic risk factors, and number of prior pregnancy losses. Conclusion: There is a trend for increased live births when using LWMH for the prevention of recurrent pregnancy loss. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of LWMH to improve pregnancy outcomes in women with a history of pregnancy loss. Not only are additional studies necessary but standardized criteria for trials evaluating the benefit of an intervention in recurrent pregnancy loss should be established.     

产前超声预测妊娠糖尿病不良妊娠结局进展

妊娠糖尿病（GDM）增加不良妊娠结局风险,导致巨大儿、慢性宫内缺氧及胎儿心脏功能和结构异常的发生率远高于母体血糖正常胎儿。本文就产前超声预测GDM不良妊娠结局进展进行综述。     

甲状腺功能减退症孕妇不良妊娠结局分析

目的分析妊娠期甲状腺功能减退症孕妇不良妊娠结局。方法选取100例甲状腺功能减退症孕妇作为观察组,并选取同期的120例健康孕妇作为对照组,以及同期的100例遵医嘱治疗的甲状腺功能减退症孕妇作为治疗组。治疗组给予左甲状腺素钠片,其余两组孕妇均无干预。比较三组孕妇的妊娠并发症发生情况及不良妊娠结局发生情况。结果观察组的妊娠期高血压疾病、贫血发生率及妊娠并发症总发生率均高于对照组和治疗组(P<0.05)。观察组的胎儿宫内窘迫发生率及不良妊娠结局总发生率均高于对照组和治疗组(P<0.05)。结论甲状腺功能减退症孕妇不良妊娠结局发生率明显增高,对于甲状腺功能减退症孕妇进行及时的筛查和治疗,可有效改善甲状腺功能,降低不良妊娠结局的发生率。     

胎膜早破产妇胎盘病理特征及其对妊娠结局的影响

目的研究胎膜早破产妇胎盘病理特征,分析胎膜早破对妊娠结局的影响。方法选择我院2017年2月至2020年3月接收的100例胎膜早破产妇为观察组,选取同时段内于我院分娩的100例非胎膜早破产妇为对照组。在两组产妇分娩后对胎盘进行统一固定处理,然后送至病理科进行病理检查。比较两组产妇的胎盘胎膜病理变化情况、绒毛膜羊膜炎程度及妊娠不良结局发生情况。结果观察组的绒毛膜羊膜炎、合体结节增多、胎盘梗死及绒毛间质纤维化的发生率均显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组绒毛膜羊膜炎Ⅲ级产妇占比高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的妊娠不良结局总发生率高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胎膜早破会导致产妇胎盘胎膜出现显著的病理改变,并且后期会诱发不良妊娠结局,因此在临床诊治中需对胎膜早破产妇进行密切监测,在产前可借助病理组织切片重点监测其胎盘胎膜病理改变情况,以改善妊娠结局。