非生物人工肝支持系统治疗重型病毒性肝炎的临床观察

目的 探讨非生物人工肝支持系统对重型病毒性肝炎的临床疗效和安全性。方法 对76例重型病毒性肝炎患者应用人工肝治疗185人次,观察治疗前后患者临床症状、肝功能、血氨、内毒素、凝血酶原活动度和不良反应,并选择63例病情相似重型病毒性肝炎患者常规治疗作对照组。结果 76例重型肝炎患者人工肝治疗后临床症状明显改善。冶疗组近期存活率为67.1％,对照组为31.7％。血转氨酶从(183.36±78.46)U/L下降至(79.42±64.30)U/L(P<0.01),血总胆红素从(310.15±90.24)umol/L下降至(145.26±50.76)umol/L(P<0.01),血氨从(119.42±65.20)ug/dl下降至(77.08±36.38)ug/dl(P<0.01),内毒素从(59±12.53)ng/dl下降至(29±7.32)ng/dl(P<0.01),凝血酶原活动度从(16±5.3)％上升至(32±7.2)％(P<0.05)。人工肝冶疗中不良反应发生率为36.75％。结论 非生物人工肝支持系统能明显改善重型肝炎患者的临床症状和生化指标,提高存活率,人工肝支持系统对于重型肝炎是安全有效的。     

人工肝支持系统治疗重型肝炎临床观察

目的　探索人工肝支持系统 (ALSS)治疗重型肝炎的临床疗效和机制。方法　对 6 3例重型肝炎患者应用ALSS治疗 ,并检测治疗前、后肝肾功能 ,内毒素含量等 ,比较重型肝炎不同类型及时期应用ALSS的治疗效果。结果　ALSS治疗后 ,重型肝炎患者肝肾功能明显改善 ,血内毒素由治疗前 (6 0 .2 7± 10 .5 4)ng/L降至治疗后 (2 8.33± 6 .5 7)ng/L(P <0 .0 0 1) ,但 3d后又升至 (44 .18± 8.2 2 )ng/L。急性亚急性重型肝炎应用ALSS治疗治愈好转率分别为 10 0 %、6 2 .5 %,慢性重型肝炎早、中、晚期治疗治愈好转率分别为 90 .91%、72 .2 2 %、39.13%。结论　ALSS治疗重型肝炎疗效可靠 ,急性亚急性重型肝炎的治疗效果较好 ,慢性重型肝炎在早、中期治疗最为适宜。     

人工肝支持系统治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的疗效观察

目的：观察人工肝支持系统治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的疗效。方法：177名患者分成治疗组和对照组，治疗组在综合药物治疗的基础上加用人工肝支持系统，而对照组只采用药物治疗。观察二组患者临床症状、肝功能、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)及各期存活率。结果：治疗组在临床症状、肝功能、PT、PTA等指标的改善上明显优于对照组(P<0．05)；治疗组早、中期存活率明显优于对照组(P<0．05)。结论：联合人工肝支持系统能明显提高药物治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的疗效。     

探讨人工肝支持治疗对判断重型肝炎患者预后的临床意义

目的 观察161例经人工肝治疗的重症肝炎患者的转归,探讨人工肝治疗对判断患者预后的临床意义。方法 161例重症肝炎肝功能衰竭患者各行血浆置换(plasma exchange,PE)、胆红素特异性吸附(bilirubin specific adsorption,BSA)、活性炭灌流(hemoperfusion,HP)、分子吸附循环系统(molecular adsorbent recy—cling system,MARS)、组合型生物人工肝(hybrid bioartificial liver,HBL)、人工肝治疗,平均治疗2.7次。于治疗前、治疗中、治疗后分4个不同时段取血分别测肝功能、血氨、凝血酶原活动度及血清内毒素水乎,并观察临床症状及体征变化。结果 20例治疗前伴肝性脑病患者昏迷程度减轻。与治疗前比较,患者血清总胆红素及内毒素水平明显降低(P<0.01),凝血酶原活动度及胆碱脂酶显著升高(P<0.O1和P<0.05)。92例患者痊愈,33例成功的实施肝移植,其余36例分别死于严重感染者、消化道大出血和肝肾综合征,存活率为77.64％。结论 人工肝可能作为治疗重型肝炎肝衰竭的有效方法之一,并作为判断患者能否自然恢复或必须进行肝移植的主要指标。     

慢性肺源性心脏病患者血浆神经降压素、神经肽Y的研究

目的研究慢性肺源性心脏病(肺心病)患者发病不同时期血浆神经降压素(NT)、神经肽Y(NPY)水平的变化,探讨其与慢性肺心病发病过程的关系。方法采用放射免疫方法(RIA)测定慢性肺心病急性加重期、稳定期各40例血浆中NT、NPY浓度变化,并选择40例健康者作为对照组。结果慢性肺心病急性加重期NT、NPY水平明显高于对照组[NT(149±31)ng/Lvs(59±20)ng/L,P<0.01;NPY(253±75)ng/Lvs(103±18)ng/L,P<0.01],慢性肺心病稳定期NT[(63±24)ng/L]、NPY[(98±20)ng/L]水平与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论慢性肺心病急性加重期NT、NPY水平明显升高,提示NT、NPY参与了慢性肺源性心脏病的病理生理过程。     

人工肝血浆置换治疗慢性重型肝炎疗效观察与护理

目的观察人工肝血浆置换治疗慢性重型肝炎的临床疗效及总结护理体会。方法92例慢性重型肝炎患者随机分为对照组(n=52)及治疗组(n=40)。对照组给予常规内科治疗,在此基础上对治疗组进行血浆置换治疗。观察治疗前后患者临床症状的变化,测定血液肝肾功、凝血酶原活动度及电解质变化。对比两组存活率。总结护理注意要点。结果经治疗后患者临床症状显著改善(P<0.05);患者胆红素明显降低(P<0.05);白蛋白、胆碱酯酶、凝血酶原活动度明显增加(P<0.05);电解质紊乱明显改善(P<0.05);而对肾功影响不明显。未出现严重并发症。治疗组存活率明显高于对照组(P<0.05);其中早、中期患者存活率高于对照组(P<0.05),而晚期存活率比较无显著性差异。结论在常规内科治疗基础上加用人工肝血浆置换是治疗慢性重型肝炎的一种安全有效的肝脏替代治疗方法,且在病程早期进行效果较好。     

人工肝血浆置换术治疗重型肝炎的疗效观察及护理

[目的]观察人工肝血浆置换术治疗慢性重型肝炎的临床疗效.[方法]102例重型肝炎病人在护肝、降酶、退黄等综合治疗的基础上进行血浆置换治疗,观察治疗前后肝肾功能、电解质、凝血功能的变化及临床症状如乏力、食欲缺乏、腹胀等改善情况.[结果]治疗后病人的总胆红素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬酸氨基转移酶(AST)较治疗前下降(P＜0.01),凝血酶原时间(PT)缩短,凝血酶原活动度升高,临床症状改善,治疗总有效率为81.4%,慢性重型肝炎早期疗效明显优于中期(P＜0.01),且病人无明显不良反应.[结论]在综合治疗基础上加用人工肝血浆置换能提高有效率,减少并发症的发生.     

人工肝支持系统在治疗重型肝炎中的临床应用

目的探索人工肝支持系统(ALSS)治疗重型肝炎的临床疗效和机制.方法对71例重型肝炎患者在综合疗法的基础上给予ALSS治疗,观察治疗前后临床表现,监测治疗前后肝功能、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、内毒素及一氧化氮(NO)水平.并比较重型肝炎不同类型及时期应用ALSS的治疗效果.结果重型肝炎患者在ALSS治疗后,肝功能明显改善,白蛋白、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)较治疗前明显提高,TNF-α、内毒素及NO水平明显下降.急性、慢性重型肝炎应用ALSS治疗治愈好转率分别为61.5%、25.6%,慢性重型肝炎早、中、晚期治疗治愈好转率分别为72%、42%、0%.结论ALSS治疗重型肝炎疗效可靠,急性重型肝炎的治疗效果较好,慢性重型肝炎在早、中期治疗最为适宜,并能降低TNF-α、内毒素及NO等病理成分,从而减轻重型肝炎时免疫反应对肝细胞的损伤,能明显提高其生存率.ALSS后生化监测和临床表现能提示预后.     

人工肝支持系统治疗慢性重型肝炎临床分析

目的 :评价联合应用人工肝支持系统治疗慢性重型肝炎的临床疗效。方法 :联合应用持续缓慢式血液滤过透析 (CHDF)和血浆置换 (PE) ,对 13例慢性重型病毒性肝炎患者进行人工肝支持治疗评价疗效。结果 :13例进行人工肝治疗的患者 ,中毒症状明显好转 ,血清总胆红素下降 ,凝血酶原时间缩短 ,血氨 ,内毒素 ,白介素 6 (IL 6 ) ,肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)明显下降 ,电解质紊乱纠正 ,肾功能好转 ,经统计学处理有显著意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :人工肝支持系统联合CHDF PE对重型病毒性肝炎肝功能衰竭有明显的支持治疗作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.