饮食、运动和生活方式变更在肥胖型糖尿病患者治疗中的作用

2型糖尿病（2－DM）与肥胖、肾病、微血管病和动脉粥样硬化有关。因为该病的并发症及慢性化,所以通过改变生活方式而降低饮食、起居方面的危险因素,对2－DM患者长期健康是极为重要的。患者要学会、低脂的饮食习惯和正规的运动模式。本文要介绍针对肥胖的糖尿病患者生活方式的改良。还将讨论一些关于改变生活方式和提高长期随访率的困难。最后,我们要介绍2－DM高危人群,在美国的墨西哥人是怎样实施这些方案的。     

Lifestyle modification and endothelial function in obese subjects

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic and vascular abnormalities that include central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypercoagulability and an increased risk of coronary and cerebral vascular disease. These metabolic and vascular abnormalities are the main cause of cardiovascular mortality in western societies. Endothelial dysfunction, an early step in the development of atherosclerosis, has been reported in obese nondiabetic individuals and in patients with Type 2 diabetes. It has also been observed in individuals at high risk for Type 2 diabetes, including those with impaired glucose tolerance and the normoglycemic first-degree relatives of Type 2 diabetic patients. Recent evidence points to adipocytes as a complex and active endocrine tissue whose secretory products, including free fatty acids and several cytokines (i.e., leptin, adiponectin, tissue necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and resistin) play a major role in the regulation of human metabolic and vascular biology. These adipocytokines have been claimed to be the missing link between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Interventions designed to improve endothelial and/or adipose-tissue functions may reduce cardiovascular events in obese individuals with either the metabolic syndrome or Type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle modification in the form of caloric restriction and increased physical activity are the most common modalities used for treating those individuals at risk and is unanimously agreed to be the initial step in managing Type 2 diabetes. Several recent studies have demonstrated favorable impacts of lifestyle modifications in improving endothelial function and insulin sensitivity, in addition to altering serum levels of adipocytokines and possibly reducing cardiovascular events. This review discusses current knowledge of the role of lifestyle modifications in ameliorating cardiovascular risk in obese subjects with either the metabolic syndrome or Type 2 diabetes.     

Effectiveness of a lifestyle modification programme in weight maintenance in obese subjects after cessation of treatment with Orlistat

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of a lifestyle modification programme in weight maintenance for obese subjects after cessation of treatment with Orlistat. METHODS: Fifty-five subjects with and without diabetes mellitus were randomized to a lifestyle modification programme or to usual care at the end of 6 months' treatment with Orlistat. The intervention programme was nutritionist led, consisting of components of dietary management, physical activity, peer group support and discussion using techniques of self-monitoring, stimulus control and cognitive restructuring. Anthropometric indices, body composition, basal metabolic rate, blood pressure, fasting glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, lipid profile, 24-hour urinary albumin excretion, dietary intake, physical activity level, and quality of life were assessed before and after the intervention period. Results Subjects in the intervention group maintained their weight loss and favourable anthropometric, metabolic, dietary intake, physical activity and quality of life profiles, while most parameters deteriorated in the usual care group, being more marked in subjects with diabetes. The magnitude of weight gain was comparable to that lost during Orlistat treatment. CONCLUSION: A specially designed nutritionist-led lifestyle modification programme for obese subjects is effective in weight maintenance after treatment with Orlistat, in the absence of which the benefits of drug treatment were lost. The magnitude of the effect of lifestyle modification is comparable to that observed with Orlistat.     

Lifestyle modification improves endothelial function in obese subjects with the insulin resistance syndrome

OBJECTIVE: Endothelial dysfunction has been reported in type 2 diabetic patients and in obese subjects with insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). This study evaluates the effects of weight reduction and exercise on vascular reactivity of the macro- and the microcirculation in obese subjects with IRS. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS; We studied 24 obese subjects (9 men and 15 women, age 49.3 +/- 1.9 years, BMI 36.7 +/- 0.94 kg/m(2), mean +/- SEM) with IRS at baseline and after 6 months of weight reduction and exercise. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and response to sublingual glyceryltrinitrate (GTN) were assessed by high-resolution ultrasound. Microvascular reactivity was evaluated by the laser-Doppler perfusion imaging after iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. We also measured plasma levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), vascular adhesion molecule, von Willebrand factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen, and tissue plasminogen activator antigen. RESULTS: This intervention resulted in 6.6 +/- 1% reduction in body weight (P < 0.001) and significant improvement of insulin sensitivity index (2.9 +/- 0.36 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.33 [10(-4) x min(-1) x ( microU ml(-1))], P < 0.001). FMD significantly improved (12.9 +/- 1.2% vs. 7.9 +/- 1.0%, P < 0.001), whereas response to GTN and microvascular reactivity did not change. Similar observations were seen when the subjects were subclassified according to their glucose tolerance to normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes. sICAM and PAI-1 significantly decreased (251.3 +/- 7.7 vs. 265.6 +/- 9.3 ng/ml, P = 0.018 and 36.2 +/- 3.6 vs. 48.6 +/- 3.9 ng/ml, P = 0.001, respectively). The relationship between percentage weight reduction and improved FMD was linear (R(2) = 0.47, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that 6 months of weight reduction and exercise improve macrovascular endothelial function and reduces selective markers of endothelial activation and coagulation in obese subjects with IRS regardless of the degree of glucose tolerance.     

盐酸吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能和高敏C反应蛋白的影响

目的探讨盐酸吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能和高敏C反应蛋白的影响。方法 65例2型糖尿病患者,口服给予盐酸吡格列酮15 mg,1次/d。观察治疗前后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(HBALC)、内皮细胞蛋白C受体(EPCR)、血栓调节蛋白(TM)、血管性假血友病因子(vWF)和高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平。结果患者治疗12周后,FBG2、h PG和HbA1水平明显降低(P<0.05),胰岛素抵抗指数和胰岛素敏感指数均明显改善(P<0.01)。血浆vWF、TM、EPCR和hs-CRP均明显下降(P<0.05)。结论盐酸吡格列酮能改善患者的血管内皮功能,降低高敏C反应蛋白水平。     

Treating the metabolic syndrome

The metabolic syndrome (MS), a cluster of metabolic abnormalities with insulin resistance as its central component, is increasing in prevalence and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Current evidence supports an aggressive intervention approach that comprises lifestyle modification in conjunction with drug treatment of the MS components. Healthier eating and regular exercise greatly reduce waistline and body mass index, lower blood pressure and improve lipid profile. Lifestyle modification has been proven to prevent T2DM development. Nevertheless, appropriate treatment of MS components often requires pharmacologic intervention with insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, while statins and fibrates, or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are the first-line lipid-modifying or antihypertensive drugs. Only severely obese patients require specific drug treatments. Very often, drug combinations will be necessary to manage multiple risk factors. As we progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of the MS, new targets for therapies will probably be identified and new treatments will prove to be even more efficacious than those currently available for the management of this life-threatening condition.     

Reduction of risk factors following lifestyle modification programme in subjects with type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus

Exercise and improved diet is known to be beneficial in the management of type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. In practice, however, it is difficult for patients to implement these changes unaided. We hypothesized that a lifestyle modification programme involving residential visits would result in beneficial effects on glycaemic control and lipid profile. Three hundred and four individuals with type 2 diabetes participated in a lifestyle modification programme, involving three residential visits (2 weeks, 1 week and one 3-day visit) spaced over 31 weeks. The subjects were all referred for treatment following repeated failure to achieve metabolic control in primary care settings. Participants received information and practical guidance regarding exercise training, nutrition, as well as stress management and psychological counselling. Clinical parameters were determined at each visit. After completion of the programme, subjects showed significant improvements in glycaemic control (P<0.0001). Oxygen uptake was significantly improved (P<0.0001) and blood pressure (P<0.0001), body mass index (P<0.0001) and serum cholesterol (P<0.001) was significantly reduced, while HDL cholesterol (P<0.05) was significantly increased. There were no changes in LDL cholesterol values. Subjects also reported increased well-being and reduced stress. In conclusion, a 31-week lifestyle modification programme results in marked improvements in glycaemic control, blood pressure and well-being in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Thus, this type of lifestyle modification programme is a powerful treatment option to reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and diabetic complications, even in patients who have not responded to conventional diabetic therapy.     

量化运动对代谢综合征干预疗效观察

目的观察生活方式对代谢综合征（MS）发病率的影响,探讨量化运动干预对MS的疗效。方法以2008年1月至2009年12月深圳市慢性病防治中心健康体检的人群作为观察对象,选取有效观察对象256例,根据生活方式、工作劳动强度、身体活动问卷调查将观察对象分成积极运动生活方式及静坐生活方式组,分析不同运动生活方式对MS患病率的影响。选取新发MS患者58例随机分为运动干预组（A组）29例即采取运动干预联合基础药物治疗,基础药物干预组（B组）29例仅采取基础药物治疗,两组病例分别于干预前、干预后3个月、6个月检测体质量指数、血压、血糖、血脂,观察两组干预疗效。结果积极运动生活方式组MS发病率为12.3%,明显低于静坐生活方式组MS发病率（31%）,量化运动干预组体质量指数下降明显,其3个月、6个月MS控制达标率分别为86.2%、93.1%,明显高于基础药物干预组的69.0%、82.8%（P〈0.05）。结论积极运动生活方式是MS的保护因素,多食少动的生活方式是MS发生的不良因素,加强健康教育,改变不健康生活方式,可有效预防MS发生。     

Adolescent obesity: current trends in identification and management

PURPOSE: To discuss the prevalence, identification, and clinical manifestations of adolescent obesity for the advanced practice nurse in primary care. DATA SOURCES: Selected research and clinical articles. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent obesity has been historically attributed to inappropriate diet and exercise; however, recent research also attributes adolescent obesity to genetic factors and metabolic dysfunction. If left untreated, adolescent obesity may result in the metabolic complications of dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and early onset of type 2 diabetes. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Practitioners should focus on using the new body mass index (BMI) national guidelines for early identification of obesity. Essential to the management of this condition are education, parental involvement, behavior modification, and psychological support.     

吡格列酮抗炎作用对代谢综合征患者胰岛素敏感性、血管内皮细胞功能的影响

目的研究吡格列酮对伴糖耐量减低（1GT）的代谢综合征（MS）患者血管内皮细胞功能的影响。方法对30例伴IGT、的MS患者采用吡格列酮45mg／d治疗8周。在治疗前后分别测定胰岛素敏感度检测指数（QUICKI）、肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能（FMD）和硝酸甘油诱导的非内皮依赖性舒张功能（NID）,高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）改变。结果治疗后FMD明显改善（P〈0．01）,QUICKI指数升高（P〈0．05）;hs-CRP水平降低（P〈0.01）。结论吡格列酮能明显改善IGT的MS患者的血管内皮细胞功能,其机制可能与改善体内胰岛素抵抗,抑制慢性炎症反应有关。     

The health promotion lifestyle of metabolic syndrome individuals with a diet and exercise programme

The purpose of this study was to explore a health promotion lifestyle (HPL) with a diet and exercise programme (DEP) in metabolic syndrome adults. The study consisted of 207 individuals who followed a DEP and 185 who did not. The subjects were rural community adults. Their HPL was evaluated using the Chinese version of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile Short Form (HPLP‐S). The average HPLP‐S score was significantly higher in the DEP group (3.28 ± 0.36) than in the group without the DEP (2.05 ± 0.65). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that group, gender, smoking, alcohol use, marital status, religion and chronic disease were predictors of an HPL and accounted for 67.0% of the variance in the HPLP‐S score. This study demonstrates that a DEP has positive effects on a health promotion lifestyle. The community‐based DEP targeting health promotion behaviours should be presented as a strategy for metabolic syndrome in adults.     

利拉鲁肽与西格列汀联合二甲双胍对2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗、血管内皮功能的影响

目的 探讨利拉鲁肽与西格列汀联合二甲双胍对2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗、血管内皮功能的影响.方法 选取2018年1月至2020年1月收治的92例2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象,采用抽签法将其随机分为A组(46例,利拉鲁肽+二甲双胍)和B组(46例,西格列汀+二甲双胍).比较两组治疗前、后的血糖指标、BMI、胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛...     

利拉鲁肽联合吡格列酮对肥胖型2型糖尿病患者糖脂代谢、血管内皮功能、血糖波动程度的影响

目的 探讨利拉鲁肽联合吡格列酮对肥胖型2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者糖脂代谢、血管内皮功能、血糖波动程度的影响.方法 选取2017年4月至2020年8月我院收治的69例肥胖型T2DM患者作为研究对象,根据用药方案不同将其分为对照组(n=34)和观察组(n=35).对照组采用常规治疗+吡格列酮,观察组在对照组基础上加用利拉鲁...     

Thiazolidinediones, insulin resistance and obesity: Finding a balance

The clinical efficacy of currently available thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in improving glycaemic control and ameliorating several risk factors for cardiovascular disease (linked to their insulin-sensitising actions as well as direct vascular effects) is well established. Treatment-associated weight gain, however, which has been identified as a class effect of the TZDs, is seen in a number of patients. The magnitude of weight gain correlates in part with improved metabolic control, i.e. better responders are more prone to increases in body weight. The cardiovascular risk associated with obesity appears to be depot specific; while peripheral obesity is associated with a low risk of cardiovascular complications, central obesity confers a greater degree of risk. Evidence is reviewed that increases in body weight associated with TZD treatment are associated with neutral effects (or even, decreases) in visceral fat, the adipose depot that is associated with central obesity.     

标准化饮食设计在2型糖尿病肥胖病人饮食治疗中的应用研究

[目的]研究标准化饮食设计在2型糖尿病肥胖病人饮食治疗中的作用。[方法]将36例2型糖尿病肥胖病人随机分为两组,给予饮食教育与治疗,低糖组以进糖类占总热量的30%为主的食物,低脂肪组以进食糖类占总热量的55%、脂肪占总热量的30%为主的食物。观察两组入院时、出院后3个月和6个月病人的体重指数;观察两组入院时、出院后6个月糖化血红蛋白、血脂的变化;并于第6个月给予动态血糖监测,观察两组病人24h血糖平均值、三餐餐后血糖峰值及出现峰值的时间、每日谷值的变化。[结果]低糖组6个月后体重低于低脂肪组（P〈0.01）;低糖组三餐餐后血糖峰值比低脂肪组明显降低（P〈0.01）,且达到峰值时间明显延长（P〈0.01）,每日谷值明显上升（P〈0.01）;6个月后低糖组与低脂肪组血脂指标比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。[结论]低糖饮食能更好地控制2型糖尿病肥胖病人的血糖波动和体重,并在短期内不会影响病人的血脂。     

益肾养阴活血方对冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能及血糖水平的影响

目的探讨益肾养阴活血方对冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者血糖、血管内皮功能的影响。方法将某院收集的109例确诊为冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象并按照随机数表法的分组方法分为两组,西药组54例实施西药氯吡格雷治疗,联合组55例在西药治疗的基础上增加益肾养阴活血方治疗。治疗结束后对比两组患者一氧化氮(NO)、血管性血友病因子(vWF)、血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)、空腹血糖值、餐后2 h血糖值及不良反应等指标。结果联合组患者的临床疗效高于西药组(P<0.05);治疗后联合组血管内皮功能指标vWF、ET-1水平高于西药组,NO低于西药组(P<0.05);联合组的空腹血糖值及餐后2 h血糖值低于西药组(P<0.05);两组不良反应对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论益肾养阴活血方治疗冠心病合并2型糖尿病效果优越,可提高患者血管内皮功能,降低血糖水平,不良反应少。     

标准化饮食设计在2型糖尿病肥胖病人饮食治疗中的应用研究

[目的]研究标准化饮食设计在2型糖尿病肥胖病人饮食治疗中的作用.[方法]将36例2型糖尿病肥胖病人随机分为两组,给予饮食教育与治疗,低糖组以进糖类占总热量的30%为主的食物,低脂肪组以进食糖类占总热量的55%、脂肪占总热量的30%为主的食物.观察两组入院时、出院后3个月和6个月病人的体重指数;观察两组入院时、出院后6个月糖化血红蛋白、血脂的变化;并于第6个月给予动态血糖监测,观察两组病人24 h血糖平均值、三餐餐后血糖峰值及出现峰值的时间、每日谷值的变化.[结果]低糖组6个月后体重低于低脂肪组(P＜0.01);低糖组三餐餐后血糖峰值比低脂肪组明显降低(P＜0.01),且达到峰值时间明显延长(P＜0.01),每日谷值明显上升(P＜0.01);6个月后低糖组与低脂肪组血脂指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).[结论]低糖饮食能更好地控制2型糖尿病肥胖病人的血糖波动和体重,并在短期内不会影响病人的血脂.