Comparison of outcomes among secondary covered metallic, uncovered metallic, and plastic biliary stents in treating occluded primary metallic stents in malignant distal biliary obstruction

Background  

The self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) has been widely used for unresectable malignant biliary obstruction but eventually becomes occluded by tumor ingrowth/overgrowth and sludge. Therefore, we aimed to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of secondary stents and to find differences according to various combinations of the first and second stents for the management of occluded SEMSs in patients with malignant distal biliary obstruction.     

Self-expandable metallic stents for malignant biliary obstruction with an anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction

Background Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction (APBJ) is associated with pancreaticobiliary cancer. Limited data are available on endoscopic biliary drainage for unresectable malignant biliary obstruction with APBJ. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of self-expandable metallic stents (EMSs) for the management of malignant biliary obstruction with APBJ. Methods Between 1993 and 2005, 324 patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction underwent insertion of an EMS. Six of these patients with concomitant APBJ constituted the subjects of this study. Early (≤30 days after EMS insertion) and late (>30 days after EMS insertion) stent-related complications and stent patency were evaluated in these six patients. Results The cause of biliary obstruction was gallbladder cancer in four patients and pancreatic cancer in two patients. Uncovered EMSs were inserted across the common channel without performance of a biliary sphincterotomy. The diameter of the uncovered EMS used was based on the diameter of the common channel. For all six patients, endoscopic biliary drainage was successful, and their jaundice subsided steadily. None of the six patients experienced early complications, including acute pancreatitis. The mean stent-related complication-free period was 163 days. Stent occlusion caused by tumor ingrowth occurred in two patients. Acute cholangitis and cholecystitis were observed in one patient each. Conclusions Uncovered EMSs are effective for palliation of unresectable malignant biliary obstruction in patients who have APBJ without increasing the risk of stent-related early complications.     

直肠支架在妇科肿瘤术后复发并梗阻中的应用

目的 初步评价直肠支架姑息性治疗妇科肿瘤术后复发并直肠梗阻的有效性。方法妇科肿瘤术后复发并直肠梗阻病例4例，卵巢癌和宫颈癌各2例，其中1例同时伴有直肠阴道瘘，在X线监视下经肛门放置自膨式覆膜镍钛合金金属支架。结果4例病例放置支架后，肠梗阻症状均即刻获得缓解，瘘道基本闭合，生活质量得到提高。结论经肛门放置自膨式覆膜金属支架，是姑息性治疗妇科肿瘤术后复发并直肠梗阻和直肠瘘的有效方法。     

Surgical correction of duodenal obstruction caused by malignant tumor

The results of treatment of 6 patients with duodenostasis, caused by cancer of the duodenum (2) and pancreas (3), metastasis of the sigmoid colon cancer (1) are analysed. Creation of duodenojejunoanastomosis with Brown's interintestinal stoma should be the obligatory condition of palliative operation. For diversion of the main food mass, the anterior gastroenteroanastomosis with Brown's interintestinal stoma was created.     

Comparison of efficacy between uncovered and covered self‐expanding metallic stents in malignant large bowel obstruction: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Aim Insertion of a self‐expandable metallic stent (SEMS) can rapidly relieve colorectal obstruction. This study aimed to compare the efficacy between uncovered and covered SEMSs in the treatment of malignant colorectal obstruction. Method A systematic search in Medline, Embase, the Cochrane controlled trials register and bibliographies of retrieved articles was performed. Randomized controlled trials and other comparative studies comparing uncovered and covered SEMSs for treatment of malignant colorectal obstruction were selected for this systematic review and meta‐analysis. The main outcome measures were technical success, clinical success, tumour ingrowth, tumour overgrowth, early migration (≤ 7 days), late migration (> 7 days), overall complications and the duration of stent patency. Results Compared with covered SEMSs, uncovered SEMSs were associated with a lower late migration rate (relative risk 0.25; 95% CI 0.08, 0.80; P = 0.02), a higher tumour ingrowth rate (relative risk 5.99; 95% CI 2.23, 16.10; P = 0.0004) and a prolonged stent patency (weighted mean difference 15.34 days; 95% CI 4.31, 26.37; P = 0.006). There was no significant difference in technical success, clinical success, tumour overgrowth, early migration, perforation or overall complications between the two groups. Conclusion Tumour ingrowth occurred more frequently in the uncovered SEMS group, while late migration was more common in the covered SEMS group.     

New generation urethral stents in treatment bladder outlet obstruction caused by prostate cancer

Our clinical trial included until now, 22 patients in whom new generation urethral stent named Allium, were inserted due to bladder outlet obstruction caused in 7 patients (pt) with benign prostate hyperplasia, in 13 pt with bulbar urethral stricture of different ethiology and in 2 pt with prostate cancer. Allium prostatic stents, designed by Daniel Yachia differs in some crucial characteristics from previously used stents: they are covered for the first time in urethra stenting history, without relatively low radiation force and because of that nonirritative. The indications, contraindications and preliminary results in this study are discussed concerning the patients with cancer of the prostate.     

Role of self-expandable metal stents in the palliation of malignant duodenal obstruction

Background: Palliative surgical intervention for malignant duodenal obstruction is often associated with a significant morbidity. Endoscopic enteral stenting offers a suitable alternative, that is safe, effective, and less invasive. This study reports our experience with the use of self-expanding metal stents in the palliation of malignant gastric duodenal obstruction. Methods: A retrospective review of all patients who underwent duodenal stenting from November 1998 to February 2001 was performed. All the patients had symptomatic gastric outlet and duodenal obstruction with nausea, vomiting, and decreased oral intake. All of them underwent enteral stenting with self-expandable metal Wallstents 20 or 22 mm in diameter and 6 or 9 cm long. Results: For this study, 33 patients (19 men and 14 women) with a mean age of 62 years (range, 37–81 years) were identified, 32 of whom had successful duodenal stent placement (6 were performed as outpatient surgery). The malignancies were pancreatic 18 (54%), gastric 4 (12%), duodenal 3 (9%), metastatic 6 (18%), and cholangiocarcinoma 2 (6%) disorders. The site of obstruction was pyloric (n = 5; 15%), pyloroduodenal (n = 3; 9%), duodenal bulb (n = 11; 33%), second portion of duodenum (n = 9; 27%), second and third portion of duodenum (n = 3; 9%), C-loop (n = 1; 3%), and anastomotic (n = 1; 3%). A total of 29 patients (91%) had good clinical outcomes, with relief of obstructive symptoms, Two of three patients with no symptomatic relief underwent gastrojejunostomy. One patient refused further treatment. No immediate stent-related complications were noted. During the follow-up period, 20 patients died (none as a result stent-related causes) due to progression of cancer. Median survival was 102 days. Four patients had recurrent obstruction (2 tumor ingrowths, 1 overgrowth, and 1 distally migrated stent) at a mean interval of 82 days. All four had successful restenting without complications. Conclusion: Self-expandable metal stents placed endoscopically provide a safe, less invasive palliative treatment option with good clinical outcome in the management of malignant gastric outlet–duodenal obstruction.     

Clinical outcome of simultaneous self-expandable metal stents for palliation of malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction

Background: Previous studies have shown that self-expanding metal stents are an effective method for palliation of malignant biliary or duodenal obstruction. We present our experience with the use of simultaneous self-expandable metal stents for palliation of malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all patients undergoing simultaneous biliary and duodenal self-expandable metal stent placement between November 98 and May 2001. All the patients had documented evidence of biliary obstruction and symptomatic duodenal obstruction. The patients received endoscopic biliary stenting with biliary Ultraflex or Wallstents, and endoscopic duodenal stenting using enteral Wallstents. They were followed until their death. Results: We identified 18 patients (11 men and 7 women) whose mean age was 65 years, (range, 46–85 years). Malignancies included pancreatic 14 (78%), biliary 2 (11%), lymphoma 1 (5%), and metastatic 1 (5%) disorders. Ten patients previously had plastic biliary stents placed for past malignant biliary obstruction (4 patients had recurrent biliary obstruction). All the patients had evidence of duodenal obstruction. Combined metal stenting was successful in 17 patients. One procedure failed due to a tortuous duodenal stricture. All the patients had effective palliation of biliary obstruction, as evidenced by a decrease in the level of total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Of the 17 patients with successful duodenal stenting, 16 had a good clinical outcome, with relief of obstructive symptoms. No immediate stent-related complications were noted. During the follow-up period, 12 patients died of progression of the underlying malignancy. None of the deaths were stent related. Median survival time was 78 days. Two patients had recurrent biliary obstruction from tumor ingrowth at 45 and 68 days, respectively. Both underwent restenting: one by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and the other by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). Two other patients had recurrent duodenal obstruction, respectively, 36 and 45 days after the initial stenting. One obstruction was secondary to tumor ingrowth, and the other was caused by distal stent migration. Both patients had successful duodenal restenting. Conclusion: Combined self-expandable metal stenting for simultaneous palliation of malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction may provide a safe and less invasive alternative to surgical palliation with an acceptable clinical outcome. Simultaneous self-expandable metal stents should be considered as a treatment option for patients who are poor candidates for surgery.     

Comparison of magnetic resonance and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in malignant pancreaticobiliary obstruction.

HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is comparable to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic (ERCP) as a diagnostic tool in patients with malignant biliary obstruction. DESIGN: Eighteen patients with suspected pancreaticobiliary malignancy were evaluated by ERCP and MRCP in 8 months (March 1, 1996, to October 31, 1996). Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography was performed with a 1.5-T scanner using 4-mm slices. Images were obtained in a 14- to 28-second breath-hold. Images from MRCP were retrospectively evaluated by a radiologist for image quality, ductal dilation, level of obstruction, and overall diagnostic impression. Images from ERCP were retrospectively evaluated by a biliary endoscopist (L.H.S.) and served as the standard for calculating sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values. In addition, intraoperative findings were compared with MRCP results in all patients explored. RESULTS: Diagnostic-quality MR images were obtained in 18 patients (100%). Diagnostic-quality endoscopic images were obtained in 16 (89%) of 18 attempted biliary cannulations and 11 (78%) of 14 attempted pancreatic cannulations. Magnetic resonance CP accurately delineated the level of extrahepatic biliary ductal obstruction in 13 (87%) of 15 patients. More important, MRCP provided valuable staging information in most patients. Findings from MRCP correlated with operative findings (size and location of tumor and mesenteric vascular involvement) in 8 (80%) of 10 patients who underwent surgery, while failing in 2 patients (20%) with carcinomatosis. CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic resonance CP is a sensitive study for detecting the presence and level of biliary ductal obstruction in patients with cancer. The results are comparable to those of ERCP; however, MRCP provides additional data regarding extent of disease that is not available from ERCP alone.     

Metallic stents for malignant and benign ureteric obstruction

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience of using metallic stents to treat ureteric obstruction caused by malignant or benign disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine patients with obstruction in 11 ureters caused by malignant or benign disease (mean age 61 years, range 35-82, mean follow-up 7 months, range 3-11) were treated using metallic stents. A balloon-expandable metallic stent was used in one patient and self-expandable metallic stents in the remaining eight. All stents were inserted via a percutaneous antegrade approach. RESULTS: Of the 11 ureters, nine remained patent with no further manipulation during the follow-up of 3-11 months. An additional stent was placed in continuity with the first in two ureters of two patients at 4 and 5 weeks after the first procedure because of persistent obstruction. After the second intervention, their obstruction was improved. Transient vesico-ureteric reflux occurred in two of three stented distal ureters, but the reflux resolved spontaneously within 2 months after stent implantation. Ureteric patency was maintained in all patients and no major complications related to stenting occurred during the follow-up. Two patients died from cervical cancer at 3 and 5 months after stenting. CONCLUSION: In patients with difficult ureteric obstructions a metallic stent provides a safe and effective alternative to an indwelling double-pigtail catheter or percutaneous nephrostomy.     

联合应用胆道支架与十二指肠支架植入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻合并十二指肠梗阻

目的评价联合应用胆道支架与十二指肠支架植入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸合并十二指肠梗阻的疗效。方法 18例恶性梗阻性黄疸合并十二指肠梗阻患者接受双管腔内支架植入术,其中胰腺癌12例,胆管癌3例,十二指肠癌2例,腹腔淋巴结转移1例。14例患者首先出现胆管梗阻症状,然后出现十二指肠梗阻症状;4例患者同时表现为胆管及十二指肠梗阻症状。对所有患者均先行经皮肝穿刺植入胆管支架解决胆管梗阻,再经口植入十二指肠支架治疗十二指肠梗阻。结果 18例患者均成功植入胆道及肠道支架。所有患者血清总胆红素均明显下降,1例十二指肠支架植入后5天死于吸入性肺炎,未出现其他严重并发症。17例患者消化道梗阻症状缓解,生存期为3~17个月,中位生存期8.6个月。结论管腔内双支架植入术是治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸合并十二指肠梗阻的有效治疗方法。     

Partial stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy for malignant duodenal obstruction

BACKGROUND: Standard methods of palliative gastrojejunostomy lead to delayed gastric emptying in up to 67% of patients. Partial stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy (PSPG) allows for the preferential passage of ingested material into the jejunum while maintaining endoscopic access to the diseased region and obviating the risk of leakage after antrectomy. METHODS: A retrospective examination of all patients undergoing PSPG from February 1999 through November 2004 was undertaken. Successful palliative bypass was based on the patient's ability to tolerate a regular diet. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients underwent PSPG during the study period. All patients had locally advanced or metastatic gastrointestinal tract tumors. Sixteen patients presented with obstructive symptoms. The majority of patients (97%) were tolerating a regular diet at their last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: PSPG is an alternative method of providing palliative bypass and allows for excellent palliation with delayed gastric emptying rates lower than that of standard gastrojejunostomy procedures.     

晚期肝门部胆管恶性梗阻内镜双支架置入的疗效分析

目的探讨经内镜金属支架引流治疗晚期肝门部胆管恶性梗阻的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2012年12月收治的12例采用内镜双金属支架引流治疗的晚期肝门部胆管恶性梗阻的临床资料。结果本组12例,11例成功置入左右双金属支架,成功率90.9%(10/11),全组无死亡病例。结论采用内镜双金属支架引流治疗晚期肝门部胆管恶性梗阻是安全可行的。     

双金属支架对于晚期恶性肝门部梗阻的疗效分析

目的对比内镜双金属支架和塑料支架引流治疗晚期肝门部胆管恶性梗阻的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2013年10月收治的41例采用内镜支架引流治疗的晚期肝门部胆管恶性梗阻的临床资料。结果双金属支架相对于单塑料及双支架有更长的支架通畅时间(187±10 d vs 139±8.8 d;P0.05)。两组之间的术后并发症比较无明显统计学差异。双金属支架可以明显增加肝脏的容积。结论采用内镜双金属支架引流治疗晚期肝门部胆管恶性梗阻是安全可行的,同时可以明显改善肝脏的功能。