超声引导下多点药物注射联合肩关节腔液压扩张治疗冻结肩的疗效观察

目的 观察超声引导下肩峰下滑囊、喙突下滑囊和肩关节腔药物注射联合生理盐水液压扩张法治疗冻结肩（FS）的临床疗效。 方法 选取FS患者116例，按随机数字表法随机分为注射治疗组和联合治疗组，每组患者58例。注射治疗组第1天行超声引导下的肩峰下滑囊、喙突下滑囊和肩关节腔类固醇混合药物注射，联合治疗组在注射治疗组治疗方案的基础上增加肩关节腔30 ml生理盐水注入行液压扩张治疗，然后2组患者再行居家肩关节功能训练15 d。2组患者均于治疗前、注射结束后和居家肩关节功能训练结束后（治疗结束后）进行肩痛评估［疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）］、肩关节功能评估［肩关节被动活动度（PROM）］，并于治疗过程中进行安全性评价。 结果 注射结束后和治疗结束后，2组患者的VAS评分和PROM评分较组内治疗前，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；且联合治疗组注射结束后和治疗结束后的VAS评分和PROM评分均显著优于注射治疗组同时间点，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 超声引导下肩峰下滑囊、喙突下滑囊和肩关节腔药物注射联合液压扩张治疗可显著改善FS患者的肩痛和肩关节活动度，且疗效优于单纯的药物注射。     

肩胛上神经阻滞联合肌内效贴对脑卒中后肩痛的疗效分析

目的:初步观察肩胛上神经阻滞结合肌内效贴对脑卒中后肩痛患者上肢功能的疗效。方法:40例脑卒中后肩痛患者随机分为观察组和对照组各20例,对照组给予肩胛上神经阻滞加常规康复治疗,观察组在此基础上辅以肌内效贴治疗。比较2组患者治疗前后的疼痛视觉类比法(VAS)、Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评分(FMA-U)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)及肩关节被动活动度(PROM)。结果:治疗4周后,2组VAS评分较治疗前明显降低,上肢FMA-U评分、MBI评分及肩关节PROM明显较治疗前提高(均P0.05),观察组VAS评分、上肢FMA-U评分、MBI评分及肩关节PROM较对照组改善更明显(均P0.05)。结论:肩胛上神经阻滞结合肌内效贴可有效缓解脑卒中后患者肩部疼痛,对提高患者上肢功能及日常生活活动能力有重要的康复意义。     

脑卒中偏瘫肩痛患者的超声图像表现

摘要 目的：通过超声检查以及临床查体,明确脑卒中患者偏瘫肩痛（HSP）的原因,并分析超声表现与肩痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分之间的关系。 方法：选取56例首次发生脑卒中偏瘫的患者进行研究,根据VAS评分分为肩痛组及非肩痛组,所有患者均行双侧肩关节超声检查。临床检查包括Brunnstrom分期、Ashworth分级、肩关节半脱位及被动关节活动度（PROM）。 结果：肩痛组患者肩关节半脱位发生率较非肩痛组高（51.4% vs 23.8%）,两组比较差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）。超声显示,肩痛组患者冈上肌病变（54.3%）和肩峰下—三角肌下滑囊（SA-SD）积液（45.7%）与非肩痛组相比差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）。相关性分析可见冈上肌病变及肩峰下滑囊积液与偏瘫肩痛之间具有明显的相关性。 结论：肩袖损伤是脑卒中患者偏瘫后肩痛的原因之一,冈上肌损伤及肩峰下滑囊病变同肩痛的程度有关。     

充气式肩吊带对偏瘫后肩关节半脱位的疗效

目的观察充气式肩吊带对偏瘫后肩关节半脱位的治疗作用。方法将68例脑卒中偏瘫伴肩关节半脱位的患者分为治疗组和对照组各34例。两组患者均接受常规康复技术治疗肩关节半脱位,治疗组患者在此基础上佩戴充气式肩吊带。治疗前后根据X线片测量双侧肩峰与肱骨头间距(AHI),进行Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定,视觉模拟评分(VAS)评定肩痛。结果治疗8周后,与对照组相比,治疗组的复位率及总有效率无显著性差异(P>0.05);治疗组肩痛发生率、VAS评分、患侧上肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论在常规康复治疗的基础上,加用充气式肩吊带治疗偏瘫后肩关节半脱位,可减少肩痛的发生,减轻肩痛程度,有利于提高偏瘫上肢运动功能。     

卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者肩周组织超声影像特点

目的:本研究拟通过对脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者进行肩关节超声检查,观察卒中后偏瘫患者肩关节及其周围组织的超声影像特点,为偏瘫肩痛患者个体化临床治疗提供客观依据。方法:2016年10月—2017年4月,随机纳入在中山大学附属第三医院康复科住院的31例偏瘫患者进行研究,根据NAS评分将所有患者分为肩痛组和非肩痛组,所有患者双侧肩关节均进行超声检查。体格检查包括肩关节被动关节活动度、Fugl-Meyer上肢功能评定、内收内旋肌群肌张力等。结果:患者肩关节半脱位发生率:肩痛组高于非肩痛组(81.3%vs 40.0%,P=0.018)。肩痛组患者肩胛下肌-喙突滑囊粘连(81.3%)、肩峰下撞击征(75.0%)和肩峰-三角肌下滑囊病变(56.3%)的发生率均显著高于非肩痛组,组间差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:本研究中,卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者的肩关节半脱位、肩胛下肌-喙突滑囊粘连、肩峰下撞击征及肩峰-三角肌下滑囊炎发生率显著高于非肩痛患者。超声影像可明确卒中后偏瘫肩痛患者肩关节及其周围软组织病变,有助于明确导致卒中后肩痛的可能原因,为卒中后肩痛患者的个体化临床治疗提供参考依据。     

超声引导下医用臭氧治疗炎性偏瘫肩痛的疗效观察

目的:观察超声引导下医用臭氧治疗炎性偏瘫肩痛的临床疗效。方法:选取经超声检查诊断为炎性偏瘫肩痛的患者64例,随机分为2组各32例。观察组行超声引导下肩部臭氧注射,对照组则采用"盲打"法对痛点进行臭氧注射。治疗前后对2组患者进行视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分以及肩关节被动活动范围(PROM)评定。结果:治疗4周后,2组患者VAS评分均较治疗前明显下降(P0.05),且观察组更低于对照组(P0.05);2组肩关节前屈及外展PROM均较治疗前明显增加(P0.05),且观察组更高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:超声引导下医用臭氧治疗炎性偏瘫肩痛有显著疗效。     

肌内效贴对脑卒中患者肩关节半脱位后肩痛的疗效观察

目的:观察肌内效贴对脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肩关节半脱位后肩痛的疗效。方法:56例脑卒中肩关节半脱位后肩痛患者,按照随机数字表法分为治疗组与对照组(各28例),两组患者均实施常规康复治疗及宣教,治疗组在此基础上结合肌内效贴干预。分别于治疗前和治疗6周后通过X线测量法测量肩峰与肱骨头间距(AHI)、肩关节视觉模拟评分(VAS)疼痛、Fugl-Meyer上肢功能评分、肩痛侧腋神经及肌皮神经的运动神经传导测定,对两组治疗结果进行疗效评价。结果:治疗前,两组患者AHI值、VAS评分、Fugl-Meyer上肢功能评分无明显差异(P0.05),且检测所有患者肩痛侧腋神经(刺激部位:Erb点;记录部位:三角肌)及肌皮神经(刺激部位:Erb点;记录部位:肱二头肌)后发现两组中某些患者肌皮神经(30例,53.57%)、腋神经(31例,55.36%)波幅明显低于正常值,而潜伏期轻度延长或正常(提示轴索损伤)。两组治疗6周后,治疗组各项评分改善优于对照组(P0.05)且无不良事件发生。结论:在常规康复治疗的基础上,肌内效贴在脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肩关节半脱位后肩痛早期防治中,具有良好的疗效,其相应机制有待进一步研究。     

高频超声引导下与徒手定位注射治疗脑卒中后肩痛的疗效对比观察

目的 观察高频超声引导下与徒手定位注射（含复方倍他米松及利多卡因）治疗脑卒中后肩痛的疗效差异。 方法 采用随机数字表法将76例脑卒中后肩痛患者分为观察组及对照组,每组38例。2组患者均给予常规康复干预（包括对症药物治疗、针灸、物理因子治疗及偏瘫肢体综合训练等）,观察组患者同时辅以高频超声引导下药物注射治疗,对照组患者则按照解剖定位徒手进行药物注射治疗。于治疗前、治疗2周及4周后分别采用疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS)、通用（关节）量角器、改良Barthel指数(MBI)及Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)上肢部分（FMA-U）对2组患者进行疗效评定。 结果 治疗2周后2组患者疼痛VAS评分、肩关节ROM均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且观察组患者疼痛VAS评分［(1.9±0.9)分］、肩关节ROM亦显著优于对照组水平（P<0.05）;治疗4周后2组患者疼痛VAS评分、肩关节ROM、MBI评分及FMA-U评分均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且观察组患者疼痛VAS评分［(1.7±0.6)分］、肩关节ROM、MBI评分［(66.7±11.4)分］及FMA-U评分［(41.6±7.7)分］亦显著优于对照组水平（P<0.05）。 结论 与徒手定位注射治疗比较,在常规干预基础上辅以超声引导下注射治疗能进一步缓解脑卒中后肩痛患者疼痛病情,改善肩部活动功能,对提高患者生活质量具有重要意义。     

超声引导下滑囊及肱二头肌长头腱鞘注射消炎镇痛液治疗肩周炎效果观察

目的探讨经超声引导下于肩峰下滑囊及肱二头肌长头腱鞘内注射消炎镇痛液治疗肩周炎的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2016年3月至2017年10月70例肩周炎患者的临床资料,随机分为两组,每组35例。研究组经超声引导下于肩峰下滑囊、肱二头肌长头腱鞘内注射消炎镇痛液,对照组采用传统解剖标志法于肩峰下滑囊、肱二头肌长头腱鞘内注射消炎镇痛液,比较两组肩关节功能及VAS评分。结果研究组治疗后肩关节功能评分均高于对照组,VAS评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经超声引导下于滑囊、肱二头肌长头腱鞘注射消炎镇痛液治疗肩周炎,可有效改善肩关节功能,缓解疼痛。     

浮针灌注疗法联合关节松动术对脑卒中偏瘫肩痛的影响

目的:观察浮针灌注疗法联合关节松动术对脑卒中偏瘫肩痛的影响。方法:选取2019年2—12月在山东省立第三医院康复医学科住院治疗的脑卒中偏瘫肩痛患者90例,按随机数字表法分为对照组、浮针组和综合组,每组30例。对照组仅给予常规康复训练,包括良肢位摆放、预防二次损伤、主动或助动的功能锻炼、低频电刺激、上肢日常生活活动能力模拟训练等,25 min/次,1次/d,5次/周,持续治疗4周。浮针组在对照组基础上给予浮针灌注治疗,肩关节前部疼痛明显时,患肌一般在肘关节远心端5 cm处,肩关节中间或后侧疼痛明显时,患肌一般在三角肌后下缘附近;以患肌作为进针点,针尖朝向肩关节,针体刺入疏松结缔组织后进行弧形扫散,频率100次/min,每组扫散1 min,每次做3组;每组扫散后要求患者主动或助动活动肩关节10次,活动方向和范围以引起轻度疼痛为佳,留针24 h,2次/周,持续治疗4周。综合组在浮针组基础上给予肩关节松动治疗,25 min/次,1次/d,5次/周,肩关节松动治疗先以1~2级手法改善肩关节疼痛,再以3~4级手法松解粘连,包括沿长轴分离和牵拉肩关节以缓解疼痛,滑动以松解关节囊,摆动以维持和扩大关节活动度,采取达到而不超过痛点的原则,每种手法重复3~4次。于治疗前、治疗4周后,分别采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评定肩关节疼痛程度,采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分量表(FMA)评定上肢运动功能,采用改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力,采用量角器测量患者肩关节被动关节活动度(PROM)。结果:治疗前,3组VAS评分、FMA评分、MBI评分和肩关节PROM比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与治疗前比较,3组治疗4周后VAS评分明显降低,FMA评分、MBI评分和肩关节PROM均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,浮针组和综合组的VAS评分明显降低,FMA评分、MBI评分和肩关节PROM均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与浮针组比较,综合组VAS评分明显更低,FMA、MBI评分和肩关节PROM均明显更高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:浮针灌注疗法联合关节松动术能有效减轻脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛,改善上肢运动功能和日常生活活动能力,值得临床推广。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.