Mirizzi综合征的临床诊治分析

目的总结Mirizzi综合征的诊断与治疗特点。方法对所收集经手术证实的24例Miriz-zi综合征患者资料进行回顾性分析。结果24例均采用手术治疗。Csendes分型：Ⅰ型18例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型2例。手术方式分别采用胆囊大部分切除、胆囊切除、胆囊切除加胆总管或肝总管探查或胆肠内引流术。其中18例获随访,随访时间3～6年,全部治愈。结论Mirizzi综合征术前诊断较困难,B超结合ERCP、PTC检查可提高术前确诊率。治疗应根据不同类型选择适当的手术方式。     

Mirizzi综合征诊治体会

目的 探讨Mirizzi综合征的诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析12例经手术证实的Mirizzi综合征患者的临床资料.结果 12例患者中Ⅰ型5例、Ⅱ型4例、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型3例,分别行胆囊切除或部分切除5例(其中腹腔镜胆囊切除术3例),胆囊胆管瘘口修补,胆管切开T管引流术4例,肝总管或胆总管与空肠Roux-en-Y吻合3例.均治愈.结论 B超是诊断Mirizzi综合征首选的检查方法,ERCP、MRCP有助于提高术前诊断率.手术方式应依据病理分型而定.     

Mirizzi综合征的诊断体会及治疗经验

目的总结Mirizzi综合征的诊断和治疗经验及教训、探讨其临床特点。讨论Mirizzi综合征的诊断和治疗方法。方法对经手术证实的32例Mirizzi综合征的临床资料进行回顾性分析，分析其临床特点及手术方法。结果I型15例，行单纯胆囊切除；Ⅱ型9例和Ⅲ型4例，9例行胆囊切除胆管修补T管引流，3例行胆总管-空肠吻合术；Ⅳ型4例，2例行胆囊切除术，2例行胆囊切除，肝总管-空肠Roux-y吻合术。32例中12例行腹腔镜手术，9例术中解剖困难、出血，中转开腹，3例术中损伤胆总管，术后发现再次手术，行Roux-y吻合术：择期手术26例，6例行急诊手术。随访时间平均6．1年。结论Mirizzi综合征术前诊断困难，治疗应根据不同类型选择适当的手术方式，行腹腔镜术中发现此病应及时改为开腹手术，腹腔镜不是Mirizzi综合征的适应证。     

Mirizzi综合征12例诊治分析

目的探讨Mirizzi综合征的诊断方法及外科手术治疗方式。方法对1993年1月～2002年12月诊治的12例Mi鄄rizzi综合征的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果12例均采用手术治疗,手术方式分别为胆囊切除或部分切除、直接瘘口修补、胆囊切除加胆总管或肝总管探查或胆肠内引流术,全部病人均治愈出院。结论Mirizzi综合征术前诊断困难,内镜逆行性胰胆管道造影(ERCP)及B超等多种影像学技术是术前明确诊断的主要手段。依据Mirizzi综合征的不同病理类型,选择不同的手术方式。     

Mirizzi综合征的诊治分析43例

目的 探讨Mirizzi综合征的临床特点及合理的诊治方法.方法 对43例经手术证实的Mirizzi综合征的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 43例均采用手术治疗,手术方式分别采用胆囊次全切除和胆囊切除术、胆囊切除加直接瘘口修补或胆囊壁补片修补、胆囊切除加胆总管或肝总管探查T型管引流术、Roux-en-Y胆肠内引流术.所有患者均治愈出院,无围手术期死亡.结论 对不同类型的Mirizzi综合征应采取不同的手术方法.Mirizzi综合征临床类型不一,术前诊断困难,需借助多种影像学技术,术前明确诊断可减少Mirizzi综合征术中胆道损伤的发生率.     

Mirizzi 综合征诊断与治疗

目的探讨Mirizzi 综合征的病理特点、临床表现、诊断及外科治疗.方法分析1993～2003年收集的16例Mirizzi综合征的临床资料.结果16例均采用手术治疗.手术方式采用单纯胆囊切除、胆囊切除加胆总管或肝总管探查、切开取石,T管引流术或胆肠内引流术.结论术前诊断困难,应及时手术,并根据不同类型采用相应手术方式.     

Mirizzi综合征26例临床分析

目的 探讨Mirizzi综合征的病理特点及合理的诊断治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析26例经手术确诊的Mirizzi综合征的临床资料.结果 26例均采用手术治疗,其中行胆囊大部分切除术7例,胆囊切除或胆囊大部分切除加胆总管探查、T管引流术17例,其中加瘘口修补术2例,胆肠吻合术2例.结论 Mirizzi综合征术前诊断困难,术中易致胆管损伤,应根据不同的病理分类采取不同的手术方式.     

Mirizzi综合征的临床诊断与治疗分析

目的探讨Mirizzi综合征的诊断与外科处理方法。方法回顾分析28例Mirizzi综合征患者的诊断、分型、手术方法等临床资料。结果28例Mirizzi综合征患者，术前确诊1例，术中确诊27例。I型4例，Ⅱ型14例，Ⅲ型8例，Ⅳ型2例。3例行胆囊切除术，1例行胆囊大部分切除术，3例行胆囊切除、胆囊瓣瘘口修补术，18例行胆囊切除、胆总管探查、瘘口修补、T管引流术；胆囊切除、胆肠吻合术3例。术后恢复良好，随访无严重并发症。结论重视Mirizzi综合征的术前诊断和术中辨认，B超结合MRCP／ERCP检查可以提高Mirizzi综合征的术前确诊率，手术容易损伤胆管，手术方式应根据病理损伤程度决定。     

Mirizzi综合征10例诊治分析

目的探讨Mirizzi综合征的诊断、分型及治疗方法。方法回顾分析10例Mirizzi综合征的临床资料,探讨其临床特点和手术方法。结果 10例患者均经开腹手术治疗,术前确诊1例。CsendesI型7例,行胆囊切除术或胆囊切除＋T管引流术;CsendesⅡ型3例,行胆囊切除＋瘘口修补＋T管引流术,术中无胆管损伤发生,术后患者均痊愈。结论 B超及MRCP可提高术前诊断率。治疗应根据不同类型选择适当的手术方式。     

Mirizzi综合征26例诊治体会

目的　总结Mirizzi综合征的诊断治疗经验。方法　对 2 6例经手术证实的Mirizzi综合征的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　术前确诊Mirizzi综合征 3例 ,胆囊切除胆管修补T管引流 5例 ,胆囊切除肝胆管空肠Roux -en -Y吻合 3例。其中在腹腔镜手术中发现Mirizzi综合征 8例 ,中转开腹 2例。结论　Mirizzi综合征术前诊断较困难 ,确诊率低 ,提高对本病的认识有重要的意义。根据不同的类型选择适当的手术方式。腹腔镜治疗Mirizzi综合征是安全可靠的 ,但对术者要求较高     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.