血小板糖蛋白GPⅠbαvWF结合域在酵母中的表达鉴定

目的：实现重组糖蛋白GPⅠbα vWF结合域在巴氏毕赤酵母中的表达。方法：PCR从重组质粒pcDNA3．1-GPⅠbα中扩增GPⅠbα vWF结合域基因,以pPIC9k为表达载体,构建包含该目的基因的酵母重组质粒,转染毕赤酵母GS115,以G418筛选抗性克隆,甲醇诱导表达,SDS-PAGE与点印迹鉴定表达产物。结果：获得编码正确的重组质粒pPIC9k-GF302,电转化GS115,以G418筛选到阳性克隆,诱导表达培养上清进行点印迹,结果表明表达蛋白能够与抗GPⅠbα单克隆抗体结合。结论：获得了表达重组蛋白质GPⅠbα vWF结合域的巴氏毕赤酵母菌株以及重组蛋白质GP302。     

重组人α-半乳糖苷酶A在CHO细胞中的表达及鉴定

目的 构建重组人α-半乳糖苷酶A(GLA)真核表达载体,并在中华仓鼠卵巢细胞CHO中表达重组的人GLA.方法 利用RT-PCR方法从人肝癌细胞中克隆人GLA cDNA,并构建到哺乳动物细胞表达载体pcDNA3.1/myc-His A中.将重组质粒转染CHO细胞并用G418筛选.用丁酸钠诱导G418抗性细胞,检测培养上清中的GLA活性,筛选高表达GLA的细胞株.采用HisTrapTM FF纯化培养上清中的GLA蛋白并利用Western 印迹进行鉴定.结果 成功构建了哺乳动物细胞表达载体pcDNA3.1/myc-His A-GLA,并在中华仓鼠卵巢细胞CHO中表达,得到高表达量的单克隆(蛋白比活为1935 U/mg).纯化后的培养上清在50×103(Mr)附近出现单一条带,通过Western 印迹确定为GLA蛋白.结论 成功构建了真核表达载体pcDNA3.1/myc-His A-GLA,获得了具有生物活性的重组人GLA,为临床上治疗法布莱病奠定了一定基础.     

人GDNF-TAT真核表达载体的构建及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

目的：在毕赤酵母中表达带有TAT多肽的人胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（glial cell line-derived neurotro-phic factor,GDNF）,为探讨GDNF-TAT用于帕金森病的治疗奠定基础。方法：用密码子优化法合成人GDNF基因序列连在pPICZαA,用PCR方法分别在上游引入TAT位点与XbaⅠ酶切位点,下游设计扩增pPICZαA上的α-因子序列。然后插入pPICZαA载体中,转化大肠杆菌TOP10,筛选阳性克隆,对其进行PCR和双酶切并测序鉴定,构建GDNF-TAT在毕赤酵母表达质粒pPICZαA-GDNF-TAT。电击转化毕赤酵母GS115,对阳性克隆进行诱导表达后经SDS-PAGE和Western印迹鉴定目的蛋白。结果：双酶切pPICZαA-GDNF-TAT后,琼脂糖电泳可分别见到大小约为3.1kb和432bp片段,表明目的片段已插入载体中,经序列测定其含有完整的GDNF-TAT基因片段,Western印迹结果显示含有pPICZαA-GDNF-TAT的毕赤酵母GS115能分泌表达GDNF-TAT。结论：成功构建了毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA-GDNF-TAT,并能在毕赤酵母GS115中分泌表达GDNF-TAT。     

乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白反式激活SV40病毒早期启动子的研究

聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增HBV X基因,克隆至真核表达载体pVR1012中,构建HBV X基因重组表达载体pVR102-X;以该质粒转染HepG2细胞,酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测细胞X蛋白的瞬时表达,与报告质粒pSV-lacZ共转染H G2爱细胞,用试剂盒法检测β-半乳糖苷酶表达活性。结果质粒pVR102-X在HepG2细胞瞬时表达X蛋白,共转染实验中pVR102-X组β-半乳糖苷酶的表达是空质粒对照的3．2倍。表明构建的表达载体能在哺乳动物细胞中表,并能够反式激活SV40病毒早期启动子。     

稳定表达人MAGE-1基因的小鼠细胞系的建立与鉴定

目的：克隆人黑素瘤抗原-1（MAGE-1）基因，构建真核表达载体，建立稳定表达人MAGE-1的小鼠细胞株。方法：提取人肝癌细胞的总RNA，RT-PCR法获得人MAGE-1cDNA，将测序正确的MAGE-1基因克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA3中，进行酶切鉴定和序列测定。将重组质粒pcDNA／MAGE和空载体pcDNA3分别转染入小鼠骨髓瘤细胞SP2／0中，经G418筛选获得稳定表达株，用RT-PCR和Western印迹检测MAGE-1基因的转录及蛋白表达。结果：从肝癌细胞中成功克隆到人MAGE-1基因，经测序证明基因正确，酶切和序列测定表明，人MAGE-1基因的真核表达质粒已成功构建。将此重组质粒转入的SP2／0细胞可稳定表达人MAGE-1基因。结论：成功构建可稳定表达人MAGE-1基因的小鼠转基因细胞，为MAGE-1的免疫治疗研究奠定了基础。     

人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-免疫球蛋白G1 Fc融合蛋白在糖基工程化毕赤酵母中的表达

目的在糖基工程化毕赤酵母中表达人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-免疫球蛋白G1 Fc融合蛋白（tumor necrosis factor receptor-immunoglobulin G1 Fc fusion,TNFR-Fc）,考察糖基工程化过程对其活性的影响。方法将编码TNFR-Fc的cDNA序列插入毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC6αA中,构建重组表达质粒pPIC6-TF。用表达质粒转染N-糖基化工程改造的毕赤酵母菌株GSB,在含有杀稻瘟菌素的YPD平板上进行筛选。然后再使用HRP标记的羊抗人IgG在醋酸-硝酸纤维素双层膜上进行斑点印迹（dot-blot）筛选。选择表达量较高的工程菌株TNFR-Fc/GSB57进行高密度培养,通过Protein A亲和层析从发酵上清中纯化融合蛋白,利用鼠L929细胞对融合蛋白的抗TNFα活性进行分析。结果通过筛选获得了表达人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-Fc融合蛋白的表达菌株,纯化后的TNFR-Fc融合蛋白拮抗TNFα的EC50高于野生型毕赤酵母表达产物,而低于哺乳动物细胞的表达产物。结论糖基化改造改善了人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-Fc融合蛋白的抗TNFα活性,但必须进行进一步的改造才可能获得与哺乳动物细胞表达产物相似的活性。     

A型肉毒毒素保护性抗原在酵母细胞中的表达与抗原性分析

目的：在酵母系统中实现A型肉毒毒素(BoNTa)Hc基因的可溶性分泌表达。方法：将Hc基因克隆入表达载体pPIC9K，用SacⅠ将重组质粒线性化，电转化巴氏毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115细胞，筛选G418抗性阳性整合子，进行Mut^ 表型株甲醇快速利用诱导。结果：经过体外高拷贝整合子的筛选和诱导表达条件的优化，毒素Hc在pH6．5培养基BMMY中实现稳定的分泌表达，最终筛选到蛋白表达量占上清蛋白10％的分泌高表达株。免疫印迹和酶联免疫检测结果显示，重组BoNTa Hc可以识别特异抗肉毒马血清并具良好的特异结合活性，可以诱导小鼠产生特异性抗体。结论：酵母系统来源的具有良好免疫原性的重组BoNTa保护性抗原可以作为有效的候选重组疫苗分子。     

人类维甲酸受体α的克隆表达

目的：构建人类维甲酸受体α基因的高效表达系统。方法：提取人肝组织总RNA，RT-PCR扩增Retinoid X receptor α（RXRα）的cDNA。将其克隆入原核表达载体pETDuet-1，构建重组表达载体pETDuet-1／RXRα。将已构建好的表达载体pETDuet-1／RXRα重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21，异丙基硫代-8-D-半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达，Western Blot鉴定表达产物。结果：重组载体pETDuet-1／RXRα经限制性核酸内切酶BglⅡ和AatⅡ双酶切鉴定，得到符合预期大小的核酸片段。SDS-PAGE可见与预期大小相符的蛋白条带，Western Blot证实该条带即为RXRα。并对重组质粒pETDuet-1／RXRα在BL21菌株的表达效率进行评价，目的蛋白占菌体总蛋白的百分比为65．8％。结论：成功建立了pETDuet-1／RXRα的高效表达系统。     

人层黏连蛋白α4链LG1-3组件的克隆及酵母表达

目的:利用巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统获得重组的人层黏连蛋白LG1-3组件蛋白,为进一步研究LG1-3的结构和功能间的关系奠定基础。方法:利用RT-PCR从人胎盘组织总RNA中扩增LG1-3组件cDNA,并重组入pPICZαA,电转化入毕赤酵母GS115,利用甲醇诱导表达目的蛋白。结果和结论:获得了1 800 bp LG1-3组件cDNA,利用体外定点突变将SacⅠ酶切位点GAGCTC突变为GAGCGC,经SDS-PAGE和W estern印迹检测到相对分子质量为67.48×103的LG1-3组件蛋白的表达。     

酵母系统表达的重组人亲肝素性促轴突生长因子及其活性的测定

目的：研究酵母系统表达人亲肝素性促轴突生长因子（heparin-binding neurite-promoting factor,HNBF)的活性,并观察其对体外培养细胞的促轴突生长作用。方法：从18周流产的人胎脑组织提取总RNA,利用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）获得HNBF的编码基因,扩增后与表达载体pPIC9K重组,鉴定筛选得到含HBNF cDNA基因的阳性克隆。用此重组表达载体通过电穿孔法转化毕赤酵母菌株GS115,在不含组氨酸的选择性含糖基础培养基（MD）平板上筛选His 表型,利用G418抗药性筛选多拷贝酵母菌重组子,PCR鉴定含有HNBF cDNA基因与酵母染色体基因组整合的菌株。阳性克隆经甲醇诱导后获得重组人HBNF（hrHNBF)在培养液中的分泌表达。将层析纯化的表达产物加入体外培养的大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤（PC12）细胞株,观察其促轴突生长作用。结果：目的基因序列与基因库资料完全一致,目的基因在该载体中位于α因子分泌信号序列的下游,与α因子开放阅读框相连。SDS－PGAE蛋白电泳证实诱导表达的产物相对分子质量约为18000,它对培养的PC12细胞株具有促轴突生长作用。结论：通过毕赤酵母菌可以稳定地表达hrHNBF,而且表达产物hrHNBF具有促进神经轴突生长的生物学活性。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.