UPLC-MS/MS法同时检测人血浆中美托洛尔和曲美他嗪浓度

目的:建立同时检测人血浆中美托洛尔和曲美他嗪浓度的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法,应用于临床美托洛尔和曲美他嗪血药浓度监测.方法:血浆采用甲醇沉淀蛋白方法处理后进样分析,以苯佐卡因为内标,色谱柱为Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.7 μm),...     

奥拉西坦胶囊中主要未知杂质的鉴定及其含量测定

目的:鉴定奥拉西坦胶囊中的主要未知杂质并测定其含量,进而提高该制剂的质量控制标准。方法:采用超高效二维液相色谱-离子阱-飞行时间质谱法对该未知杂质进行定性分析。一维液相色谱分析采用ST PAK C18ES柱,流动相为0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钠溶液,流速为0.5 mL/min,柱温为30℃,进样量为20μL,检测波长为210 nm;二维液相色谱分析采用Techmate C18-STⅡ柱,流动相为0.02 mol/L醋酸铵溶液,流速为0.5 mL/min,柱温为30℃,并采用质谱检测(电喷雾离子源,正、负离子模式数据采集)。通过一维液相色谱对目标杂质成分进行定位后,转入二维液相色谱-质谱系统进行定性分析。采用色谱工作站中的分子式预测模块"Accurate Mass Calculator"对该未知杂质结构进行推断;经制备纯化获得杂质精制品,并进行标化和结构确证。采用高效液相色谱法对该杂质含量进行测定(同定性分析的一维色谱条件)。结果:奥拉西坦胶囊中的主要未知杂质为奥拉西坦酸;经制备纯化后获得的杂质精制品含量为99.5%。9批奥拉西坦胶囊中奥拉西坦酸的含量为0.05%～0.14%。结论:所...     

HPLC-DAD-MS鉴定注射用雷贝拉唑钠杂质及其特征谱研究

目的利用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器-质谱联用方法对注射用雷贝拉唑钠中杂质成分进行分析和结构推断。方法采用CenturySIL C18 BDS色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以磷酸盐缓冲液(磷酸氢二钠1.119 g和磷酸二氢钠0.179 g水溶液)-乙腈(体积比60∶40)为流动相,检测波长286 nm,流速1.0 mL·min-1,柱温(35±0.15)℃,进样量10μL,检测雷贝拉唑钠及其杂质;通过DAD检测器和质谱,获得在线紫外光谱图和质谱数据。结果通过在线紫外光谱图和质谱结果推断出可能含有的杂质结构,并测定了主要杂质含量限度。结论高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器-质谱联用技术可用于注射用雷贝拉唑钠中杂质的定性推断和定量测定。     

LC-MS分离鉴定头孢地嗪热降解的异构体杂质

目的:建立应用高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术快速鉴定头孢地嗪中异构体杂质的方法。方法:以5 mmol.L-1醋酸铵溶液-乙腈为流动相,经C18柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)分离,通过串联ESI质谱在线检测,获得相关的色谱和质谱信息。结果:在所建立的条件下,头孢地嗪及其异构体杂质获得有效分离,头孢地嗪、反式异构体及Δ3异构体的保留时间分别为11.38,14.26,10.95 min,通过质谱中特征碎片离子的差异可区分反式异构体及Δ3异构体。结论:本法可快速、准确地分离鉴定头孢地嗪中的反式和Δ3异构体杂质,进而可以对药品质量进行质量控制。     

联合使用反相液相色谱,柱切换以及两性离子交换-反相亲水性相互作用混合模式色谱-质谱法分析抗生素中的杂质

建立并优化了一种二维柱切换、高效液相色谱-质谱联用（LC-MS/MS）系统,用于分析抗生素及其有关物质。在一维色谱中,采用两性离子交换-反相亲水性相互作用（ZIC-RP-HILIC）混合模式色谱柱对目标杂质进行分离,并采用液质联用技术（LC-MS/MS）进行检测。在二维色谱中,采用常规的反相LC色谱柱对供试品及其杂质进行分析。ZIC-RP-HILIC混合模式色谱系统的流动相为一种适用于LC-MS/MS的可挥发性缓冲盐,能够提高杂质的离子化效率,便于对目标杂质进行结构解析。直接采用ZIC-RP-HILIC-MS系统,对使用离子对反相色谱分离的抗生素杂质进行定性分析。ZIC-RP-HILIC混合模式色谱与反相LC色谱系统之间的正交性,进一步保证了杂质检测的全面性。此方法的优势体现在对青霉素V钾,苯唑青霉素钠、头孢曲松钠的杂质分析中。另外,该方法便于进行抗生素的杂质谱分析,并可用于其它药物的杂质分析。     

LC-MS/MS法分析和鉴定抗肿瘤药MTC-220原料药中的杂质

目的:分析和鉴定抗肿瘤新药MTC-220中的杂质结构。方法:采用液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS/MS)法,根据降解反应机制设计合理的加速破坏条件,制备杂质含量较高的受试样品;以10mmol·L-1乙酸铵-乙腈-甲醇为流动相,采用C18柱分离和电喷雾串联质谱正离子检测模式,对MTC-220及紫外光照和碱破坏样品进行LC-MS/MS测定,推导MTC-220的降解途径,鉴定杂质结构。结果:MTC-220原料药中检测到3个杂质,经鉴定分别为MTC-220异构体、紫杉醇和反应副产物。结论:对MTC-220中的3个杂质成功地进行了结构鉴定。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法分析黄藤素及其主要杂质

目的采用超高效液相色谱-质谱法(UPLC-ESI-MS)分析黄藤素中的有效成分及其主要杂质并对其结构进行确证。方法色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液(15∶85);离子源:ESI离子源;扫描模式:正离子扫描。结果通过串联三重四极杆一级、二级质谱图的分析对黄藤素的结构进行了确证并推断出了2个主要杂质的结构。结论检测结果对黄藤素原料药的结构确证、杂质分析、质量控制和制备工艺的改进具有重要作用。     

2D-LC-IT-TOF-MS/MS联用Cef-SEC法测定注射用盐酸头孢吡肟中的多聚体杂质

目的:建立高效分子排阻色谱法(Cef-SEC)测定注射用盐酸头孢吡肟中的多聚体杂质,并应用在线脱盐-高效液相色谱-离子阱-飞行时间质谱联用技术(2D-LC-IT-TOF-MS/MS)对检出的四个杂质进行鉴定.方法:色谱柱:SRT-Cef-SEC(300 mm×7.8 mm,5μm);流动相:5 mmol·L-1磷酸盐缓...     

马来酸咪达唑仑片有关物质的液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-质谱分析

目的:对马来酸咪达唑仑片的有关物质进行分析。方法:采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-质谱联用法。PhenomenexGemini C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×100 mm,3μm);乙腈-10 mmol.L-1乙酸铵(乙酸调节pH值为4.5)(50∶50)为流动相;流速1.0mL.min-1,柱后分流;进样量10μL;DAD检测器,检测波长254 nm。质谱离子源为ESI,雾化气压力30 Pa,干燥气流量8 L.min-1,干燥温度350℃,质谱扫描质量范围50～1 200。采用全扫描一级质谱(full scan)和选择离子全扫描二级质谱(fullscan MS/MS)两种方式同时测定。结果:确证了马来酸咪达唑仑片中的两个主要杂质的结构。结论:两个主要杂质的结构的鉴定有助于马来酸咪达唑仑及马来酸咪达唑仑片的质量提高。     

液质联用技术用于醋酸阿托西班注射液中杂质结构鉴定

目的:采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)、超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UPLC-Q Orbitrap MS)技术对醋酸阿托西班注射液中杂质结构进行鉴定。方法:HPLC法采用Inertsil ODS-2 C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm),流动相A为乙腈-甲醇-三氟乙酸溶液(pH 3.2)(15∶10∶75),流动相B为乙腈-甲醇(60∶40),梯度洗脱，流速1.2 mL·min^-1,检测波长220 nm。UPLC-Q Orbitrap MS法采用BEH300 C₁₈色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7μm),流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液(B),梯度洗脱，流速0.2 mL·min^-1;采用电喷雾离子源，选择正离子模式进行Full MS/dd-MS²扫描。结果:对5家企业各1批醋酸阿托西班注射液进行了有关物质测定，以面积归一化计算，含量>0.1%的杂质峰个数分别为9、10、13、9和6,总杂含量分别为0.35...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.